p.25
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What does GALT stand for?
Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue.
p.26
Secondary Immune Organs
What does NALT stand for?
Nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue.
p.41
Interactions between Innate & Adaptive Immunity
How do the innate and adaptive immune responses work together?
They work side by side through a feedback mechanism.
p.33
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
What is the complement system?
A system of interacting proteins produced by the liver that circulate in the blood.
What is the key location for B lymphocytes?
Blood, Lymph, and Lymph Nodes (LNs).
p.29
Types of Immune Cells
What is normal flora?
Normal flora refers to the microorganisms that are naturally present in various parts of the body.
p.29
Types of Immune Cells
What are examples of normal flora in the large intestine?
Escherichia coli and Clostridium difficile.
p.32
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
What are the three key responses of the Innate Immune System?
Complement System, Acute Inflammatory response, Phagocytosis, and Fever.
p.39
Functions of White Blood Cells
How do antibodies neutralize pathogens?
By binding to them and neutralizing their effects.
p.13
Functions of White Blood Cells
In which situations do eosinophils increase in number?
During allergic responses and infections with helminthic parasites.
p.12
Functions of White Blood Cells
How does Chediak-Higashi Syndrome affect phagocyte function?
It leads to grossly impaired phagocyte function and increased susceptibility to infections.
p.20
Types of Immune Cells
What types of cells are primarily found in lymph nodes?
B and T cells, some macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs).
p.41
Interactions between Innate & Adaptive Immunity
What role do dendritic cells (DCs) play in the immune system?
They function as a 'bridge' between innate and adaptive immune responses.
p.7
Functions of White Blood Cells
What major component of pus do neutrophils represent?
They are a major component of pus.
p.1
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
How do leukocytes migrate to affected tissues?
By squeezing out through blood vessel walls in response to chemical signals (Chemotaxis).
p.28
First Line of Defense
What is the primary function of the skin in the innate immune system?
To serve as an outer barrier composed of densely packed squamous epithelial cells and impenetrable keratinized cells.
p.15
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
How does the perforin-granzyme mechanism work?
Perforin forms pores in the target cell, allowing granzyme to enter and induce apoptosis.
p.17
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What are secondary lymphoid organs responsible for?
Sites where naïve adaptive immune cells interact with antigens and get activated.
p.14
Clinical Connections and Disorders Related to Immune Cells
Give examples of mast cell stabilizers or antihistamines.
Cromolyn and Diphenhydramine.
p.23
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What is one role of the lymphatic system in fluid balance?
Drains and cleans excess interstitial fluid (ISF) to maintain fluid balance and returns it to the cardiovascular system.
What are neutrophils also known as?
PolyMorphonuclear Neutrophilic Leukocytes (PMNs).
p.29
Types of Immune Cells
Which bacteria are commonly found on the skin as part of normal flora?
Propionibacterium and Staphylococcus epidermidis.
p.12
Clinical Connections and Disorders Related to Immune Cells
What is Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?
A condition caused by defects in lysosomal trafficking regulator (LYST), affecting phagocyte function.
p.33
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
What role does C3b play in the complement system?
It opsonizes pathogens, aiding in phagocytosis.
p.28
First Line of Defense
What is mucociliary clearance?
A mechanism in the respiratory tract that helps remove microbes through the action of cilia and mucus.
p.37
Adaptive Immune Response Mechanisms
What is the role of Memory T cells in the adaptive immune response?
They keep immunological memory of the antigen and differentiate into effector T cells upon re-encountering the antigen.
p.13
Functions of White Blood Cells
What is the mechanism of ADCC in eosinophils?
Binds targets using FcɛRI and antibodies IgE or IgG, then kills targets by releasing cytotoxic proteins and cytokines.
p.11
Functions of White Blood Cells
What are the immune functions of dendritic cells as professional phagocytes or APCs?
Phagocytic killing, antigen processing and presentation, co-stimulation, and cytokine delivery.
p.40
Adaptive Immune Response Mechanisms
How do antigen-specific B cells and T cells respond to repeated encounters with the same antigen?
They respond more quickly and robustly, known as an anamnestic reaction.
p.40
Adaptive Immune Response Mechanisms
What principle underlines the concept of vaccination?
The principle of immunological memory and the secondary antibody response.
p.25
Types of Immune Cells
What types of cells reside in the surrounding follicles of MALTs?
T cells and dendritic cells (DCs).
p.10
Types of Immune Cells
What are macrophages also known as?
Large-eaters or histiocytes.
p.16
Cell Surface Markers in Immune Cells
What is the function of CD19 in B cells?
It is involved in binding antigen and is a receptor for EBV.
p.10
Functions of White Blood Cells
What is the sentinel function of macrophages?
They are the first cells to encounter antigens that enter the skin, lymph nodes, spleen, or liver.
p.7
Functions of White Blood Cells
What is the role of neutrophils in response to infection?
They are the first to respond and are a hallmark of acute inflammation.
p.35
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
What triggers an acute inflammatory response in the innate immune system?
The entry of foreign bacteria (antigens) or tissue damage.
p.22
Secondary Immune Organs
What mechanisms help in the movement of lymphatic fluid?
Smooth muscles, respiratory pump, and skeletal muscle pump.
p.12
Functions of White Blood Cells
What role does LYST play in the immune system?
It is critically involved in lysosomal transport and vesicle formation during phagocytosis.
p.32
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
What is the Acute Inflammatory response?
A rapid response to tissue injury or infection that involves the recruitment of immune cells.
p.33
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
What is cytolysis in the context of the complement system?
The process of lysis and death of target cells, facilitated by the membrane attack complex (C5b, C6-C9).
p.24
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
Where is the spleen located?
In the lower left quadrant of the abdomen.
p.11
Functions of White Blood Cells
What is the primary function of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs)?
To secrete cytokines that help with immune response against various pathogens and function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
p.18
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What is hematopoiesis?
The process of development of blood elements from hematopoietic stem cells.
p.11
Role of Cytokines in Immune Response
What is co-stimulation in the context of dendritic cells?
The necessary secondary signal delivered by co-stimulatory molecules to help activate T cells.
p.8
Clinical Connections and Disorders Related to Immune Cells
What is the relationship between neutrophilia and susceptibility to infections?
Neutrophilia indicates an increased number of neutrophils, while neutropenia indicates a decreased number, leading to increased susceptibility to infections.
p.3
Developmental Lineages of Immune Cells
What do lymphoid-derived lineages originate from?
A common lymphoid precursor (CLP).
p.1
Developmental Lineages of Immune Cells
What are the criteria for classifying different populations of leukocytes?
Developmental origin, cytological appearance, location, and immune functions.
p.28
First Line of Defense
What role do mucosal epithelia play in the innate immune defense?
They line the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts, secreting mucus that helps trap microbes and aids in their mechanical removal.
p.28
First Line of Defense
What components make up the mucus secreted by mucosal epithelia?
Glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and protective enzymes.
p.32
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
What is Phagocytosis?
The process by which certain immune cells engulf and digest pathogens or debris.
p.21
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What is lymphatic fluid (lymph) formed from?
Drainage of excess interstitial fluid (ISF).
p.34
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
What are antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
Cells like dendritic cells and macrophages that present epitopes on their surface after phagocytosis.
p.37
Role of Cytokines in Immune Response
What is the function of T helper cells?
They secrete cytokines that shape immune responses by enhancing or suppressing immune cell functions.
p.17
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
How do tertiary lymphoid tissues compare to secondary immune organs?
They are less organized compared to secondary immune organs.
p.24
Functions of White Blood Cells
What are the functions of the spleen?
Removing senescent RBC, storing RBC, WBC, and platelets, and mounting immune responses against blood-borne antigens.
p.1
Functions of White Blood Cells
What is the primary function of leukocytes?
To recognize and destroy invading antigens and neoplastic cells, and alert other immune cells.
p.22
Secondary Immune Organs
How does interstitial fluid form?
Fluid from the blood seeps out of capillaries into the tissues, creating interstitial fluid.
p.22
Secondary Immune Organs
What role do lymph nodes play in the immune response?
They filter lymphatic fluid and activate adaptive immune cells if antigens are present.
p.21
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What is extracellular fluid (ECF) found within blood vessels composed of?
Plasma, platelets, and cells (RBC, WBC).
p.14
Functions of White Blood Cells
What induces cross-linking of multiple Fc ε Rs?
Repeated exposure to allergens, which are often polyvalent.
p.15
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
What is Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)?
A mechanism where NK cells use Fc Ƴ III receptors to bind antibody-coated antigens on infected or cancer cells.
p.1
Role of Cytokines in Immune Response
What role do cytokines play in the immune system?
They function as intercellular mediators or signaling molecules.
Which leukocytes are considered tissue resident and not found in the blood?
Mast cells and macrophages.
p.39
Functions of White Blood Cells
Where are antibodies found in vertebrate animals?
In blood serum, tissue fluids, and mucosal surfaces.
p.15
Functions of White Blood Cells
What is one of the primary immune functions of Natural Killer Cells?
Elimination of virally-infected and neoplastic (cancer/tumor) cells.
p.21
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What is interstitial fluid (ISF) and its function?
ECF that surrounds cells in the tissues, facilitating the transfer of nutrients and wastes to/from cells and capillaries.
p.34
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
What are the two mechanisms of pathogen destruction during phagocytosis?
Oxidative and non-oxidative killing mechanisms.
p.40
Adaptive Immune Response Mechanisms
What is the primary difference between primary and secondary antibody responses?
A secondary antibody response shows significantly increased levels of antibodies compared to the primary response.
p.8
Clinical Connections and Disorders Related to Immune Cells
What is Severe Congenital Neutropenia?
A genetic disorder affecting granulopoiesis, leading to neutropenia.
p.20
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What do draining lymph nodes do?
Filter lymphatic fluid transported via lymphatic vessels.
p.38
Adaptive Immune Response Mechanisms
What do Plasma B cells secrete?
Antibodies specific to the antigens.
p.36
Developmental Lineages of Immune Cells
What do B cells differentiate into upon activation?
Memory B cells and Plasma B cells.
p.10
Types of Immune Cells
Where do resident macrophages typically reside?
In tissues and secondary immune organs.
p.27
Clinical Connections and Disorders Related to Immune Cells
What can lead to uncontrolled infection in the body?
Failure of either the innate or adaptive immune divisions, especially failure in innate immunity.
p.31
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
What is opsonization?
The process of coating antigens with host proteins to enhance phagocytosis.
p.26
Secondary Immune Organs
What are Peyer's patches?
Aggregates of lymphoid tissue found in the small intestine.
p.31
Functions of White Blood Cells
What is the primary function of macrophages in the immune response?
To phagocytose pathogens and kill them intracellularly.
p.41
Interactions between Innate & Adaptive Immunity
What is the significance of the interactions between innate and adaptive immunity?
They enhance the overall immune response.
p.7
Developmental Lineages of Immune Cells
How are neutrophils replaced in the body?
Through granulopoiesis at a rate of 5 × 10^10 per day.
p.6
Functions of White Blood Cells
What are the key immunological functions of B lymphocytes?
Humoral immunity, production of antibodies, and keeping immunological memory.
p.7
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
What mechanisms do neutrophils use for phagocytic killing?
Intracellular, oxidative, and non-oxidative mechanisms.
p.7
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
How do neutrophils perform cytotoxic killing?
Through degranulation and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).
What is the key location for T lymphocytes?
Blood, Lymph, and Lymph Nodes (LNs).
Name three types of lymphoid-derived cells.
T lymphocytes (T cells), B lymphocytes (B cells), and Natural Killer (NK) cells.
p.29
Types of Immune Cells
Where can normal flora be found in the body?
On the skin, eyes, GI tract, outer ear, nose, mouth, throat, urethra, and vagina.
p.22
Secondary Immune Organs
What is the function of lymphatic vessels?
To collect excess interstitial fluid from tissues and return it as lymphatic fluid to the blood vasculature.
p.35
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
What are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
Redness, warmth, pain, swelling, altered function.
p.35
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
What is fever in the context of the immune response?
A host defense mechanism to infectious disease, especially bacterial infections.
p.35
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
What normally regulates body temperature and what happens during infection?
The temperature-regulation center in the brain normally holds at 37°C but raises during infection.
p.33
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
How are complement proteins activated?
They are inactive when intact and become active when fragmented.
p.29
Types of Immune Cells
Which bacteria are found in the vaginal cavity as part of normal flora?
Lactobacillus spp. and Candida albicans.
p.13
Types of Immune Cells
Where do eosinophils preferentially reside?
In the dermis and lamina propria.
p.6
Functions of White Blood Cells
What are the key immunological functions of T lymphocytes?
Cellular immunity, secretion of cytokines, and elimination of cancer cells and virally infected host cells.
What type of cells do Natural Killer (NK) cells belong to?
Lymphoid-derived lineages.
p.35
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
What causes the increase in body temperature during infection?
Pyrogens produced exogenously by infecting microbes and endogenously by macrophages and monocytes.
p.32
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
What is the role of the Complement System in the Innate Immune Response?
It helps to enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens.
p.34
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
What is phagocytosis?
The uptake of pathogens by phagocytic cells leading to their destruction.
p.13
Functions of White Blood Cells
What is one of the immune functions of eosinophils?
Cytotoxic killing through degranulation and ADCC.
p.2
Developmental Lineages of Immune Cells
What do myeloid-derived lineages originate from?
A common myeloid precursor (CMP).
p.18
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What type of stem cells are found in red bone marrow?
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC).
p.40
Adaptive Immune Response Mechanisms
What induces an elevated secondary immune response?
Repeated exposure to the same antigen.
p.40
Adaptive Immune Response Mechanisms
What advantage does a secondary antibody response provide to the host?
It enables elimination of pathogens before the host becomes symptomatic, providing immunity.
p.27
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
What is the role of normal microbiota in immune defense?
They block infection and help defend by colonizing barriers.
p.25
Types of Immune Cells
What specialized epithelial cells are found in Peyer's patches?
Microfold cells (M cells).
p.36
Developmental Lineages of Immune Cells
What types of T cells are produced upon activation?
T helper (Th) cells and Cytotoxic T (Tc) cells (or Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CTLs).
p.19
Developmental Lineages of Immune Cells
What is thymopoiesis?
The process of development of T cells.
What is the frequency percentage of lymphocytes in peripheral blood?
20-50% (approximately 45% T, 40% B, and 15% NK).
p.30
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
What type of bacteria do Lactobacilli produce in the vagina, and what is the resulting pH?
Lactic acid, resulting in a vaginal pH of 3.8-4.5.
p.9
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
Can monocytes present antigens?
Yes, they can function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs), though less commonly than dendritic cells and macrophages.
p.5
Functions of White Blood Cells
What is the primary function of Basophils?
Degranulation, releasing inflammatory mediators such as histamine.
p.22
Secondary Immune Organs
What happens to excess interstitial fluid in the lymphatic system?
It is sucked by lymphatic capillaries and transferred to collecting vessels, then filtered through draining lymph nodes.
p.15
Types of Immune Cells
What type of cells are Natural Killer Cells?
Lymphocytes that function in innate immunity.
p.15
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
What mechanism do Natural Killer Cells use for direct cytotoxicity?
Perforin-granzyme mechanism.
p.17
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
Name the primary lymphoid organs.
Red bone marrow and thymus.
p.8
Clinical Connections and Disorders Related to Immune Cells
What is neutropenia?
A decreased number of neutrophils.
p.8
Clinical Connections and Disorders Related to Immune Cells
What infections are particularly dangerous for individuals with Severe Congenital Neutropenia?
Life-threatening bacterial infections, especially those caused by Staphylococcus spp.
p.2
Functions of White Blood Cells
What is the role of monocytes in the immune system?
They differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells.
p.16
Cell Surface Markers in Immune Cells
What techniques are applied in immunophenotypic analysis?
Flow cytometry and microscopy, using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF).
What is the appearance of neutrophils under routine staining?
Polymorphonuclear with pink cytoplasmic granules.
p.25
Adaptive Immune Response Mechanisms
How do activated B and T cells reach affected mucosa?
They migrate through lymphatic vessels into systemic circulation.
p.16
Cell Surface Markers in Immune Cells
What is the significance of CD34 in hematopoietic stem cells?
It is involved in cell-cell adhesion.
p.31
Role of Cytokines in Immune Response
What types of chemical mediators do innate immune cells produce?
Cytokines and chemokines.
p.26
Secondary Immune Organs
What is Waldeyer’s ring?
A ring of lymphoid tissue formed by the palatine and adenoid tonsils.
p.30
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
What are some examples of physiological and chemical defenses in the innate immune system?
Low pH, temperature, antimicrobial peptides, enzymes, acute phase proteins, cytokines, and complement proteins.
Where are NK cells primarily found?
Blood, lymph, and lymph nodes.
p.33
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
What are the main functions of activated complement proteins?
1. Stimulate inflammatory response, 2. Opsonize pathogens for phagocytosis, 3. Form membrane attack complex for cytolysis.
p.12
Clinical Connections and Disorders Related to Immune Cells
What are the clinical manifestations of Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?
Recurrent, life-threatening infections, neurological defects, and oculocutaneous albinism.
p.17
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What are the primary lymphoid organs involved in?
The formation and development of immune cells.
p.14
Functions of White Blood Cells
What do basophils and mast cells release during degranulation?
Inflammatory mediators including histamine and other cytokines.
p.37
Adaptive Immune Response Mechanisms
How do Memory T cells assist during re-infection?
They help with the activation of B cells in re-infection with the same antigen.
p.11
Functions of White Blood Cells
What do plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) primarily respond to?
Viruses, by producing large amounts of type-I interferons (IFN-alpha, IFN-beta).
p.37
Functions of White Blood Cells
What is the primary function of Cytotoxic T cells?
They kill host cells infected with viruses or intracellular bacteria, as well as cancer/tumor cells.
p.23
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
What is the significance of fluid uptake by the lymphatic system?
It allows for antigens present in tissues to be delivered to secondary immune organs, aiding in the activation of T and B cells.
p.27
Types of Immune Cells
What constitutes the second line of defense in immune defenses?
Innate immune cells such as granulocytes, phagocytes, and NK cells.
Which immune cells are classified as granulocytes?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils.
p.27
Adaptive Immune Response Mechanisms
What is the role of B and T cells in the immune response?
They help defend the host when the first two lines are overpowered and keep a memory of the pathogen.
p.26
Secondary Immune Organs
What are mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs)?
Diffuse or nodular aggregates of immune cells located in mucosal areas.
What is the nuclear morphology of basophils?
Bi-lobed nucleus with dark purple cytoplasmic granules.
p.9
Functions of White Blood Cells
What is the primary role of monocytes compared to neutrophils?
Monocytes have a secondary role to neutrophils in eliminating pathogens.
What distinguishes dendritic cells from other agranulocytes?
They may have dendritic processes.
p.30
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
What are some inflammatory mediators mentioned in the text?
Serotonin, histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxane.
p.5
Functions of White Blood Cells
What is the main function of NK cells?
Elimination of tumor/cancer cells and virally infected host cells.
p.28
First Line of Defense
What are some examples of mechanical removal mechanisms in the innate immune system?
Peristalsis, flushing of the urinary tract, and mucociliary clearance of the respiratory tract.
p.12
Clinical Connections and Disorders Related to Immune Cells
What abnormalities are observed in neutrophils of patients with Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?
Excessive nuclear segmentation and giant lysosomes in the cytoplasm.
p.11
Types of Immune Cells
What are the two widely different types of dendritic cells?
Conventional (myeloid) dendritic cells (cDCs or mDCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs).
p.17
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
Give examples of secondary lymphoid organs.
Lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs).
p.37
Functions of White Blood Cells
Why are T helper cells referred to as 'central gate keepers'?
Because they play a crucial role in regulating immune responses through cytokine secretion.
What type of cell is a dendritic cell (DC)?
A myeloid-derived lineage cell.
p.27
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
What comprises the first line of defense in immune defenses?
Physical barriers, chemical and physiological barriers, and normal microbiota.
p.38
Adaptive Immune Response Mechanisms
What are antibodies?
Y-shaped glycoproteins produced by activated B cells (plasma cells) in response to specific antigens.
p.31
Cell Surface Markers in Immune Cells
What are PRRs in the context of innate immunity?
Pattern Recognition Receptors that recognize and bind PAMPs on pathogens.
p.31
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
What role do dendritic cells and macrophages play in the immune response?
They act as Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs).
p.9
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
What mechanisms do monocytes use for phagocytic killing?
Intracellular, oxidative, and non-oxidative mechanisms.
p.14
Functions of White Blood Cells
What roles do basophils and mast cells play in the immune system?
They are involved in allergic disorders and the inflammatory response to parasitic infections.
p.14
Functions of White Blood Cells
What happens during FcR binding with IgE?
It results in acute allergic reactions.
p.39
Functions of White Blood Cells
What is antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)?
A process where antibodies assist in killing infected host cells.
p.13
Functions of White Blood Cells
What type of parasites do eosinophils help eliminate?
Extracellular parasites, especially helminths.
p.21
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
Which immune cells are carried in lymph?
Dendritic cells (DCs), B cells, and T cells.
p.8
Clinical Connections and Disorders Related to Immune Cells
What can cause neutropenia in cancer patients?
Treatment with antiproliferative agents.
p.18
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
Where is red bone marrow located in adults?
In open spaces formed between trabeculae of spongy bone in vertebrae, epiphyses of long bones, innominate bones of the pelvis, and flat bones of the skull, sternum, and ribs.
p.20
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What is the size and shape of lymph nodes?
Small (1-2 cm), bean-shaped organs.
p.25
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
Where are MALTs found?
In the lamina propria of mucosal membranes lining the GI, respiratory, and urogenital tracts.
p.19
Types of Immune Cells
What types of cells are found in the thymus?
Progenitor T cells (thymocytes), stromal cells, thymic epithelial cells, macrophages (M Φ), and dendritic cells (DCs).
p.19
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What defines the lobules in the thymus?
Capsule and its extensions, trabeculae, which form partitions around lobules.
p.19
Role of Cytokines in Immune Response
What hormones does the thymus produce to assist T cell development?
Thymosin and thymic stromal lymphopoietin.
p.9
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
Where are monocytes primarily stored in the body?
In low numbers in blood, mostly stored in bone marrow and spleen.
p.26
Secondary Immune Organs
What role do colonic lymphoid nodules play?
They are involved in the immune response within the colon.
p.39
Functions of White Blood Cells
What is one of the primary functions of antibodies?
To recognize and bind to antigens, assisting with phagocytosis.
p.12
Clinical Connections and Disorders Related to Immune Cells
What types of infections are patients with Chediak-Higashi Syndrome susceptible to?
Infections caused by fungi, Gram-negative bacteria, and Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus spp.
p.32
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
What is the purpose of Fever in the Innate Immune Response?
To create an unfavorable environment for pathogens and enhance immune function.
p.14
Clinical Connections and Disorders Related to Immune Cells
How do mast cell stabilizers or antihistamines work?
They limit the ability of mast cells and basophils to degranulate, preventing the release of histamine and related inflammatory mediators.
Name three types of granulocytes.
Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil.
p.11
Types of Immune Cells
Do plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) function as antigen-presenting cells?
No, they do not function as APCs.
p.23
Adaptive Immune Response Mechanisms
How does the lymphatic system support adaptive immune function?
By facilitating the circulation of immune cells to secondary immune organs.
p.38
Adaptive Immune Response Mechanisms
What is the role of Memory B cells in the adaptive immune response?
They keep immunological memory of the antigen and differentiate into effector B cells upon re-encountering the antigen.
p.19
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What is the shape and location of the thymus?
Butterfly-shaped endocrine gland situated anterior to the heart.
p.38
Adaptive Immune Response Mechanisms
How many major structural classes or isotypes of antibodies are there?
Five: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM.
p.10
Role of Cytokines in Immune Response
What are the two classes of cytokines produced by macrophages?
M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory) cytokines.
p.10
Role of Cytokines in Immune Response
What is the role of M2 macrophages?
They secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and are involved in wound healing and tissue repair.
p.30
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
Name three antimicrobial enzymes present in various secretions.
Lysozyme, Lactoferrin, Peroxidase.
p.34
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
What role does opsonization play in phagocytosis?
It mediates the uptake of pathogens by phagocytic cells.
p.21
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
How does lymphatic fluid return to the cardiovascular system?
Via subclavian veins where it mixes with venous blood.
p.34
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
How do APCs connect innate immunity with adaptive immunity?
By bringing naïve T lymphocytes in contact with antigens, aiding in their activation and proliferation.
p.24
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What is the role of the white pulp in the spleen?
It is analogous to the lymph node, with immune cells arranged in nodules.
p.20
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What are the major lymph node regions?
Cervical, Supraclavicular, Axillary, Popliteal, Femoral, Inguinal, Mesenteric, Supratrochlear, Mediastinal.
p.24
Adaptive Immune Response Mechanisms
What type of immune responses does the spleen primarily mount?
Adaptive immune responses (B and T cell activation) against antigens present in blood.
p.16
Cell Surface Markers in Immune Cells
What are cell surface markers?
Surface glycoproteins that immune cells use to communicate and interact.
What are the two main types of immune cells based on granularity?
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes.
p.16
Cell Surface Markers in Immune Cells
What are the CD markers for Helper T cells?
CD3, CD28, CD4, CD40L, CXCR4/CCR5.
p.10
Types of Immune Cells
What are Kupffer cells?
Macrophages located in the liver.
p.16
Cell Surface Markers in Immune Cells
What is the role of CD14 in macrophages?
It acts as a receptor for PAMPs and enhances phagocytosis.
p.26
Secondary Immune Organs
What does BALT stand for?
Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue.
p.10
Functions of White Blood Cells
What immune functions do macrophages perform?
Phagocytic killing, antigen processing and presentation, and cytokine production.
p.30
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
How do defensins function?
They kill bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses by disrupting their membranes.
p.24
Functions of White Blood Cells
What is the primary function of the red pulp in the spleen?
Removes spent RBC, recycles iron, stores platelets, and stores blood for mobilization during hemorrhagic shock.
p.23
Functions of White Blood Cells
What immune cells are supported by the lymphatic system's circulation?
B cells, T cells, and dendritic cells (DCs).
p.25
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What are MALTs?
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissues.
p.16
Cell Surface Markers in Immune Cells
What does CD stand for in CD markers?
Cluster of differentiation.
p.38
Adaptive Immune Response Mechanisms
What can the antigen-specific B cell receptor (BCR) on plasma cells be secreted as?
An antibody (Ab) or immunoglobulin (Ig).
p.31
Types of Immune Cells
What are the main types of cells involved in the second line of innate immune defense?
Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils), Macrophages, Dendritic cells, and Natural Killer cells.
p.26
Secondary Immune Organs
What is GALT?
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
p.9
Developmental Lineages of Immune Cells
What do monocytes differentiate into once they enter tissues?
Macrophages (M Φ) or dendritic cells (DCs).
p.30
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
Where can lysozyme, lactoferrin, and peroxidase be found?
In tears, phagocytes, saliva, and other secretions.
p.5
Functions of White Blood Cells
What is the role of Mast Cells in the immune response?
Degranulation; they release inflammatory mediators such as histamine and play a role in allergic responses.
p.17
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What are tertiary lymphoid tissues?
Spontaneous organized lymphoid structures that arise in chronic inflammation, select cancers, and autoimmune diseases.
p.24
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
How does the spleen differ in terms of lymphatic drainage?
It is serviced by blood vessels but does not have afferent lymphatic vessels, hence does not drain lymphatic fluid.
p.18
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
How does the distribution of red bone marrow differ between adults and infants?
Infants have a distinct distribution pattern compared to adults.
What type of immune cell is a mast cell?
A myeloid-derived lineage cell involved in allergic responses.
p.20
Adaptive Immune Response Mechanisms
What do cells inside lymph nodes respond to?
Antigens present in interstitial fluid (ISF) drained from upstream tissues.
p.27
Adaptive Immune Response Mechanisms
What makes up the third line of defense in immune defenses?
Adaptive immune cells, specifically B and T cells, and their products.
p.19
Primary and Secondary Immune Organs
What are the two main regions of a thymic lobule?
A dense outer cortex and a less dense inner medulla.
p.10
Role of Cytokines in Immune Response
What is the role of M1 macrophages?
They secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and activate the inflammatory response to infection and cancer.
p.5
Functions of White Blood Cells
What are the key immunological functions of Neutrophils?
Phagocytic and cytotoxic; they are the key first responders to infection and play a role in the elimination of bacteria and fungi.
p.5
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
What is the primary role of Dendritic Cells?
Phagocytic and antigen presentation; they help mount the adaptive immune response and act as a bridge between innate and adaptive systems.
p.8
Clinical Connections and Disorders Related to Immune Cells
How can neutropenia be treated?
With rhG-CSF (recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) to stimulate granulopoiesis.
p.23
Adaptive Immune Response Mechanisms
What initiates immune responses in the lymphatic system?
The delivery of antigens to secondary immune organs.
p.27
Functions of White Blood Cells
What is the function of innate immune cells?
They recognize and help destroy any pathogen that crosses the barriers.
p.27
Innate Immune Response Mechanisms
What happens when the first line of barriers is breached?
Pathogens enter the body's soft tissues, stimulating innate immune responses.
p.31
Phagocytosis and Antigen Presentation
What are some examples of opsonins?
Antibodies, mannose-binding lectin (MBL), C3b protein, C-reactive protein (C-RP).
p.26
Secondary Immune Organs
What are mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs)?
Lymph nodes located in the mesentery that are part of the immune system.
p.9
Functions of White Blood Cells
How do monocytes perform cytotoxic killing?
Through degranulation and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
p.5
Functions of White Blood Cells
What are the functions of Macrophages?
Phagocytic; they play a role in acute/chronic inflammation and can present antigens.
p.16
Cell Surface Markers in Immune Cells
What is immunophenotypic analysis?
The use of antibodies directed against CDs to phenotype cells.
p.25
Adaptive Immune Response Mechanisms
What happens to activated B and T cells in MALTs?
They traffic to the draining mesenteric lymph node to amplify the adaptive immune response.
p.36
Adaptive Immune Response Mechanisms
What are the two types of immunity provided by the Adaptive Immune System?
Humoral Immunity and Cellular Immunity.
What is the appearance of monocytes under routine staining?
Kidney bean-shaped nucleus with moderate cytoplasm.
p.9
Role of Cytokines in Immune Response
What immune function do monocytes perform when stimulated?
Secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Where are Dendritic Cells located?
Blood, lymph, lymph nodes, and tissue.
p.20
Adaptive Immune Response Mechanisms
What is the role of lymph nodes in the immune response?
Sites for B and T cell activation and major sites for mounting adaptive immune responses.
p.36
Cell Surface Markers in Immune Cells
What receptors are essential for the activation of B cells and T cells?
B cell receptors (BCRs) and T cell receptors (TCRs).
p.26
Secondary Immune Organs
What does CALT stand for?
Conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue.
What are monocytes?
Phagocytic cells that participate in the elimination of bacteria and fungi.
p.26
Secondary Immune Organs
What is the significance of the appendix in the immune system?
It contains lymphoid tissue and plays a role in immune function.
p.5
Functions of White Blood Cells
What role do Eosinophils play in the immune system?
They are cytotoxic and play a role in the elimination of extracellular parasites and in allergic responses.
p.10
Types of Immune Cells
What are some abnormal variants of macrophages?
Foam cells and multinucleated giant cells.
p.5
Functions of White Blood Cells
What are the functions of Monocytes?
Phagocytic; they play a role in the elimination of bacteria and fungi and can present antigens.
