p.7
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What are the common pathogens associated with Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?
S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, and atypicals such as Legionella, Mycoplasma, and Chlamydia.
p.6
Bacterial Coverage by Antibiotics
Which antibiotics are effective against anaerobic bacteria?
Clindamycin, Metronidazole, Carbapenems, Anti-pseudomonal penicillin, Fluoroquinolones.
p.1
Mechanism of Action of Antibiotics
What components make up the glycan part of peptidoglycans?
N-acetylglucosamine (NAM) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAG).
p.7
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
Which antibiotics are recommended for treating Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?
Fluoroquinolones (respiratory) or a combination of Beta-lactam (Ceftriaxone) + Macrolide or Doxycycline.
p.7
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What pathogens are commonly associated with Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)?
Multidrug resistant bacteria such as Pseudomonas and MRSA.
p.17
Risk Factors for Antibiotic Resistance
What is MRSA?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a type of multi-drug resistant pathogen.
p.1
Mechanism of Action of Antibiotics
What are the four categories of Beta-Lactams?
Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Carbapenem, Monobactam.
p.14
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What condition can prolonged use of Linezolid (10-14 days) lead to?
Lactic acidosis due to increased production of lactic acid.
p.19
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What is the initial treatment for a patient with pneumonia?
Start them on antibiotics, whether it's CAP or HAP.
p.13
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What precaution should patients take when using Doxycycline?
Drink plenty of water and stay upright for a bit.
p.1
Mechanism of Action of Antibiotics
What are the two main categories of antibiotic action?
Bactericidal (kills bacteria) and Bacteriostatic (inhibits growth of bacteria).
p.17
Risk Factors for Antibiotic Resistance
What can trigger mutations in bacteria that lead to antibiotic resistance?
Overprescribing antibiotics when they are not necessary.
p.12
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What is a major adverse effect of penicillins?
Hypersensitivity reactions leading to anaphylactic shock.
p.17
Risk Factors for Antibiotic Resistance
How does exposure to antibiotics in food products contribute to antibiotic resistance?
Bacteria can develop resistance after being exposed to antibiotics used in livestock.
p.7
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What pathogens should be considered for gastrointestinal infections?
Gram-negative rods and anaerobes.
p.12
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What risk is increased due to vitamin K deficiency from cephalosporins?
Increased risk of bleeding.
p.17
Risk Factors for Antibiotic Resistance
Why is it important to prevent overprescription of antibiotics?
To reduce the opportunity for bacteria to become resistant.
p.14
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
Why should Fluoroquinolones be avoided in patients over 60 or those on steroids?
Increased risk of Achilles tendon rupture.
p.21
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What risk is increased with the use of Carbapenems?
Risk of C. difficile infection.
p.17
Risk Factors for Antibiotic Resistance
What is a significant risk factor for antibiotic resistance in hospitals?
The presence of patients who are super sick and may develop multi-drug resistant pathogens.
p.15
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What are the four mechanisms of antibiotic resistance?
Reduced permeability, increased efflux, decreased target binding, and increased inactivating enzymes.
p.19
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
What is the significance of the HENS-PEcK category?
It helps determine which antibiotics are effective against specific bacteria like Klebsiella pneumonia.
p.19
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
Which antibiotics showed susceptibility to Klebsiella pneumonia?
Ceftriaxone, Piperacillin + tazobactam (Pip-Tazo), and Meropenem.
p.15
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What is increased efflux in the context of antibiotic resistance?
It refers to bacteria pushing antibiotics out of the cell, decreasing the concentration of the antibiotic inside.
p.17
Risk Factors for Antibiotic Resistance
What is a common mistake clinicians make that contributes to antibiotic resistance?
Overprescribing antibiotics for viral infections.
p.18
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
What methods are used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)?
Broth, microdilution, macrodilution, and the Kirby-Bauer method.
p.14
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What are some adverse effects associated with Linezolid?
Neurotoxicity, serotonin syndrome, peripheral neuropathy, pancytopenia, and lactic acidosis.
p.16
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What are the main mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics?
Reducing permeability, pushing the antibiotic out, changing the target site structure, and producing enzymes that inactivate the antibiotic.
p.13
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What are some adverse effects associated with Macrolides?
GIT dysfunction, arrhythmias, cholestasis, rash, eosinophilia.
p.2
Introduction to Antibiotics
What type of antibiotic is Vancomycin?
A glycopeptide antibiotic.
p.11
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What is Torsade de Pointes?
A type of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia that can quickly progress to ventricular fibrillation.
p.15
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What role do increased inactivating enzymes play in antibiotic resistance?
They break down antibiotics through processes like phosphorylation and acetylation, rendering them ineffective.
p.16
Transmission of Antibiotic Resistance
What role do bacteriophages play in antibiotic resistance?
They can transfer DNA/RNA that carries resistance mechanisms between bacteria.
p.18
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
Why is it important to prefer narrow-spectrum antibiotics?
To minimize the risk of developing antibiotic resistance and target the specific bacteria effectively.
p.6
Bacterial Coverage by Antibiotics
What organisms are included in atypical coverage?
Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella.
p.18
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
What is the purpose of obtaining sputum cultures in patients with pneumonia?
To identify the type of bacteria causing the infection and determine the best-suited antibiotics.
p.19
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
Which antibiotics were found to be resistant to Klebsiella pneumonia?
Ceftazidime, Gentamicin, and Levofloxacin.
p.7
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
Which antibiotics can cover gram-negative rods and anaerobes?
Carbapenems and antipseudomonal penicillins (e.g., Piperacillin-tazobactam).
p.11
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
Which drugs can increase the risk of Torsade de Pointes?
Fluoroquinolones and Macrolides.
p.4
Bacterial Coverage by Antibiotics
What is the first-line treatment for Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Penicillin, Aminopenicillins, 3rd generation cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone), Fluoroquinolones (Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin), and Macrolides.
p.2
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What is the mechanism of action of beta-lactamase?
It breaks down the beta-lactam ring, preventing antibiotics from binding to PBP.
p.2
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What are the examples of beta-lactamase inhibitors?
Clavulanate, Sulbactam, Tazobactam, and Avibactam.
p.20
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
Which antibiotics are used for treating gastrointestinal infections involving anaerobes?
Carbapenems, antipseudomonal penicillins, and combinations like Metronidazole + Ciprofloxacin.
p.8
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What antibiotics are used for acute cystitis?
TMP-SMX, nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin, or ciprofloxacin.
p.20
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What antibiotics are recommended for uncomplicated acute cystitis?
TMP-SMX (for non-pregnant patients), Nitrofurantoin, Fosfomycin, and Ciprofloxacin (2nd line).
p.10
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What are common adverse effects associated with neurotoxicity from antibiotics?
Seizures, myoclonus, encephalopathy, serotonin syndrome.
p.1
Mechanism of Action of Antibiotics
What happens to bacteria without a proper cell wall?
They cannot divide properly and are susceptible to materials leaking in or out, leading to bacterial death.
p.10
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What is pancytopenia and which antibiotics can cause it?
Pancytopenia is a reduction in red and white blood cells and platelets; it can be caused by Penicillins, Cephalosporins, TMP-SMX, Chloramphenicol, and Linezolid.
p.11
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
Which drugs are associated with disulfiram reactions?
Metronidazole and Ceftriaxone.
p.2
Bacterial Coverage by Antibiotics
What are the forms of natural penicillin?
Penicillin G (IM or IV) and Penicillin V (PO).
p.19
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
Why should broad-spectrum antibiotics be avoided?
To prevent unnecessary broad coverage and potential resistance.
p.16
Transmission of Antibiotic Resistance
What is vertical gene transfer in bacteria?
The process where bacteria replicate through binary fission, passing resistance traits to daughter cells.
p.18
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What should be done if bacteria show resistance to a chosen antibiotic?
Use methods like broth, microdilution, or Kirby-Bauer to test other antibiotics for susceptibility.
p.16
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What are the four main ways bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics?
Reducing permeability, pushing the antibiotic out, changing the target site, and producing inactivating enzymes.
p.9
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What are the symptoms of meningitis?
Photophobia, headache, neck stiffness, and fever.
p.3
Mechanism of Action of Antibiotics
What is the action of Tetracycline on bacterial growth?
Inhibits protein synthesis and is bacteriostatic.
p.6
Bacterial Coverage by Antibiotics
Which organisms are covered by antibiotics for anaerobic infections?
Clostridium, Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, Fusobacterium, Actinomyces.
p.13
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What is a potential side effect of Doxycycline related to the esophagus?
Pill-induced esophagitis.
p.1
Mechanism of Action of Antibiotics
What is the role of tetrapeptides in the bacterial cell wall?
They cross-link to stabilize the cell wall.
p.2
Mechanism of Action of Antibiotics
What is the primary action of Beta-Lactam antibiotics?
They decrease peptidoglycan synthesis.
p.19
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
What does 'intermediate' susceptibility mean in this context?
Ampicillin-sulbactam showed intermediate susceptibility, indicating it may not be the best choice.
p.17
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
What is the challenge clinicians face regarding antibiotic susceptibility?
Determining which antibiotic is best for a specific pathogen that may have developed resistance.
p.10
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
Which antibiotics are known for direct nephrotoxic reactions?
Aminoglycosides and Vancomycin.
p.15
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
Which antibiotics are affected by increased efflux?
Fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and macrolides.
p.11
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What happens when CYP450 inhibitors are taken with certain drugs?
They reduce the metabolism of the drug, increasing serum concentration and potentially producing negative effects.
p.4
Bacterial Coverage by Antibiotics
What is the treatment for Enterococcus infections?
Aminopenicillins, Penicillin, and Nitrofurantoin (only for Urinary Tract Infections).
p.3
Mechanism of Action of Antibiotics
How does Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) affect bacterial growth?
Inhibits folic acid synthetase, affecting nucleotide synthesis.
p.3
Mechanism of Action of Antibiotics
What is the role of dihydrofolate reductase in bacteria?
Converts dihydrofolate (DHF) into tetrahydrofolate (THF) for nucleotide synthesis.
p.20
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
Which antibiotics are used for community-acquired meningitis?
Vancomycin, Ceftriaxone, and Ampicillin (if there is a concern for Listeria).
p.20
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What is the treatment for bloodstream infections (CLABSI) caused by MRSA?
Vancomycin +/- Pip-Tazo (for Gram-negatives).
p.14
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What are the risks associated with Fluoroquinolones in patients under 18?
Destruction of cartilage and arthropathies.
p.19
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
Which antibiotics were initially given to the patient?
Ceftriaxone and doxycycline.
p.11
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What is a disulfiram reaction?
Development of symptoms like nausea, vomiting, flushing, hypotension, and tachycardia when medications are taken with alcohol.
p.5
Bacterial Coverage by Antibiotics
What organisms are covered by HENS-PEcK?
Hemophilus influenzae, Enterobacter, Neisseria gonorrhoeae & meningitidis, Serratia, Proteus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella.
p.15
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
How do bacteria decrease target binding to resist antibiotics?
They alter the target site, changing the amino sequence or structural morphology, preventing the antibiotic from binding.
p.13
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What is a significant risk associated with Clindamycin?
Increased risk of C. difficile infection.
p.10
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What is the effect of certain antibiotics on Myasthenia Gravis?
They can worsen the condition.
p.15
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
Which antibiotics are affected by decreased target binding?
Fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, beta-lactams, vancomycin, macrolides, linezolid, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
p.11
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What is hemolytic anemia?
Destruction of red blood cells (RBCs) that can cause hypersensitivity reactions.
p.11
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
Which drugs can produce a positive Coombs test?
Penicillins and Cephalosporins.
p.20
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What pathogens are commonly associated with community-acquired pneumonia?
S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, and atypicals such as Legionella, Mycoplasma, and Chlamydia.
p.9
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What is the first-line treatment for hospital-acquired meningitis?
Vancomycin for MRSA and Cefepime for Pseudomonas.
p.10
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
Which antibiotics are known to cause neurotoxicity?
Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Polymyxins, Linezolid.
p.18
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
What types of cultures are mentioned for diagnosing infections?
Sputum cultures, skin cultures, urine cultures, and blood cultures.
p.4
Bacterial Coverage by Antibiotics
What antibiotics are used for Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)?
Nafcillin, Oxacillin, Dicloxacillin, 1st generation cephalosporins (Cephalexin, Cefazolin), and Fluoroquinolones.
p.18
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
What does the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) indicate?
The minimum amount of a drug needed to kill a particular bacteria.
p.5
Bacterial Coverage by Antibiotics
Which generation of cephalosporins covers PEcK organisms?
1st generation cephalosporins.
p.3
Mechanism of Action of Antibiotics
What is the mechanism of action of Daptomycin?
Creates efflux pumps in the cell membrane, increasing permeability and risk for cell lysis.
p.10
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What is Gray Baby Syndrome and which antibiotic is associated with it?
Gray Baby Syndrome is a condition in newborns caused by Chloramphenicol, leading to a gray-ash appearance and cardiovascular issues.
p.18
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What is the role of blood cultures in antibiotic therapy?
To identify pathogens in septic patients or those with suspected bloodstream infections.
p.3
Mechanism of Action of Antibiotics
What is the mechanism of action of Metronidazole?
Increases the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causing damage to DNA, RNA, and proteins.
p.5
Bacterial Coverage by Antibiotics
Which antibiotic is used for Stenotrophomonas?
Trimethoprim - Sulfamethoxazole.
p.3
Mechanism of Action of Antibiotics
Which antibiotics are classified as aminoglycosides?
Tobramycin, Amikacin, Gentamicin.
p.13
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What effect does Doxycycline have on teeth?
Teeth discoloration due to binding with calcium.
p.7
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What is the role of cultures in treating pneumonia?
To identify the specific agent and use the appropriate antibiotic for that agent.
p.18
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What is the significance of the HENS-PEcK acronym in antibiotic selection?
It refers to a group of antibiotics effective against certain gram-negative bacteria, including Klebsiella pneumonia.
p.16
Transmission of Antibiotic Resistance
How does conjugation facilitate antibiotic resistance?
Bacteria connect via a sex pilus to transfer plasmids containing resistance genes.
p.7
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What is the combination of antibiotics used for anaerobic infections below the diaphragm?
Metronidazole + fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin).
p.12
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What adverse effect can occur if vancomycin is pushed too quickly?
Phlebitis and Red Man syndrome.
p.5
Bacterial Coverage by Antibiotics
Which antibiotics are classified as carbapenems?
Doripenem, imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem.
p.10
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What adverse effect can Tetracyclines have on infants?
They can discolor the infant’s developing milk teeth and affect bone growth.
p.4
Bacterial Coverage by Antibiotics
What are the exceptions for antibiotic treatment in gram-positive organisms?
Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) and Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE).
p.8
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What are the empiric antibiotics for pyelonephritis?
Ceftriaxone, fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin), or aminopenicillin (ampicillin).
p.15
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
How does reduced permeability contribute to antibiotic resistance?
It prevents antibiotics from entering bacterial cells, reducing their accumulation and effectiveness.
p.16
Transmission of Antibiotic Resistance
What is horizontal gene transfer in bacteria?
The process by which bacteria transfer genetic material to one another, including transformation, conjugation, and transduction.
p.13
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What arrhythmia risk is associated with Macrolides?
Prolonged QT interval leading to Torsade de Pointes.
p.10
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What type of kidney injury can be caused by antibiotics?
Both direct nephrotoxic reactions and indirect kidney injury.
p.19
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
What methods were used for susceptibility testing?
Microdilution, Macrodilution, and Kirby-Bauer method.
p.12
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What does DRESS stand for?
Drug-related eosinophilia and systemic symptoms.
p.11
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
Which drugs can cause hemolytic crisis in patients with G6PD deficiency?
TMP-SMX, Fluoroquinolones, and Nitrofurantoin.
p.8
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What are the antibiotics for Pseudomonas in complicated UTIs?
Pip-Tazo, Cefepime, aminoglycoside, or Ceftazidime.
p.6
Bacterial Coverage by Antibiotics
What is the treatment for Lyme disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi?
Doxycycline, Chloramphenicol, Ceftriaxone.
p.12
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What immune response occurs after initial exposure to penicillin?
Immune cells produce IgE.
p.16
Transmission of Antibiotic Resistance
What occurs during transformation in bacteria?
A bacterium releases DNA/RNA upon destruction, which can be taken up by another bacterium, allowing it to gain resistance mechanisms.
p.12
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What is a potential risk associated with ceftriaxone?
Increased risk of biliary sludge.
p.7
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What does Ceftriaxone provide coverage against?
Good Gram-negative coverage against E. coli, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter.
p.8
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What are the two types of pathogens for skin and soft tissue infections?
S. aureus (MSSA and MRSA) and Strep A.
p.16
Transmission of Antibiotic Resistance
What is the significance of plasmids in antibiotic resistance?
Plasmids can encode proteins or enzymes that confer resistance and can be transferred between bacteria.
p.18
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What is the first step in treating a patient with a suspected UTI?
Obtain a urinary culture to identify the bacteria before starting treatment.
p.8
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What intravenous antibiotics can be used for MSSA and Strep A?
Nafcillin, Oxacillin, or Cefazolin.
p.2
Mechanism of Action of Antibiotics
What is the role of Penicillin-Binding Protein (PBP)?
It synthesizes the peptidoglycan layer by cross-linking NAG and NAM.
p.8
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What are the common pathogens for pyelonephritis?
PEcK (Proteus mirabilis, E. coli, and Klebsiella) and Enterobacter.
p.3
Mechanism of Action of Antibiotics
What is the action of Macrolides on bacterial protein synthesis?
Inhibit the 50S ribosomal subunit.
p.9
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What are the classic antibiotics used for sepsis?
Vancomycin for MRSA and Pip-Tazo for Gram-negatives and anaerobes.
p.10
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
Which antibiotics can lead to respiratory failure?
Polymyxins and Nitrofurantoin.
p.4
Bacterial Coverage by Antibiotics
Which antibiotic is specifically used for Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)?
Ceftaroline, Vancomycin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Clindamycin, Linezolid, Doxycycline, and Daptomycin.
p.13
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What are some other drugs that can increase the risk of C. difficile?
Carbapenems, TMP-SMX, 3rd and 4th Cephalosporins, Fluoroquinolones.
p.11
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What role do CYP450 enzymes play in drug metabolism?
They catalyze a drug’s biotransformation process, making a drug more polar to exert its effects.
p.4
Bacterial Coverage by Antibiotics
What antibiotics are effective against Group A and B Streptococcus?
Penicillin, Aminopenicillins, 1st generation cephalosporins (Cephalexin), Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Macrolides, and Clindamycin.
p.15
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What types of reactions do inactivating enzymes perform on antibiotics?
Phosphorylation, acetylation, and other modifications to inactivate the antibiotics.
p.4
Bacterial Coverage by Antibiotics
When are Vancomycin and Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole used for gram-positive organisms?
When the patient is allergic to penicillin or there is resistance to other drugs.
p.5
Bacterial Coverage by Antibiotics
What is the combination used for extended spectrum beta-lactamase bacteria?
3rd generation cephalosporin + beta-lactamase inhibitor (e.g., Ceftazidime + avibactam).
p.11
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What is phototoxicity?
A condition that can produce rashes and skin burning effects.
p.15
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
Which antibiotics are affected by decreased permeability?
Vancomycin, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and beta-lactams.
p.2
Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
What is the purpose of combining Amoxicillin with Clavulanate?
To inhibit beta-lactamase activity.
p.3
Mechanism of Action of Antibiotics
What type of therapy is Polymyxin used for?
Salvage therapy for multi-drug resistant bacteria.
p.8
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What are the oral antibiotics for MSSA and Strep A?
Dicloxacillin or Cephalexin.
p.9
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What pathogens are commonly associated with community-acquired meningitis?
S. pneumoniae, H. catarrhalis, and N. meningitidis.
p.20
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What is the first-line treatment for skin and soft tissue infections caused by MSSA?
Dicloxacillin or Cephalexin (PO), Nafcillin, Oxacillin, or Cefazolin (IV).
p.8
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What pathogens are associated with complicated UTIs?
Pseudomonas, MRSA, and Enterococcus.
p.20
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What pathogens are involved in complicated urinary tract infections?
MRSA, Enterococcus, and Pseudomonas.
p.12
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What are the symptoms of Red Man syndrome?
Red, itchy rashes, muscle spasms, hypotension, and tachycardia.
p.4
Bacterial Coverage by Antibiotics
Which antibiotics are used for Listeria infections?
Aminopenicillins, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and Vancomycin.
p.5
Bacterial Coverage by Antibiotics
Which antibiotics do not cover Neisseria?
Fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides.
p.8
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What are the oral antibiotics for MRSA and Strep A?
TMP-SMX, doxycycline, or clindamycin.
p.20
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What is the recommended antibiotic treatment for hospital-acquired pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas?
Double therapy with Pip-Tazo, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, or an aminoglycoside.
p.10
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
Which antibiotics are teratogenic and should be avoided during pregnancy?
TMP-SMX, Fluoroquinolones, Chloramphenicol, Tetracyclines.
p.9
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
What are common infections treated with empiric antibiotics in bone and joint infections?
Septic arthritis and osteomyelitis.
p.5
Bacterial Coverage by Antibiotics
What is the role of polymyxins in antibiotic treatment?
Last resort for resistant infections.
p.12
Adverse Drug Reactions and Contraindications
What are the classic symptoms of DRESS?
Fever, rash, increased eosinophils, and lymphadenopathy.
p.9
Empiric Antibiotics for Common Infections
Which antibiotics are preferred for Pseudomonas in bone and joint infections?
Cefepime and ceftazidime.
p.3
Mechanism of Action of Antibiotics
What is the function of DNA gyrase?
Maintains the topology of DNA by unwinding supercoils for new DNA strand creation.
