Veins are blood vessels that bring blood to the heart.
The serous membrane in contact with the organ, such as the visceral pleura and visceral pericardium.
The trachea bifurcates into the right and left main bronchi.
The arteries to the lungs are primarily the pulmonary arteries, which carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.
Presence of free air or gas in the pleural cavity.
The angle formed between the manubrium and the body of the sternum, marking the level where the trachea bifurcates.
A space between the vertebral bodies and the mediastinum, formed by the parietal pleura.
Air enters the pleural cavity through a lung wound or penetrating chest wound, leading to the collapse of the ipsilateral lung and a shift of the mediastinum to the opposite side.
Tertiary bronchi are the branches that arise from the secondary bronchi, further dividing into smaller bronchi within the lungs.
The Mediastinal pleura is the part of the parietal pleura that covers the mediastinum, the central compartment of the thoracic cavity.
The structures and vessels include the bronchial arteries, pulmonary arteries, and veins, as well as the main bronchi and associated nerves.
Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space.
Potential for mediastinal shifts.
Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart.
The Pulmonary ligament is a fold of pleura that extends from the root of the lung to the mediastinum.
The Hilum is the region on the mediastinal surface of the lung where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit.
Secondary and tertiary bronchi are branches of the primary bronchi that further divide into smaller bronchioles, facilitating air distribution within the lungs.
The trachea is a tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi, allowing air to pass to and from the lungs.
The costal parietal pleura is innervated by the intercostal nerve.
The opening at the top of the thoracic cavity that allows structures to pass between the neck and thorax.
The Pleural cavity is the potential space between the parietal pleura and visceral pleura that surrounds the lungs.
The Pleural Cavity is a potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura, containing a capillary layer of serous fluid produced by mesothelium, which reduces friction and provides cohesion between the lung and thoracic wall.
Secondary bronchi are the branches that arise from the primary bronchi, leading to the lobes of the lungs.
The cardiac plexus is a network of nerves located in front of the bifurcation of the trachea and behind the aortic arch, formed by cardiac nerves from the cervical ganglia of the sympathetic trunk and branches from the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves.
The Middle lobe is the lobe of the right lung situated between the superior and inferior lobes.
The Cardiac notch is an indentation on the left lung that accommodates the heart.
A cartilaginous ridge found inside the trachea that splits the airway into the left and right primary bronchi.
Fluid leaking due to increased pressure in blood vessels; a common cause is heart failure.
A space located between the diaphragm and the mediastinum, created by the parietal pleura.
The Parietal pleura is the outer layer of pleura that lines the thoracic cavity.
The serous fluid in the Pleural Cavity reduces friction between the lung and thoracic wall during respiration.
The Visceral Pleura is the membrane that covers the lungs, providing a protective layer and facilitating movement during breathing.
The Apical surface refers to the topmost part of the lung lobes, which is the area closest to the apex of the lung.
The Lingula is a small, tongue-like projection of the left lung's superior lobe, corresponding to the middle lobe of the right lung.
The Groove for the thoracic aorta is a depression on the left lung that accommodates the descending aorta.
The serous membrane in contact with the body wall, such as the parietal pleura and parietal pericardium.
Local processes that lead to increased capillary permeability to exudates (fluid, cells, or other cellular substances); a common cause is pneumonia.
The Visceral pleura is the inner layer of pleura that covers the lungs directly.
The Pericardial sac is a fibrous sac that surrounds the heart, located in the middle mediastinum.
The thyroid cartilage is a prominent structure in the larynx that provides support and protection to the vocal cords.
The Visceral pleura is the membrane that directly covers the lungs, providing a protective layer and facilitating movement during respiration.
The Costal surface is the outer surface of the lung that faces the rib cage, providing protection and structural support.
The Groove for the arch of the azygos vein is a depression on the right lung that accommodates the azygos vein.
Collapse of ipsilateral lung due to pressure change and disruption of surface tension.
A condition where air enters the pleural cavity through an open, sucking chest wound, leading to the collapse of the ipsilateral lung and reduced venous return to the heart.
A condition where air enters the pleural cavity through a lung wound or penetrating chest wound with a valvelike opening, causing the ipsilateral lung to collapse and the mediastinum to shift to the opposite side, impairing the ventilating capacity of the contralateral lung.
The types of Parietal Pleura include Costal, Diaphragmatic, Mediastinal, and Cervical/Cupular (above the 1st rib).
The trachea bifurcates at the level of the sternal angle, marking the division into the right and left primary bronchi.
The trachea is a tube supported by cartilaginous rings that connects the larynx to the bronchi, allowing air passage to the lungs.
The Diaphragmatic pleura is the section of the parietal pleura that covers the diaphragm, the muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
The Mediastinal surface is the part of the lung that faces the mediastinum, containing structures such as the heart and major blood vessels.
The Apex is the topmost part of the lung, extending above the first rib.
A large hemothorax can lead to hypovolemic shock, restricted ipsilateral ventilation, and contralateral mediastinal shift.
A space that exists between serous membranes, such as the pleural cavity and pericardial cavity.
A space between the diaphragm and the chest wall, formed by the parietal pleura.
The uppermost part of the lungs that extends above the first rib into the root of the neck.
The Right and Left primary bronchi are the two main branches that the trachea bifurcates into, leading to the right and left lungs respectively.
Increased pressure leads to augmented mediastinal and tracheal shifts, depression of the diaphragm, and impaired venous return due to increased pressure and vena caval distortion.
The Inferior lobe is the lower section of the lung, situated below the oblique fissure in both the right and left lungs.
The Lingula is a tongue-like projection of the left lung that corresponds to the middle lobe of the right lung.
The Cardiac impression is a concave area on the left lung where the heart rests against it.
Hemothorax is intrathoracic bleeding, often resulting from trauma.
The diaphragmatic pleura is innervated by the phrenic nerve.
Bronchi are the major air passages that branch from the trachea and lead to the lungs, allowing air to enter and exit.
As the chest wall contracts and diaphragm rises, air is expelled from the pleural cavity via the wound, causing the mediastinum to shift to the affected side and further impairing venous return.
The right bronchus is wider, shorter, and runs more vertically than the left bronchus, making it more likely for aspirated objects to fall into it.
Cardiac nerves are nerves derived from the cervical ganglia of the sympathetic trunk that contribute to the formation of the cardiac plexus.
The Superior lobe is the uppermost section of the lung, located above the horizontal fissure in the right lung and above the oblique fissure in the left lung.
The Oblique fissure is a diagonal separation between the lobes of the lung, present in both the right and left lungs.
The Superior lobe is the uppermost lobe of the lung, found above the middle and inferior lobes.
The Groove for the brachiocephalic vein is a depression on the right lung that accommodates the brachiocephalic vein.
Arteries are blood vessels that take blood away from the heart.
The cardiac impression is a concave area on the mediastinal surface of the left lung that accommodates the shape of the heart.
The visceral pleura has no innervation.
A space created by folds of the parietal pleura, located posterior to the sternum and costal cartilages.
Pulmonary arteries are blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.
Air enters the pleural cavity through the wound, causing loss of negative pleural pressure, collapse of the ipsilateral lung, and mediastinum shift that compresses the opposite lung.
The Bronchial Tree is a branching system of air passages that begins with the trachea and divides into the right and left primary bronchi, further branching into secondary and tertiary bronchi.
The Mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity that contains the pericardial sac and other structures.
Intrapleural pressure rises, closing the valvelike opening and preventing the escape of pleural air, which progressively increases pressure with each breath.
The vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves provide cardiac branches that contribute to the innervation of the heart through the cardiac plexus.
The Costal pleura is the portion of the parietal pleura that lines the inner surface of the rib cage.
The Diaphragmatic surface is the base of the lung that rests on the diaphragm, playing a crucial role in respiration.
The Inferior lobe is the lowest lobe of the lung, located beneath the middle and superior lobes.
The Horizontal fissure is a fissure that separates the right lung's superior lobe from the middle lobe.
The Hilum is the area on the lung where blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves enter and exit.
The Groove for the left subclavian artery is a depression on the left lung that accommodates the left subclavian artery.
The Mediastinal surface refers to the area of the lung that faces the mediastinum, which is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity.
The Root of the lung is the collection of structures, including bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves, that enter and exit the lung at the hilum.
The left bronchus passes inferior to the arch of the aorta and anterior to the esophagus and thoracic aorta.
The Cervical pleura is the part of the parietal pleura that extends into the neck region, covering the apex of the lung.
The Oblique fissure is a fissure that separates the superior lobe from the inferior lobe in both lungs.
The Groove for the arch of the aorta is a depression on the left lung that accommodates the arch of the aorta.
The Middle lobe is a section of the right lung located between the superior and inferior lobes, separated by the horizontal fissure.
The Cardiac notch is an indentation on the left lung that accommodates the heart, allowing for a space between the lung and the heart.
The Base is the lower surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm.
The Groove for the esophagus is a depression on the left lung that accommodates the esophagus.
The Horizontal fissure is a horizontal separation found only in the right lung, dividing the superior lobe from the middle lobe.
The Groove for the superior vena cava is a depression on the right lung that accommodates the superior vena cava.
