p.6
Corporate Environmental Ethics
How have Western societies viewed Earth's natural resources?
As if Earth has unlimited reserves and an unlimited ability to assimilate wastes.
p.6
Corporate Environmental Ethics
What initiative did GE develop to balance profit and environmental friendliness?
Ecomagination, which aims to develop environmentally friendly products.
p.1
Philosophical Approaches to Environmental Ethics
What is the main focus of Anthropocentrism in environmental ethics?
Environmental responsibility is derived from human interests, considering only humans as morally significant.
p.1
Philosophical Approaches to Environmental Ethics
What does Biocentrism advocate regarding life forms?
All life forms have an inherent right to exist, with some advocating for a hierarchy of values among species.
What is a complexity in environmental issues mentioned in the text?
The difficulty in determining ethical responsibilities.
p.4
Case Studies in Environmental Justice
What historical event marked the beginning of the environmental justice movement in the U.S.?
The 1982 protests in an African American community in NC against a landfill for PCB waste.
p.4
Environmental Justice and Injustice
What demographic often works as nail technicians and faces health hazards?
Low-income, uninsured, and minority groups.
p.7
Environmental Justice and Injustice
How many hectares of farmland are permanently lost to development in the US?
Between 1000 to 2000 hectares.
p.6
Corporate Environmental Ethics
What is the primary aim of a corporation according to corporate environmental ethics?
To generate financial return while having ethical obligations to the public or the environment.
Who generates most of the waste in society?
Affluent members of the community.
Who bears the burden of waste management?
Impoverished communities.
p.6
Individual Environmental Ethics
What is the projected lifespan of known oil reserves at current consumption rates?
They will not last through the current century.
p.8
Corporate Environmental Ethics
What are natural capitalism and industrial ecology?
Ideas that promote profitable business practices while protecting the environment.
p.2
Philosophical Approaches to Environmental Ethics
What is the ethical principle regarding the preservation of the biotic community?
A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community.
p.5
Societal Environmental Ethics
What societal factors influence environmental ethics?
Decisions made by individuals, businesses, and national leaders.
p.3
Individual Environmental Ethics
What influences individuals to switch their environmental practices?
Circumstances, such as switching from car to bicycle for environmental reasons, then reverting due to practical constraints.
p.5
Environmental Justice and Injustice
What does the state government deny in relation to Chester's toxic waste facilities?
Evidence of health problems related to these facilities.
p.2
Anthropocentrism vs. Ecocentrism vs. Biocentrism
What is the focus of Ecocentrism?
It protects ecosystems and the organisms within them for their inherent value.
p.2
Corporate Environmental Ethics
What is the focus of Environmental Pragmatism?
Policy over ethics for long-term environmental benefits.
p.4
Environmental Justice and Injustice
Why is recognition of Environmental Justice critical?
It is essential for achieving environmental protection.
p.6
Individual Environmental Ethics
What must corporate ethical changes begin with?
Individuals recognizing their actions' impact on environmental quality.
p.2
Philosophical Approaches to Environmental Ethics
What does Deep Ecology advocate for?
A sense of oneness with the Earth.
p.4
Introduction to Environmental Ethics
What does Environmental Ethics advocate for?
Keeping large parts of nature intact for aesthetic and recreational purposes.
p.3
Philosophical Approaches to Environmental Ethics
What is the Development Approach in environmental ethics?
It is the most anthropocentric view, seeing humans as masters of nature and viewing Earth and resources solely for human benefit.
p.2
Anthropocentrism vs. Ecocentrism vs. Biocentrism
How does Anthropocentrism view the environment?
It values the environment based on its utility to humans.
p.2
Anthropocentrism vs. Ecocentrism vs. Biocentrism
What does Biocentrism advocate for?
It protects all living organisms for their inherent value.
p.8
Introduction to Environmental Ethics
Who recognizes the ethical obligation to protect the environment?
Corporations, individuals, nations, and international bodies.
p.7
Environmental Justice and Injustice
What role does lobbying play in environmental ethics?
Lobbying for the protection of wild areas and voting for environmentally conscious officials can reduce environmental impact.
p.6
Corporate Environmental Ethics
What are some examples of products developed under GE's Ecomagination?
Desalination facilities and tile photovoltaic systems.
p.7
Environmental Justice and Injustice
How are ethical obligations toward the environment connected to social issues?
They are closely connected to ethical obligations towards people, particularly poor and minority groups.
p.5
Environmental Justice and Injustice
What are some issues encompassed by environmental justice?
Placement of hazardous facilities, transportation, safe housing, lead poisoning, water quality, access to recreation, exposure to noise pollution, access to environmental information, hazardous waste clean-up, and exposure to natural disasters.
p.1
Philosophical Approaches to Environmental Ethics
How does Ecocentrism differ from Anthropocentrism?
Ecocentrism argues that the environment deserves direct moral consideration, independent of human or animal interests.
p.4
Environmental Justice and Injustice
What is Environmental Injustice?
When marginalized groups suffer from environmental problems due to discrimination.
p.4
Environmental Justice and Injustice
What does the EPA's 1998 definition of Environmental Justice emphasize?
Fair treatment means no group should bear a disproportionate share of negative environmental consequences.
p.7
Philosophical Approaches to Environmental Ethics
What are the three common attitudes toward nature in environmental ethics?
The development approach, the preservationist approach, and the conservationist approach.
p.2
Ecofeminism and Social Ecology
What does Ecofeminism examine?
The connection between societal treatment of women and the environment.
p.2
Environmental Justice and Injustice
What does Animal Rights/Welfare emphasize?
Moral obligations towards animals.
p.7
Global Environmental Ethics
What is a significant root cause of the current environmental crisis?
The widening gap between the rich and poor.
p.3
Ecocentrism and Social Ecology
What is the core belief of the Preservation Approach?
It values nature for its intrinsic worth, holding that nature has intrinsic value beyond human use.
p.4
Environmental Justice and Injustice
What is one proposed solution for hazards in the nail salon industry?
Better training for technicians.
p.6
Individual Environmental Ethics
What resources are energy companies investing in to replace fossil fuels?
Nuclear power, solar, and wind energy.
p.7
Individual Environmental Ethics
What lifestyle changes can individuals make to reduce their environmental impact?
Eating food produced with minimum chemical fertilizers, buying durable products, reusing or repairing products, and conserving energy.
p.7
Global Environmental Ethics
How does ecological degradation in one nation affect others?
It inevitably impinges on the quality of life in other nations.
p.3
Sustainable Development and Conservation Approaches
What does the Conservation Approach promote?
It seeks a balance between development and preservation, promoting sustainable development and considering long-term environmental impacts.
p.6
Individual Environmental Ethics
What has contributed to the doubling of food production in the past 40 years?
Fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crops.
p.2
Philosophical Approaches to Environmental Ethics
What does Environmental Aesthetics value?
The beauty of the environment and the need to protect it.
p.6
Corporate Environmental Ethics
What is a significant factor in determining a company's profit related to waste?
The cost of controlling waste.
p.6
Corporate Environmental Ethics
What are two strategies companies can use to manage waste and maintain profit?
Controlling waste to reduce treatment costs and recycling waste to lower costs.
p.6
Individual Environmental Ethics
What is the primary cause of hunger according to the text?
Food distribution, not food production.
p.1
Philosophical Approaches to Environmental Ethics
What is a key belief of biocentric environmentalists?
They believe all living organisms have equal rights.
