p.11
Differential Diagnosis for Lung Cancer
What is an important step in formulating a differential diagnosis for PE?
Justification for each potential diagnosis based on clinical features.
p.10
Complications and Prognosis of Lung Cancer
What factors influence survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)?
Stage and the immunohistochemical profile of the cancer.
p.19
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Overview
What is a key component of managing ARDS?
Formulate a management plan for ARDS.
p.19
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Overview
What does the presence of an endotracheal tube indicate in ARDS patients?
They are intubated for respiratory support.
p.11
Management Strategies for Pulmonary Embolism
What is a key component of the management plan for patients with PE?
Anticoagulation therapy to prevent further clot formation.
p.19
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Overview
What does ARDS stand for?
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
p.19
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Overview
What type of imaging is shown in the figure related to ARDS?
Portable chest X-ray (CXR).
p.3
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Lung Cancer
What are some carcinogens found in cigarette smoke?
Butane, Stearic Acid, Toluene, Nicotine, Ammonia, Paint, Methanol, Carbon Monoxide, Arsenic.
p.12
Management Strategies for Pulmonary Embolism
What is a pulmonary embolus?
Obstruction of the pulmonary artery or its branches by material such as thrombus, tumour, air, or fat that originated elsewhere.
p.20
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Overview
What is the PaO2:FiO2 ratio that defines ARDS?
A PaO2:FiO2 ratio of less than 40.
p.5
Differential Diagnosis for Lung Cancer
What are some differential diagnoses for lung cancer?
Malignancy (primary or secondary), infections (bacterial, viral, fungal), inflammatory conditions (COPD, asthma, chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, IPF, TB), interstitial lung disease, and vascular issues (infarction).
p.21
Symptoms and Signs of Lung Cancer
What is a concerning sign in ARDS that indicates imminent respiratory arrest?
Type 2 hypercapnic respiratory failure.
p.11
Clinical Features and Risk Factors of Lung Cancer
What are the key clinical features to identify in a patient with suspected Pulmonary Embolus (PE)?
Key clinical features include sudden onset of dyspnea, chest pain, and hemoptysis.
p.5
Clinical Features and Risk Factors of Lung Cancer
How does the number of cigarettes smoked relate to lung cancer risk?
Increased risk correlates with the number of cigarettes and duration of smoking.
p.16
Management Strategies for Pulmonary Embolism
What does the mnemonic 'HADCLOTS' help remember?
The PERC parameters for ruling out pulmonary embolism.
p.5
Clinical Features and Risk Factors of Lung Cancer
What chronic conditions can increase the risk of lung cancer?
Chronic or recurrent inflammation such as emphysema and chronic TB.
p.13
Symptoms and Signs of Lung Cancer
What is a sign of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?
Unilateral leg swelling greater than 3 cm compared to the other side.
p.18
Complications and Prognosis of Lung Cancer
What are some complications of Pulmonary Embolism?
Pulmonary infarction, pleural effusion, respiratory failure, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, arrhythmias (e.g., A fib), right ventricular failure, and cardiac arrest.
p.5
Clinical Features and Risk Factors of Lung Cancer
What is a major risk factor for lung cancer?
Smoking, both direct and passive.
p.13
Management Strategies for Pulmonary Embolism
What is a common treatment for dyspnoea in pulmonary embolism?
Oxygen supplementation, e.g., nasal prongs.
p.13
Clinical Features and Risk Factors of Lung Cancer
What does tar staining indicate?
A risk factor for pulmonary embolism due to smoking.
p.13
Symptoms and Signs of Lung Cancer
What does raised JVP indicate in the context of pulmonary embolism?
A sign of pulmonary hypertension and should be treated as emergent.
p.1
Clinical Features and Risk Factors of Lung Cancer
What are the key clinical features and risk factors in a patient with suspected lung cancer?
Identifying these features is crucial for diagnosis.
p.20
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Overview
What defines moderate ARDS?
A PaO2:FiO2 ratio of <26.6 and >13.3.
p.13
Clinical Features and Risk Factors of Lung Cancer
What are minor risk factors for pulmonary embolism?
OCP/HRT, family history of VTE, chronic disease, smoking, obesity, anti-phospholipid syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease.
p.1
Management of Non-Small Cell vs Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
How does the management of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma differ from Small Cell Lung Carcinoma?
It differs based on disease staging and prognosis.
p.23
Complications and Prognosis of Lung Cancer
What is a potential complication of ARDS related to blood clotting?
DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation) and thromboembolism.
p.10
Complications and Prognosis of Lung Cancer
What is the prognosis for small cell lung cancer (SCLC)?
Very aggressive; 95% of patients have metastasis at diagnosis.
p.19
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Overview
What is one of the learning outcomes related to ARDS?
Identify the clinical features of ARDS.
p.11
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What should an appropriate investigations plan for PE include?
Imaging studies like CT pulmonary angiography and D-dimer tests.
p.19
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Overview
What might bilateral chest drains indicate in a patient with ARDS?
Management of pleural effusions or pneumothorax.
p.11
Complications and Prognosis of Lung Cancer
What complications can arise from Pulmonary Embolism?
Complications include right heart failure and pulmonary hypertension.
p.20
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Overview
What defines mild ARDS?
A PaO2:FiO2 ratio of <40 and >26.6.
p.13
Clinical Features and Risk Factors of Lung Cancer
What are major risk factors for pulmonary embolism?
Surgery within the last 3 months, immobilization, previous VTE, malignancy, pregnancy, and acute illness.
p.1
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What is the rationale for investigations in lung cancer diagnosis?
To determine the presence of lung cancer and its complications.
p.21
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
How do findings on CXR change over time in ARDS?
Consolidative appearance becomes more apparent as severity worsens.
p.13
Clinical Features and Risk Factors of Lung Cancer
What classification is given to a pulmonary embolism without any identifiable risk factors?
Unprovoked pulmonary embolism.
p.16
Management Strategies for Pulmonary Embolism
What is the purpose of Wells' Score for PE?
To help determine the likelihood of pulmonary embolism but should not replace clinical judgment.
p.3
Symptoms and Signs of Lung Cancer
What causes weight loss in lung cancer patients?
Increased metabolic work and decreased appetite.
p.9
Management of Non-Small Cell vs Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
What procedure is done if the tumor is within one lobe?
Lobectomy (removal of that lobe).
p.23
Complications and Prognosis of Lung Cancer
What is a serious complication that can result from mechanical ventilation?
Barotrauma, leading to pneumothorax or tension pneumothorax.
p.22
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Overview
What fluid status should ARDS patients aim for?
Euvolaemic or slightly hypovolaemic through the use of diuretics.
p.17
Management Strategies for Pulmonary Embolism
What are two key strategies for preventing pulmonary embolism post-surgery?
Adequate hydration and early mobilization.
p.12
Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Embolism
What are septic emboli?
A mixture of bacteria and thrombus, often arising in the right heart valves, such as in infective endocarditis.
p.1
Staging of Lung Cancer
What is the significance of a tumor being 7 cm or bigger in lung cancer staging?
It is classified as T4, indicating advanced disease.
p.2
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Lung Cancer
What percentage of lung cancers occur in smokers or former smokers?
85% of lung cancers occur in smokers or former smokers.
p.17
Management Strategies for Pulmonary Embolism
What is the first step in the acute emergency management of pulmonary embolism?
Remove precipitant/treat cause if possible.
p.22
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Overview
What should be included in the focused history and examination for ARDS?
Assess for potential underlying causes to treat in parallel.
p.2
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Lung Cancer
What percentage of lung cancers are associated with inherited genetic factors?
8% of lung cancers are associated with inherited genetic factors.
p.8
Management of Non-Small Cell vs Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
When is chemotherapy considered for lung cancer patients?
If ECOG 0-2 and any nodal disease.
p.4
Clinical Features and Risk Factors of Lung Cancer
What does tar staining indicate?
A risk factor for smoking.
p.6
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What is an advantage of EBUS?
It can sample endobronchial lesions and lymph nodes to aid staging.
p.4
Clinical Features and Risk Factors of Lung Cancer
What does migratory thrombophlebitis indicate?
Trousseau syndrome, often associated with adenocarcinoma.
p.18
Complications and Prognosis of Lung Cancer
What can chronic Pulmonary Embolism result in?
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.
p.16
Clinical Features and Risk Factors of Lung Cancer
What are some clinical features that indicate a higher likelihood of PE?
Clinical features of DVT or cancer, HR >100 BPM, haemoptysis, previous DVT or PE, recent surgery or immobilization.
p.5
Clinical Features and Risk Factors of Lung Cancer
What age group is at higher risk for lung cancer?
Individuals over 65 years old.
p.5
Clinical Features and Risk Factors of Lung Cancer
What occupational exposures are associated with lung cancer risk?
Radon gas, asbestos, and hard metal dust.
p.16
Management Strategies for Pulmonary Embolism
What are some parameters included in the PERC criteria?
Hormones (e.g., OCP, HRT), age >50 years, DVT/PE history, coughing blood, leg swelling, oxygen <95%, tachycardia >100 BPM, surgery/trauma <4 weeks.
p.9
Management of Non-Small Cell vs Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
What is performed when a tumor is located in the center of the lung covering several lobes?
Pneumonectomy (removal of one lung).
p.21
Differential Diagnosis for Lung Cancer
What are some differential diagnoses for ARDS?
Acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema, bilateral pneumonia, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, pulmonary vasculitis, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, acute exacerbation of IPF, disseminated malignancy.
p.23
Complications and Prognosis of Lung Cancer
What type of infection can occur due to endotracheal intubation in ARDS patients?
Ventilator-associated pneumonia.
p.2
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Lung Cancer
How is lung cancer classified?
It can be classified as small cell or non-small cell depending on the cell of origin.
p.9
Complications and Prognosis of Lung Cancer
What are some complications associated with lung cancer surgery?
Disease spread or recurrence, paraneoplastic syndromes.
p.15
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What can an ECHO identify in pulmonary embolism?
Right ventricular enlargement and possibly a clot in transit.
p.20
Clinical Features and Risk Factors of Lung Cancer
What are common clinical features of ARDS?
Altered consciousness, tachypnea, tachycardia, cyanosis, wheeze, or crackles.
p.14
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What is a VQ Scan?
A nuclear medicine scan that may show ventilation-perfusion mismatch.
p.23
Complications and Prognosis of Lung Cancer
What psychological conditions can develop during a long ICU stay for ARDS patients?
ICU psychosis, post-ICU delirium, and post-ICU long-term cognitive impairment.
p.8
Management of Non-Small Cell vs Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
What should be confirmed before leaving a lung cancer MDM?
Histological confirmation, sub-type, staging, and treatment plan.
p.8
Management of Non-Small Cell vs Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
What factors influence treatment options for lung cancer?
Cancer sub-type, stage, and the patient’s ECOG performance status.
p.8
Management of Non-Small Cell vs Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
What surgical options are available for lung cancer?
Lobectomy, wedge resection, or pneumonectomy, suitable if no nodal disease and preserved lung function.
p.4
Clinical Features and Risk Factors of Lung Cancer
What paraneoplastic phenomenon is associated with small cell lung cancer?
Ectopic ACTH secretion leading to Cushingoid features.
p.7
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What can be seen on CXR/CT imaging in lung cancer?
Malignant pleural effusion typically on the side of malignancy.
p.6
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What is a disadvantage of EBUS?
It takes longer (45 minutes) and has a higher risk, not always well tolerated by older patients or those with chronic lung disease.
p.21
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What are the immediate blood investigations for ARDS?
Coagulation screen, fibrinogen, and D-Dimer.
p.21
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What does a prolonged PT, low fibrinogen, and high D-dimer indicate?
Signs of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC).
p.21
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What does the initial CXR typically show in ARDS?
Bilateral alveolar opacities and atelectasis.
p.9
Management of Non-Small Cell vs Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
What is bilobectomy?
Removal of one or two lung lobes.
p.12
Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Embolism
What is a Saddle Embolus?
A large embolus that lodges at the bifurcation of the right and left main pulmonary arteries.
p.22
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Overview
Why is careful fluid management important in ARDS?
To manage hypotension and reduce pulmonary edema due to increased vascular permeability.
p.3
Symptoms and Signs of Lung Cancer
What neurological symptom might occur in lung cancer patients?
Seizure (indicating brain metastasis).
p.1
Staging of Lung Cancer
What factors are considered in lung cancer staging?
Size of the tumor, site, lymph node involvement, local invasion, or metastasis.
p.12
Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Embolism
What is Virchow’s Triad?
A set of three factors that contribute to clot formation: venous stasis, hypercoagulable state, and abnormal vessels.
p.1
Staging of Lung Cancer
What does it indicate if a tumor is located in the main bronchus?
It is classified as T2 in lung cancer staging.
p.15
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What are some signs of right heart strain on an ECG?
Right axis deviation, RBBB, anterior T-wave inversion.
p.15
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What antibodies are investigated for thrombophilia?
Anticardiolipin Ab, Anti-beta2 glycoprotein, Lupus anticoagulant.
p.2
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Lung Cancer
What is small cell lung cancer primarily associated with?
Small cell lung cancer is almost exclusively associated with smoking.
p.7
Complications and Prognosis of Lung Cancer
What antibodies are associated with cerebellar degeneration in small-cell lung cancer?
Anti-Hu and Anti-Yo antibodies.
p.6
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What is an advantage of bronchoscopy?
It is quick (15-20 minutes) and can sample visible endobronchial lesions.
p.7
Differential Diagnosis for Lung Cancer
What is a common pitfall when interpreting PET scans in cancer?
Cancer is not the only thing that will light up or appear 'hot' on PET.
p.13
Symptoms and Signs of Lung Cancer
What is a common respiratory sign of pulmonary embolism?
Tachypnoea due to impaired gas exchange.
p.20
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Overview
What is the definition of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?
ARDS is an acute, severe form of diffuse inflammatory lung injury with various underlying causes.
p.12
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Lung Cancer
What is the annual incidence of pulmonary embolism?
1 in 1000 people per year.
p.20
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Overview
What are the Berlin criteria for diagnosing ARDS?
1. Bilateral infiltrates consistent with pulmonary edema. 2. At least 5 cmH2O of PEEP via positive pressure ventilation. 3. Cardiac failure cannot be the main cause of the infiltrates/pulmonary edema.
p.5
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What imaging study is warranted for a lung mass in the right middle zone?
An urgent respiratory review and CT scan.
p.15
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What does elevated troponin indicate in the context of pulmonary embolism?
It may indicate right ventricular myocardial stretch.
p.17
Management Strategies for Pulmonary Embolism
What is the primary method of prevention for pulmonary embolism in hospital inpatients?
Prophylactic LMWH +/- TEDS.
p.23
Complications and Prognosis of Lung Cancer
What are some long-term morbidities experienced by survivors of ARDS?
Psychological trauma, cognitive impairment, reduced physical exercise endurance, and reduced lung function.
p.12
Symptoms and Signs of Lung Cancer
What are common symptoms of pulmonary embolism?
Sudden dyspnoea, pleuritic chest pain, unilateral swollen leg, syncope, and asymptomatic cases.
p.2
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Lung Cancer
What percentage of lung cancers are classified as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)?
80% are classified as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
p.22
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Overview
What lab tests are important in the assessment of ARDS?
ABG, coagulation screen, D-Dimer, fibrinogen, FBC, and routine bloods for infectious causes.
p.9
Complications and Prognosis of Lung Cancer
What complication is associated with Adenocarcinoma in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer?
Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy.
p.4
Symptoms and Signs of Lung Cancer
What is tachypnoea associated with in lung cancer?
Dyspnoea due to impaired gas exchange.
p.17
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What lab tests are important in the initial assessment of pulmonary embolism?
ABG, coagulation screen, D-Dimer, BNP, Troponin.
p.7
Complications and Prognosis of Lung Cancer
What is the significance of raised ACTH in lung cancer?
It is raised in paraneoplastic syndromes (SCLC).
p.4
Symptoms and Signs of Lung Cancer
What does peripheral cyanosis indicate?
Low oxygen due to impaired gas exchange.
p.6
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What is a disadvantage of bronchoscopy?
Not all lesions are accessible, especially peripheral lesions, and it cannot sample lymph nodes.
p.21
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What does ABG reveal in ARDS?
Hypoxaemia initially; type 2 hypercapnic respiratory failure indicates severe ARDS.
p.22
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Overview
What is the initial respiratory support recommended for ARDS?
High-flow nasal cannula with a high fraction of inhaled FiO2.
p.22
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Overview
When should ICU referral and assessment occur for ARDS patients?
Early, as most patients will require intubation.
p.2
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Lung Cancer
What is the definition of lung cancer?
Lung cancer refers to malignancies that originate in the airways or lung parenchyma.
p.14
Differential Diagnosis for Lung Cancer
What are some differential diagnoses for Pulmonary Embolism?
Pneumothorax, pneumonia, pulmonary oedema, exacerbation of existing airway disease, cardiovascular chest pain, MSK chest pain.
p.15
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What is the purpose of U&E tests before a CTPA?
To assess pre-contrast levels.
p.17
Management Strategies for Pulmonary Embolism
What anticoagulation options are available for long-term management of pulmonary embolism?
LMWH, DOACs, or Warfarin.
p.9
Complications and Prognosis of Lung Cancer
What syndrome is characterized by SIADH secretion in Small Cell Lung Cancer?
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone secretion (SIADH).
p.14
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
When is a D-Dimer test useful?
As a supportive investigation; a negative result makes PE unlikely but clinical judgment is still needed.
p.14
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What might a CXR reveal in a patient suspected of having Pulmonary Embolism?
It may identify another cause for symptoms, such as pneumonia, or show signs of PE like Hampton’s hump.
p.6
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What is the first step in investigating lung cancer if the history suggests malignancy?
Perform a chest X-ray (CXR) and compare to old CXR if available.
p.17
Management Strategies for Pulmonary Embolism
What should be assessed in the focused history and examination for pulmonary embolism?
Risk factors, Wells’ score, and severity.
p.8
Management of Non-Small Cell vs Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
What role does radiotherapy play in lung cancer treatment?
It can be used for symptom relief and may be used concurrently with chemotherapy in locally advanced disease.
p.4
Symptoms and Signs of Lung Cancer
What does a positive Pemberton sign indicate?
Superior vena cava syndrome.
p.4
Clinical Features and Risk Factors of Lung Cancer
What condition is characterized by cerebellar degeneration in lung cancer?
Paraneoplastic syndrome of small-cell lung cancer.
p.12
Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Embolism
What is the risk of embolism from DVTs above the knee?
Higher risk of embolization.
p.15
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What does elevated BNP suggest in pulmonary embolism?
It may indicate right ventricular myocardial stretch.
p.20
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Overview
What defines severe ARDS?
A PaO2:FiO2 ratio of <13.3.
p.14
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What is the primary imaging investigation for diagnosing Pulmonary Embolism?
CT Pulmonary Angiogram (CTPA).
p.22
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Overview
What advanced treatment may be considered for select ARDS patients?
ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation).
p.3
Symptoms and Signs of Lung Cancer
What are symptoms of paraneoplastic disease in lung cancer?
Various systemic symptoms not directly related to the tumor.
p.15
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What is the McGinn-White sign in ECG?
It is characterized by S1Q3T3 pattern.
p.2
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Lung Cancer
What is the primary cause of lung cancer?
Smoking is the primary cause, with inhaled carcinogens leading to oncogenic mutations.
p.17
Management Strategies for Pulmonary Embolism
What is the indication for thrombolysis in cases of massive pulmonary embolism?
Persistent hypotension <90/60 mmHg or cardiac arrest.
p.17
Management Strategies for Pulmonary Embolism
What initial resuscitation measures should be taken for a patient with pulmonary embolism?
IV access with 2x wide bore cannulae and supplemental oxygen aiming for O2 >94%.
p.7
Complications and Prognosis of Lung Cancer
What laboratory findings are associated with SIADH in small-cell lung cancer?
Low sodium (<135) and low serum osmolality (<270).
p.6
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What are worrisome features on a CT Thorax that may indicate lung cancer?
Large size (≥10mm), solid component, irregular or spiculated border, and enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes.
p.8
Management of Non-Small Cell vs Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
What is the benefit of early palliative care for lung cancer patients?
It can improve quality of life and lead to longer median survival.
p.7
Staging of Lung Cancer
What does the TNM staging system assess in non-small-cell lung cancer?
Tumor size & location (T), node number & location (N), and presence of metastases (M).
p.4
Clinical Features and Risk Factors of Lung Cancer
What is Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome associated with?
Small-cell lung cancer or hypercalcaemia.
p.20
Clinical Features and Risk Factors of Lung Cancer
What symptoms should raise suspicion for ARDS?
Progressive symptoms of dyspnea and an increasing requirement for oxygen within 6 hours to 3 days of inciting events.
p.14
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What does a CT Pulmonary Angiogram (CTPA) look for?
It looks at pulmonary arteries and checks for a filling defect indicating PE.
p.17
Management Strategies for Pulmonary Embolism
What is the recommended duration of anticoagulation for unprovoked or permanent risk factors?
At least 6 months, with consideration for life-long anticoagulation.
p.22
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Overview
What initial assessments should be performed for ARDS patients?
Assess airway compromise, breathing, circulation, and for shock (BP, HR).
p.7
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What does a high SUV MAX indicate on a PET scan?
A marker of cell turnover with high metabolic requirement.
p.7
Complications and Prognosis of Lung Cancer
What causes high calcium levels in lung cancer patients?
Due to PTH-related peptide or bone metastases (NSCLC).
p.15
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What does a monoclonal band in SPEP indicate?
It may indicate Multiple Myeloma.
p.8
Management of Non-Small Cell vs Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
What is a characteristic of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) regarding chemotherapy?
SCLC is very chemotherapy sensitive but has a rapid relapse.
p.7
Complications and Prognosis of Lung Cancer
What syndrome is associated with Anti-Voltage Gated Calcium Channel antibodies?
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (SCLC).
p.4
Symptoms and Signs of Lung Cancer
What syndrome is characterized by miosis, ptosis, and anhidrosis?
Horner’s syndrome as part of Pancoast syndrome.
p.6
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What is a disadvantage of CT Guided Biopsy?
There is a 20% risk of pneumothorax, and it requires pulmonary function tests (PFTs) pre-procedure.
p.2
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Lung Cancer
What is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide?
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in both men and women.
p.13
Clinical Features and Risk Factors of Lung Cancer
What should be considered in cases of unprovoked pulmonary embolism?
Occult malignancy and genetic conditions.
p.8
Management of Non-Small Cell vs Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
What is the purpose of a lung cancer MDM?
To discuss all new diagnoses of lung cancer.
p.1
Staging of Lung Cancer
What does the presence of two tumors in the same lobe indicate?
It suggests a more complex staging of lung cancer.
p.2
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Lung Cancer
How many identified carcinogens are found in cigarette smoke?
Cigarette smoke contains 73 identified carcinogens.
p.15
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What genetic conditions are associated with thrombophilia?
Factor V Leiden, Antithrombin III deficiency, Protein C/Protein S deficiency.
p.6
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What should be done if the initial CXR is normal?
Conduct a short interval CXR or CT scan.
p.2
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Lung Cancer
What are the sub-types of non-small cell lung cancer?
Adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell lung cancer.
p.6
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What are the three biopsy options for lung cancer?
Bronchoscopy, EBUS (Endobronchial Ultrasound), and CT Guided Biopsy.
p.4
Symptoms and Signs of Lung Cancer
What can scarring from previous thoracotomy indicate?
Previous lung surgery or pneumonectomy.
p.4
Clinical Features and Risk Factors of Lung Cancer
What is painful arthropathy of the long bones associated with?
Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy, often seen in adenocarcinoma.
p.7
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What does a raised CRP indicate in the context of lung cancer?
It can be raised in malignancy or infection.
p.14
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What does an ABG test indicate in the context of Pulmonary Embolism?
It can show hypoxia, indicating Type 1 respiratory failure.
p.2
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Lung Cancer
What environmental factors can increase the risk of lung cancer?
Passive smoking, pollution (especially PM 2.5 or Radon gas) can increase the risk.
p.15
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
When is a CT TAP indicated?
If occult malignancy is suspected.
p.6
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What is the definitive test for lung cancer diagnosis?
Tissue sampling procedure guided by imaging.
p.7
Staging of Lung Cancer
What are the two stages of small-cell lung cancer?
Limited staging (confined to one hemithorax) and extensive staging (disease in both hemithoraces).
p.6
Investigations for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
What is an advantage of CT Guided Biopsy?
It has a low failure rate and is easy to sample peripheral lesions.
