p.2
Introduction to the Nervous System
What is the primary focus of the introduction to the nervous system?
Understanding the nervous system in human beings.
p.10
Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord
What do sensory receptors detect?
Internal and external stimuli.
p.23
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What do satellite cells do?
They enclose the cell bodies of peripheral neurons and regulate their internal environment.
p.44
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What happens when an action potential reaches the membrane of a synaptic knob?
It increases the membrane’s permeability to calcium ions by opening calcium ion channels.
p.50
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What is the primary function of white matter in the brain and spinal cord?
White matter is responsible for transmitting signals between different regions of the brain and spinal cord.
p.61
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier
Where does cerebrospinal fluid occupy?
The subarachnoid space of the meninges.
p.23
Neuroglia and Their Roles
How do Schwann cells affect axon conduction?
They insulate the axons and increase their conduction.
p.28
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What is membrane potential?
The potential for charges to move across the cell membrane.
p.48
Neuronal Pools and Impulse Processing
What is divergence in the context of neuronal pools?
Divergence occurs when a neuron synapses with several other neurons, allowing an impulse to stimulate multiple neurons.
p.9
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structure
What does the motor division of the PNS do?
Conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors.
p.23
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What is one function of Schwann cells related to injury?
They guide the regrowth of damaged axons.
p.7
Introduction to the Nervous System
What are the two main divisions of the human nervous system?
The Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
p.39
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What is the effect of an excitatory neurotransmitter?
It stimulates an impulse.
p.11
Types and Functions of Neurons
What are neurons?
The fundamental units of the brain and nervous system responsible for receiving sensory input and sending motor commands.
p.41
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What is the role of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission?
They can be either excitatory or inhibitory.
p.44
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What do neurotransmitter molecules do after being released into the synaptic cleft?
They diffuse across the synaptic cleft and may bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell.
p.34
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
How does the synapse contribute to signal integration?
By summing excitatory and inhibitory signals from multiple neurons.
p.8
Introduction to the Nervous System
What do sensory receptors do?
Gather information by detecting changes inside and outside the body.
p.7
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What components make up the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
The brain and spinal cord.
p.48
Neuronal Pools and Impulse Processing
How does divergence amplify an impulse?
Divergence spreads an impulse to more neurons in the pool, increasing its overall effect.
p.59
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
It acts as a shock absorber and hydraulic cushion.
p.24
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What role do Schwann cells play in axon regeneration?
They participate in axon regeneration, which is easier in the PNS than in the CNS.
p.39
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What determines the net effect on the postsynaptic cell?
The combined effect of excitatory and inhibitory inputs from presynaptic neurons.
p.53
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What is the primary composition of the dura mater?
Tough, white, fibrous connective tissue.
p.11
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What proportion of neural tissue volume do neuroglia represent?
About half the volume of neural tissue.
p.20
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What is the primary function of the myelin sheath?
To insulate axons and increase the speed of nerve impulse conduction.
p.23
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What do Schwann cells produce?
The myelin sheath that surrounds the axons of peripheral nerves.
p.34
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What happens during the depolarization phase of an action potential?
Sodium channels open, allowing Na+ ions to enter the neuron.
p.19
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What is one of the primary functions of astrocytes?
Preventing capillary leakage.
p.31
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What happens after depolarization in a neuron?
There is a quick return to the resting membrane potential.
p.6
Introduction to the Nervous System
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
The Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
p.20
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What do oligodendrocytes produce?
Insulating layers known as the myelin sheath.
p.9
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structure
What are the two categories of motor functions in the PNS?
Voluntary and involuntary.
p.48
Neuronal Pools and Impulse Processing
How can sensory impulses utilize divergence?
An impulse from a sensory receptor may diverge to reach multiple regions of the CNS for processing and action.
p.56
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What is the spinal cord?
A column of nervous tissue that passes downward from the brain into the vertebral canal.
p.3
Introduction to the Nervous System
What is the primary function of the nervous system in human beings?
It serves as the master control and communication system of the body.
p.23
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What protective function do satellite cells provide?
They provide a protective coat around the cell bodies of peripheral neurons.
p.28
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What is the charge distribution inside and outside most cells?
Most cells are negatively charged inside, while the extracellular space is positively charged.
p.50
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What are the two main types of matter found in the cross section of the human brain and spinal cord?
White matter and gray matter.
p.39
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What happens when neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors on a postsynaptic cell?
They can have either an excitatory or inhibitory effect.
p.13
Types and Functions of Neurons
What are neurons specialized for?
To transmit messages (nerve impulses) from one part of the body to another.
p.61
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?
To support and protect the brain and spinal cord by absorbing forces.
p.36
Types and Functions of Neurons
What is the main difference between myelinated and unmyelinated axons?
Myelinated axons are covered with a myelin sheath, which increases the speed of nerve impulse transmission, while unmyelinated axons lack this sheath and transmit impulses more slowly.
p.46
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What is the role of synapses in the nervous system?
They facilitate communication between neurons and the generation of action potentials.
p.24
Neuroglia and Their Roles
How do Schwann cells compare to oligodendrocytes?
Both form myelin sheaths, but Schwann cells are in the PNS while oligodendrocytes are in the CNS.
p.13
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What types of neuroglia are found in the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia.
p.3
Introduction to the Nervous System
What role does the nervous system play in decision making?
It is involved in processing information for decision making.
p.34
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What is the primary function of a synapse?
To transmit signals between neurons.
p.7
Introduction to the Nervous System
What is the primary function of the nervous system in humans?
To coordinate and control body activities and respond to internal and external stimuli.
p.32
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What occurs along the axon as a result of action potentials?
A series of action potentials.
p.24
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What are Schwann cells?
Flat cells that encircle PNS axons and form the myelin sheath around them.
p.44
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What occurs after calcium ions diffuse inward during synaptic transmission?
Some synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane and release neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft.
p.37
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What is a synapse?
A connection between two neurons, which is the site of nerve signal transmission.
p.31
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What occurs during repolarization?
Potassium channels open, allowing potassium to rush out of the cell.
p.59
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What is the role of the vertebral column in relation to the spinal cord?
It provides protection against collisions.
p.21
Neuroglia and Their Roles
How do microglia contribute to damaged areas in the CNS?
They form scars in damaged areas.
p.6
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structure
What is the role of the Peripheral Nervous System?
To connect the CNS to the limbs and organs.
p.34
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What role do neurotransmitters play in synaptic transmission?
They are released from the presynaptic neuron and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
p.34
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What is the refractory period?
A period during which a neuron cannot generate another action potential.
p.19
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What are astrocytes?
Star-shaped cells that are the largest and most numerous of all glial cells.
p.25
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What do satellite cells regulate?
The exchange of materials between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid.
p.21
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What are microglia?
Small 'spider-shaped' cells scattered in the CNS.
p.19
Neuroglia and Their Roles
How do astrocytes contribute to the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
They help maintain the integrity of the BBB.
p.11
Types and Functions of Neurons
What do neurons use to send signals?
Nerve impulses (electrical signals).
p.54
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What is the dura mater?
A strong, tubular sheath that surrounds the spinal cord.
p.10
Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord
What is the primary function of the Nervous System?
To process sensory information and elicit appropriate responses.
p.35
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What is the role of the myelin sheath?
It insulates the axon and prevents almost all ion movement.
p.47
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What is facilitation in the context of synapses?
Facilitation occurs when repeated impulses on an excitatory presynaptic neuron cause it to release more neurotransmitter in response to a single impulse, increasing the likelihood of reaching the postsynaptic cell's threshold.
p.34
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What triggers the generation of an action potential?
A sufficient depolarization of the neuron's membrane.
p.34
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What is the role of potassium channels during an action potential?
They open to allow K+ ions to exit the neuron, repolarizing the membrane.
p.25
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What are satellite cells?
Flat cells that surround the cell bodies of neurons in PNS ganglia.
p.28
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What happens when charges flow from one area to another?
They create an electrical current.
p.6
Introduction to the Nervous System
What is the primary function of the nervous system in human beings?
To coordinate and control body activities and respond to internal and external stimuli.
p.8
Introduction to the Nervous System
What types of changes do sensory receptors detect?
External environmental factors (e.g., light, sound) and the body's internal environment (e.g., temperature, oxygen level).
p.21
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What is one of the primary functions of microglia?
Act as phagocytes to remove bacterial cells and cellular debris.
p.41
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What happens during an inhibitory stimulus?
Cl– ions flow in or K+ ions flow out, making the charge more negative.
p.44
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What is the role of calcium ions in synaptic transmission?
Calcium ions facilitate the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the membrane to release neurotransmitters.
p.41
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
How does an inhibitory stimulus affect a neuron?
It makes the neuron less likely to get excited.
p.36
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
How does myelination affect the conduction of action potentials?
Myelination allows for saltatory conduction, where action potentials jump between nodes of Ranvier, increasing the speed of transmission.
p.6
Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord
How does the nervous system contribute to homeostasis?
By regulating bodily functions and maintaining internal balance.
p.36
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What is the role of the synapse in nerve communication?
The synapse is the junction where nerve impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another, allowing for communication between neurons.
p.9
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structure
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
Effectors that are involuntary, such as cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and various glands.
p.23
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What is the role of neuroglia in the PNS?
They completely surround axons and cell bodies.
p.32
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What stimulates the adjacent region in impulse conduction?
An action potential in one region.
p.32
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What does the local current do in the context of action potentials?
It stimulates the adjacent axon membrane to its threshold level, triggering another action potential.
p.50
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What is the primary function of gray matter in the brain and spinal cord?
Gray matter is involved in processing and integrating information.
p.61
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier
What surrounds the brain and spinal cord?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
p.15
Types and Functions of Neurons
What are the three structural classifications of neurons?
Multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar neurons.
p.53
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What are the three layers of the meninges?
The dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
p.7
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structure
What is the role of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
To connect the CNS to the limbs and organs, facilitating communication.
p.48
Neuronal Pools and Impulse Processing
What is the significance of divergence in the CNS?
It allows the effect of a single neuron to be amplified, enabling impulses to reach enough motor units for forceful muscle contraction.
p.31
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What is reestablished after repolarization?
Polarity between both sides of the neuron.
p.11
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What are neuroglia?
A group of non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that support and protect neurons.
p.16
Types and Functions of Neurons
What triggers sensory impulses in sensory neurons?
Changes that occur inside or outside the body stimulate receptor cells.
p.46
Neuronal Pools and Impulse Processing
What are neuronal pools?
Groups of neurons organized in the CNS that make hundreds of synaptic connections with each other to perform common functions.
p.14
Types and Functions of Neurons
What do axons do?
They send impulses away from the cell body towards other neurons or cells.
p.10
Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord
How is sensory information transmitted to the brain and spinal cord?
Through cranial and spinal nerves.
p.14
Types and Functions of Neurons
How do the structures of neurons vary?
They differ in structure, size, and shape.
p.4
Introduction to the Nervous System
What are the main functions of the nervous system?
Sensory input, integration, and motor output.
p.34
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What is an action potential?
A rapid change in membrane potential that propagates along a neuron.
p.8
Introduction to the Nervous System
What are the two divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
Sensory and motor divisions.
p.8
Introduction to the Nervous System
What does the sensory, or afferent division do?
Brings information into the Central Nervous System (CNS).
p.25
Neuroglia and Their Roles
Where are ganglia located?
Outside the CNS, consisting of collections of neuronal cell bodies.
p.21
Neuroglia and Their Roles
From which cells do microglia develop?
From white blood cells (monocytes).
p.14
Types and Functions of Neurons
What are neurons?
Nerve cells that transmit impulses in the nervous system.
p.15
Types and Functions of Neurons
Where are most multipolar neurons located?
Within the brain or spinal cord.
p.37
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
Are the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons in direct physical contact?
No, they are separated by a gap called the synaptic cleft.
p.37
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What is the role of the pre-synaptic neuron?
It is the impulse sender.
p.39
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
How many presynaptic neurons can influence a postsynaptic cell?
As few as 1 to as many as 10,000.
p.20
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What is the composition of the myelin sheath?
A multilayered lipid and protein covering.
p.16
Types and Functions of Neurons
What is the common structural type of most sensory neurons?
Most sensory neurons are unipolar; some are bipolar.
p.30
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What is a stimulus in the context of action potential?
Anything that can change the resting potential of –70 mV in either direction.
p.37
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What type of process is synaptic transmission?
A one-way process, from presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron.
p.5
Introduction to the Nervous System
What are the main organs of the nervous system in humans?
The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
p.45
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
Why is it important for neurotransmitters to be removed from the synaptic cleft?
To prevent continuous action on postsynaptic neurons.
p.10
Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord
What are effectors in the context of the nervous system?
Muscles and glands that are activated to produce a response.
p.29
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What contributes to the overall negative charge inside a neuron?
Negatively charged proteins and large phosphate and sulfate anions.
p.17
Types and Functions of Neurons
Where do interneurons lie?
Entirely within the brain or spinal cord.
p.29
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
Where are sodium (Na+) ions found in higher concentration?
In the extracellular space.
p.49
Types and Functions of Neurons
What are mixed nerves?
Nerves that include axons of both sensory and motor neurons.
p.38
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
Do dendrites have synaptic knobs?
No, dendrites do not have synaptic knobs.
p.27
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What is one function of neuroglia in the CNS?
To maintain homeostasis and form myelin.
p.42
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What determines the action of a neurotransmitter?
The receptors at a particular synapse.
p.16
Types and Functions of Neurons
What is the primary function of sensory neurons?
To conduct impulses from peripheral body parts into the brain or spinal cord.
p.6
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What does the Central Nervous System consist of?
The brain and spinal cord.
p.7
Introduction to the Nervous System
How does the nervous system contribute to homeostasis?
By regulating bodily functions and maintaining internal balance.
p.61
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier
How does cerebrospinal fluid circulate?
Through the ventricles and central canal, entering the subarachnoid space, and being reabsorbed into the blood.
p.20
Neuroglia and Their Roles
How does the myelin sheath affect neural conduction speed in the CNS?
It increases the neural conduction speed.
p.53
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What does the dura mater contain?
Many blood vessels and nerves.
p.46
Neuronal Pools and Impulse Processing
What happens when a neuron in a neuronal pool receives both excitatory and inhibitory inputs?
The net effect determines whether an outgoing impulse is triggered or not.
p.11
Neuroglia and Their Roles
Do neuroglia produce nerve impulses?
No, they do not produce nerve impulses.
p.22
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What type of cells are ependymal cells?
Cuboidal to columnar cells.
p.22
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What do ependymal cells line in the brain?
The cavities called ventricles.
p.57
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What is the primary function of the spinal cord?
To transmit signals between the brain and the rest of the body.
p.4
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What does the central nervous system consist of?
The brain and spinal cord.
p.12
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
How do neurons communicate with each other?
Through synapses using neurotransmitters.
p.22
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier
What are the functional roles of ependymal cells regarding CSF?
They produce, possibly monitor, and assist in the circulation of CSF.
p.12
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
p.65
Introduction to the Nervous System
What is the title of the 15th edition textbook by Welsh, Prentice-Craver, and Hole?
Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology.
p.17
Types and Functions of Neurons
What do interneurons do with incoming sensory impulses?
Direct them to the CNS for processing and interpreting.
p.4
Introduction to the Nervous System
What is the process of integration in the nervous system?
The interpretation of sensory input to generate a response.
p.27
Types and Functions of Neurons
What is the function of myelin in the nervous system?
To insulate axons and increase the speed of signal transmission.
p.65
Introduction to the Nervous System
Who are the authors of 'Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology'?
Martini, Nath, and Bartholomew.
p.65
Introduction to the Nervous System
What is the title of the 15th edition textbook published by Shier et al.?
HOLE’S Anatomy & Physiology.
p.26
Types and Functions of Neurons
What is the function of interneurons?
To connect sensory and motor neurons within the central nervous system.
p.26
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What is the function of astrocytes?
To provide structural support, regulate blood flow, and maintain the blood-brain barrier.
p.63
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier
What can break down the Blood-Brain Barrier?
Trauma, certain toxins, and inflammation.
p.26
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What is the function of Schwann cells?
To form the myelin sheath around peripheral nerves.
p.25
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What is one function of satellite cells?
Providing structural support to neuronal cell bodies.
p.9
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structure
What are effectors?
Responsive structures that cause a response, such as muscles and glands.
p.14
Types and Functions of Neurons
What is the function of the cell body in a neuron?
It maintains the proper diameter of the axon for impulse conduction.
p.60
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What is the core structure of the spinal cord composed of?
Gray matter, which consists mostly of cell bodies and dendrites.
p.14
Types and Functions of Neurons
What is the role of dendrites in neurons?
They provide a large surface area to receive information from other neurons.
p.16
Types and Functions of Neurons
How do sensory impulses travel to the brain or spinal cord?
They travel along the sensory neuron axons.
p.13
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What types of neuroglia are found in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
Schwann cells and satellite cells.
p.36
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What is an action potential?
An action potential is a rapid change in electrical potential across a neuron's membrane, allowing for the transmission of nerve impulses.
p.11
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What functions do neuroglia provide for neurons?
Protection, support, and insulation.
p.10
Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord
What happens after sensory information is integrated?
The nervous system elicits an appropriate motor response by activating effectors.
p.56
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What are the two main structures that divide the spinal cord into right and left halves?
Anterior median fissure and shallow posterior median sulcus.
p.62
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier
What is one of the primary functions of cerebrospinal fluid?
Mechanical protection, acting as a shock-absorbing medium.
p.5
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
How many neurons are in the human brain?
Approximately 85 billion neurons.
p.58
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structure
What are the four main regions of the vertebral column?
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral regions.
p.64
Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord
What is the role of the spinal cord in the nervous system?
To transmit signals between the brain and the rest of the body.
p.52
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What is the function of the meninges?
To protect the brain and spinal cord.
p.42
Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission
Name some amino acids that act as neurotransmitters.
Glycine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
p.18
Neuroglia and Their Roles
Which types of neuroglia are found in the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia.
p.2
Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord
What are the main functions of the human brain?
Processing information and controlling bodily functions.
p.40
Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission
What are neurotransmitters?
Endogenous chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each other throughout the body.
p.2
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structure
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
Involuntary physiological changes and responses.
p.18
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What do satellite cells do in the PNS?
They support and protect neuronal cell bodies.
p.26
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What are the main types of neuroglia in the CNS?
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells.
p.26
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What types of neuroglia are found in the PNS?
Schwann cells and satellite cells.
p.16
Types and Functions of Neurons
What specialized structures do sensory neurons have?
Specialized receptor ends at the tips of their dendrites.
p.13
Types and Functions of Neurons
What are the three distinct parts of a neuron?
Cell body, dendrites, and axon.
p.54
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
How does the dura mater relate to the vertebral canal?
It continues into the vertebral canal as a sheath.
p.15
Types and Functions of Neurons
Where are the cell bodies of unipolar neurons located?
In ganglia, which are outside the brain and spinal cord.
p.9
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structure
Which system controls voluntary (conscious) movements?
The somatic nervous system.
p.15
Types and Functions of Neurons
What is a ganglion?
A specialized mass of nervous tissue where unipolar neuron cell bodies are found.
p.35
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
How does saltatory conduction benefit neurons?
It saves energy and speeds up the transmission of impulses.
p.11
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What happens to neuroglia in case of injury?
They multiply to fill in the spaces formerly occupied by neurons.
p.12
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What role do neuroglia play in the nervous system?
They support and protect neurons.
p.51
Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord
What is the function of the brainstem?
Controls basic life functions such as breathing and heart rate.
p.30
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What happens when the threshold stimulus is reached?
Na+ flows in long enough to change the potential to −55 mV.
p.17
Types and Functions of Neurons
What is the structure of interneurons?
They are multipolar and link other neurons.
p.33
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What is the direction of Na+ movement during depolarization?
From extracellular fluid (ECF) to intracellular fluid (ICF).
p.33
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What happens after Na+ channels open and depolarization occurs?
K+ channels in the axon membrane open.
p.42
Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission
Can neurons release more than one type of neurotransmitter?
Yes, some neurons release only one type, while others can release two or three types.
p.33
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What is the direction of K+ movement during repolarization?
From intracellular fluid (ICF) to extracellular fluid (ECF).
p.40
Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission
Which neurotransmitters are known as adrenaline and noradrenaline?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine.
p.63
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier
What do tight junctions in the BBB prevent?
Unwanted materials from diffusing into the brain.
p.63
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier
What substances can access brain tissue freely?
Fat-soluble substances, O2, CO2, alcohol, and most anesthetic agents.
p.37
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What is the role of the post-synaptic neuron?
It is the impulse receiver.
p.60
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What is the function of the gray matter in the spinal cord?
It serves as an integrating and reflex processing center.
p.54
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What does the epidural space contain?
Loose connective and adipose tissues.
p.10
Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord
What is the integrative function of the nervous system?
To process sensory information by analyzing it and making decisions for appropriate responses.
p.54
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What is the function of the tissues in the epidural space?
They pad the spinal cord.
p.56
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structure
What is the role of spinal nerves?
They branch to various body parts and connect them with the CNS.
p.5
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of?
The brain and spinal cord.
p.29
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
Where are potassium (K+) ions found in higher concentration?
In the intracellular region of the neuron.
p.4
Types and Functions of Neurons
What is the function of motor neurons?
To carry impulses from the central nervous system to effectors.
p.4
Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord
What are effectors in the nervous system?
Muscles or glands that respond to motor neuron impulses.
p.45
Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission
What types of cells can take up neurotransmitters besides the presynaptic neuron?
Nearby neurons or neuroglia.
p.29
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What do the concentration gradients of K+ and Na+ ions set the stage for?
For a neuron to be excited and rapidly return to rest.
p.62
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier
What role does CSF play in nutrient and waste exchange?
It serves as a medium for minor exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and adjacent nervous tissue.
p.27
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
How do neurons communicate with each other?
Through synapses using neurotransmitters.
p.2
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What is the role of synapses in the nervous system?
Facilitating communication between neurons and generating action potentials.
p.63
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier
What could happen if the brain were exposed to chemical variations?
Neurons would fire uncontrollably.
p.26
Types and Functions of Neurons
What is the primary function of sensory neurons?
To transmit sensory information from receptors to the central nervous system.
p.55
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier
What protective structures surround the brain and spinal cord?
Meninges and cerebrospinal fluid.
p.40
Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission
Which neurotransmitter is known for its role in inhibiting neuronal excitability?
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA).
p.26
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What do satellite cells do?
They provide support and nutrients to neurons in the peripheral nervous system.
p.60
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What forms the outer layer of the spinal cord?
White matter, formed by myelinated and unmyelinated axons.
p.30
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What is an action potential?
A rapid transitory and propagating change in the membrane potential, first positive, then negative, returning to resting potential.
p.22
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier
What is produced by ependymal cells?
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
p.49
Types and Functions of Neurons
What are sensory nerves responsible for?
Conducting impulses to the brain or spinal cord.
p.33
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What happens when a threshold stimulus is received?
Na+ channels in the trigger zone of the axon open.
p.49
Types and Functions of Neurons
What do motor nerves do?
Conduct impulses to muscles or glands.
p.33
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What occurs when Na+ channels open in the axon?
Na+ diffuses inward, depolarizing the axon membrane.
p.62
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier
How does CSF maintain homeostasis?
By regulating the pH, which affects pulmonary ventilation and cerebral blood flow.
p.55
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What are the main structures of the human brain?
Cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.
p.30
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
Which types of cells can generate an action potential?
Only neurons and muscle cells.
p.62
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier
How does CSF help in clearing waste products from the brain?
Waste products produced by the brain move into the CSF and can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
p.5
Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord
What are motor functions used for in the CNS?
To act on decisions by stimulating muscles to contract and glands to secrete.
p.18
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What role do astrocytes play in the CNS?
They support neurons and maintain the blood-brain barrier.
p.18
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What is the role of Schwann cells in the PNS?
To provide myelination to peripheral nerve fibers.
p.63
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier
Which compounds can diffuse across the BBB?
O2, CO2, ammonia, and lipids.
p.26
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What is the role of microglia?
To act as immune cells in the central nervous system.
p.41
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What determines whether an action potential is triggered in a postsynaptic neuron?
If more excitatory than inhibitory neurotransmitters are released.
p.47
Neuronal Pools and Impulse Processing
What is convergence in neuronal pools?
Convergence is when a single neuron receives input from two or more incoming axons, allowing impulses from different sources to have an additive effect.
p.41
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What is the overall effect of neurotransmitter activity in the nervous system?
A complex combination of excitation and inhibition.
p.13
Types and Functions of Neurons
How do neurons vary?
They vary in sizes and shapes.
p.45
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What happens to a released neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft?
It is either decomposed or removed.
p.4
Types and Functions of Neurons
What is the role of sensory neurons?
To transmit sensory input to the central nervous system.
p.49
Types and Functions of Neurons
What are nerves composed of?
Bundles of axons located in the PNS.
p.35
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What role does myelin sheath play in the regeneration of damaged axons?
It helps damaged axons of the peripheral nervous system regenerate.
p.27
Types and Functions of Neurons
What is the primary function of neurons?
To transmit electrical signals throughout the nervous system.
p.64
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What are the main components of the human brain?
Cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.
p.62
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier
How does CSF support the brain?
By providing buoyancy, keeping the brain 'floating' in the cranial cavity.
p.51
Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord
What is the spinal cord's primary function?
Transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body.
p.12
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What is one function of neuroglia in the CNS?
To maintain homeostasis and provide support for neurons.
p.12
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What is the function of myelin produced by certain neuroglia?
To insulate axons and increase the speed of signal transmission.
p.17
Types and Functions of Neurons
What do motor neurons do?
Conduct impulses out of the brain or spinal cord to effectors.
p.26
Types and Functions of Neurons
What are the main types of neurons in the nervous system?
Sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.
p.2
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structure
What are the branches of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
p.65
Introduction to the Nervous System
What app provides a visible body anatomy and physiology resource?
Visible Body Anatomy and Physiology 2019.
p.26
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What do oligodendrocytes do?
They form the myelin sheath around CNS axons.
p.21
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What role do microglia play in monitoring neurons?
They monitor the health of nearby neurons.
p.21
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What types of debris do microglia dispose of?
Dead brain cells and bacteria.
p.51
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What are the main structures of the human brain?
Cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.
p.51
Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord
What is the primary function of the cerebrum?
Responsible for higher brain functions such as thought and action.
p.51
Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord
What role does the cerebellum play in the brain?
Coordinates voluntary movements and balance.
p.57
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What are the main components of the spinal cord?
Gray matter and white matter.
p.10
Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord
What occurs when effectors are stimulated?
Muscles contract and glands secrete.
p.27
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What role do neuroglia play in the nervous system?
They support and protect neurons.
p.57
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What is the role of white matter in the spinal cord?
To facilitate communication between different parts of the nervous system through myelinated axons.
p.2
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What structures are included in the central nervous system (CNS)?
The human brain and spinal cord.
p.64
Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord
What is the significance of the cerebellum?
It is responsible for coordination and balance.
p.33
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What occurs when K+ channels open in the axon?
K+ diffuses outward, repolarizing the axon membrane.
p.18
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What is the function of microglia?
To act as the immune defense in the CNS.
p.49
Types and Functions of Neurons
What do mixed nerves contain?
Both sensory and motor fibers.
p.47
Neuronal Pools and Impulse Processing
How does convergence affect neuronal function?
It allows impulses arriving from different sources to combine, potentially enhancing the overall response of the neuron.
p.38
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What is the role of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission?
They carry out synaptic transmission by diffusing across the synaptic cleft.
p.52
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
Where does the brain lie?
In the cranial cavity of the skull.
p.46
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What happens if the net effect is excitatory but subthreshold?
An impulse is not triggered.
p.52
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
Where does the spinal cord occupy?
The vertebral canal in the vertebral column.
p.38
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
Where are synaptic vesicles located?
In the synaptic knobs at the end of the axon.
p.42
Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission
What is the function of acetylcholine?
It stimulates skeletal muscle contractions.
p.42
Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission
What are monoamines and give examples?
Monoamines are neurotransmitters formed from modified amino acids, examples include epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.
p.18
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What are the six types of neuroglia (glial cells)?
Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, Schwann cells, and satellite cells.
p.51
Neuronal Pools and Impulse Processing
How does a baby's brain develop?
Through a process of growth and neural connections formation.
p.5
Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord
What functions are integrated and processed in the CNS?
Conscious or subconscious decisions such as thoughts, emotions, and memories.
p.18
Neuroglia and Their Roles
Which types of neuroglia are found in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
Schwann cells and satellite cells.
p.55
Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord
What is the function of the brainstem?
Controls basic life functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure.
p.17
Types and Functions of Neurons
Where do some interneurons aggregate?
In specialized masses of nervous tissue called nuclei within the CNS.
p.26
Types and Functions of Neurons
What role do motor neurons play?
They carry signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.
p.26
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What are neuroglia?
Supportive cells in the nervous system that assist neurons.
p.52
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What surrounds the organs of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
Bones, membranes, and fluid.
p.46
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What occurs if the net effect of inputs to a neuron is excitatory and reaches the threshold?
An outgoing impulse is triggered.
p.12
Types and Functions of Neurons
What is the primary function of neurons?
To transmit electrical signals throughout the nervous system.
p.62
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier
What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
A clear, colorless liquid composed primarily of water and small amounts of glucose, proteins, lactic acid, urea, and electrolytes.
p.38
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What happens when an impulse reaches the synaptic knob of a presynaptic neuron?
Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter molecules by exocytosis.
p.38
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What do neurotransmitter molecules do after being released?
They diffuse across the synaptic cleft and react with specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane.
p.27
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What are the two divisions of the nervous system?
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
p.5
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structure
What does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) include?
Cranial and spinal nerves that connect the CNS to other body parts.
p.4
Introduction to the Nervous System
What is a stimulus in the context of the nervous system?
A change in the environment that elicits a response.
p.55
Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord
What is the function of the cerebrum?
Responsible for higher brain functions such as thought, action, and emotion.
p.65
Introduction to the Nervous System
What is the title of the 11th edition textbook by Marieb and Hoehn?
Human Anatomy & Physiology.
p.40
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What process do neurotransmitters facilitate for brain functions?
Chemical synaptic transmission.
p.17
Types and Functions of Neurons
What do motor impulses control?
Muscle contraction and the secretions of glands.
p.60
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What is the primary function of white matter in the spinal cord?
To pass information up and down the spinal cord.
p.42
Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission
Where are most neurotransmitter molecules synthesized?
In the cytoplasm of the synaptic knobs.
p.64
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier
What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier?
To protect the brain from harmful substances while allowing essential nutrients to pass.
p.22
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
It protects and nourishes the brain and spinal cord.
p.57
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What is gray matter primarily composed of?
Neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons.
p.5
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
How many neurons are in the human spinal cord?
Approximately 100 million neurons.
p.30
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What occurs when sodium channels open during an action potential?
The charge rapidly rises to about +30 mV.
p.57
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What is the protective structure surrounding the spinal cord?
The vertebral column (spine).
p.55
Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord
What role does the cerebellum play in the brain?
Coordinates voluntary movements and maintains posture and balance.
p.18
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What is the function of oligodendrocytes?
To provide support and insulation to axons in the CNS.
p.58
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structure
What is the smallest region of the vertebral column?
Coccygeal region (1 pair).
p.55
Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure
What are the main components of the spinal cord?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions.
p.55
Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord
What is the primary function of the spinal cord?
Transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body.
p.63
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier
What is the primary function of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)?
To serve as a protective mechanism for the brain.
p.33
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What does the action potential cause in the adjacent axon membrane?
An electric current that stimulates it.
p.33
Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation
What occurs along the axon as a result of action potentials?
A series of action potentials occurs (propagation).
p.49
Types and Functions of Neurons
How are nerve fibers organized within a nerve?
Bundled within layers of connective tissue.
p.40
Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission
What are endorphins known for?
Their role in pain relief and pleasure.
p.26
Neuroglia and Their Roles
What is the function of ependymal cells?
To line the ventricles of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid.
