p.1
Measurement of Temperature
What will be covered in this chapter regarding temperature?
How temperature is measured.
What types of devices will be discussed in this chapter?
Different types of thermometers.
p.1
Celsius Temperature Scale
Which temperature scale will be explored in this chapter?
The Celsius temperature scale.
What property does a resistance thermometer use for measuring temperature?
The electrical resistance of metal.
p.5
Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
What is the principle behind a liquid-in-glass thermometer?
It uses the volume of liquid as a temperature-dependent property.
p.3
Celsius Temperature Scale
Can temperatures in Celsius be negative?
Yes, temperatures in °C can be negative.
Which type of thermometer is suitable for measuring low temperatures?
Alcohol-in-glass thermometer.
What is a common feature of different types of thermometers?
They use different temperature-dependent properties for measuring temperature.
p.4
Temperature-Dependent Properties
What is a temperature-dependent property?
A property that changes with temperature, such as the volume of water.
p.4
Temperature-Dependent Properties
What happens to the water level in the thermometer when placed in hot water?
The water level rises due to expansion as the water heats up.
p.10
Calibration of Thermometers
How can the temperature of an object be determined using a calibrated thermometer?
By noting the length of the liquid column in the calibration graph.
p.9
Celsius Temperature Scale
What is the upper fixed point on the Celsius temperature scale?
The temperature of pure boiling water (100 °C).
p.16
Sensitivity of Thermometers
Does the length of a liquid column in a liquid-in-glass thermometer change linearly with temperature?
No, it does not change linearly within the temperature range.
p.5
Sensitivity of Thermometers
How can the sensitivity of a liquid-in-glass thermometer be increased?
By increasing the length of the liquid column for the same temperature rise.
p.10
Calibration of Thermometers
How do you divide the length between the two markings on a calibrated thermometer?
Divide it into 100 equal divisions.
p.17
Temperature-Dependent Properties
How does the electrical resistance change with temperature in a resistance thermometer?
It increases with temperature.
p.7
Infra-red Thermography
Can a smartphone capture a thermograph?
Yes, when connected with an infra-red camera.
What is the temperature-dependent property of a thermistor thermometer?
The electrical resistance of the thermistor.
p.2
Measurement of Temperature
What was the disagreement between the parents about?
Whether their baby has a fever based on the temperature.
p.8
Celsius Temperature Scale
What is the Celsius temperature scale used for?
It is used as a common temperature scale for thermometers.
p.4
Sensitivity of Thermometers
How can you increase the sensitivity of a liquid-in-glass thermometer?
By using a narrower straw or a larger bottle.
p.17
Calibration of Thermometers
What is one precaution during the calibration of a resistance thermometer?
Ensure the thermometer is fully immersed in the ice.
p.17
Temperature-Dependent Properties
What temperature-dependent property does an infra-red thermometer use?
Infra-red radiation emission.
p.12
Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
How does the length of the liquid column in a thermometer vary with temperature?
It varies linearly with temperature.
p.8
Celsius Temperature Scale
What is the ice point in the Celsius scale?
0 °C, the temperature of pure melting ice at normal atmospheric pressure.
p.7
Infra-red Thermography
What is the principle behind infra-red thermography?
A hotter object emits more infra-red radiation.
p.12
Calibration of Thermometers
If the length of the liquid column is 21.0 cm, what is the temperature of the warm water?
It can be determined using the calibration graph.
p.18
Calibration of Thermometers
What is the actual temperature if a resistance of 92 Ω is measured from Samuel's graph?
The actual temperature would be determined by locating 92 Ω on the graph and finding the corresponding T value.
p.18
Temperature-Dependent Properties
What is the change in volume of mercury when the thermometer is put in pure boiling water?
The change in volume can be found by comparing the volume at boiling water to that at melting ice using the graph.
p.7
Sensitivity of Thermometers
How can a thermometer have higher sensitivity based on the diameter of the glass tube?
A smaller diameter increases sensitivity.
p.2
Measurement of Temperature
What is the purpose of a thermometer?
To measure the temperature of objects.
p.8
Celsius Temperature Scale
What are the two fixed points used to define the Celsius temperature scale?
The ice point and the steam point.
p.4
Calibration of Thermometers
What should be ensured when repeating the thermometer experiment with hot water?
The hot water should be at the same temperature each time.
p.4
Temperature-Dependent Properties
What is observed when the thermometer is placed in tap water?
The water level remains stable compared to when it is placed in hot water.
p.13
Temperature-Dependent Properties
What is the main characteristic of temperature-dependent properties?
They may not vary linearly with temperature.
p.13
Calibration of Thermometers
What does Ginny measure to calibrate the platinum resistance thermometer?
The resistance at 0 °C and 100 °C.
p.14
Calibration of Thermometers
What is the length of the mercury column if the temperature is -10°C?
The length of the mercury column would be 12 cm, assuming linear variation.
p.15
Celsius Temperature Scale
What are the two fixed points of the Celsius temperature scale?
Upper fixed point: steam point; Lower fixed point: ice point.
p.16
Calibration of Thermometers
Which step is NOT part of calibrating a liquid-in-glass thermometer on the Celsius scale?
Heat the thermometer with a Bunsen flame.
p.16
Temperature-Dependent Properties
Which circuit elements can be used to measure temperature based on their electrical resistance?
Elements (1) and (3) only.
p.10
Calibration of Thermometers
What does each division represent on a calibrated thermometer?
Each division represents 1 °C.
p.5
Sensitivity of Thermometers
What design features contribute to the sensitivity of liquid-in-glass thermometers?
Larger bulb, narrower glass tube, and liquid that expands more with temperature increase.
p.8
Celsius Temperature Scale
What does each division represent in the Celsius temperature scale?
Each division represents 1 °C.
p.14
Celsius Temperature Scale
Why are the ice point and steam point chosen as fixed points on the Celsius scale?
They are easily reproducible and universally accessible.
p.13
Calibration of Thermometers
What does the calibration graph plot?
Resistance (R) against temperature (θ).
p.13
Calibration of Thermometers
What does the dotted-line graph represent?
The actual value of temperature corresponding to resistance.
p.2
Measurement of Temperature
Why are our feelings of hotness considered unreliable?
Because different fingers can feel different degrees of hotness even in the same water.
p.2
Measurement of Temperature
What is the DSE goal mentioned in the text?
To realize temperature as the degree of hotness of an object.
What is the purpose of adding food coloring to the water in the thermometer experiment?
To make the water level visible for observation.
p.8
Celsius Temperature Scale
Why are the ice point and steam point chosen as fixed points?
Because they are stable and can be reproduced easily.
p.11
Calibration of Thermometers
What should be checked after plotting a graph?
Both axes have labels and units, data points and scale are correct, and a correct line is drawn through the points.
p.11
Celsius Temperature Scale
What is the relationship between temperature (T) and length (L) in the context of the thermometer?
Each temperature corresponds to a specific length at the same position.
p.17
Types of Thermometers
What is one benefit of using an infra-red thermometer during a pandemic?
It allows for contactless temperature measurement.
p.13
Calibration of Thermometers
How is the calibration graph obtained?
By measuring resistance in pure melting ice and boiling water, then plotting the data.
p.14
Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
If thermometer X shows a length of 25 cm, what is the temperature of the object?
The temperature of the object is 75°C.
p.15
Types of Thermometers
What is the definition of a thermometer?
An instrument that measures temperature.
p.2
Measurement of Temperature
What experiment is referenced to test the reliability of our senses?
An experiment comparing feelings of hot and cold in different water temperatures.
p.10
Calibration of Thermometers
What is the second step in the calibration process?
Repeat the first step with pure boiling water and mark the liquid level.
p.9
Celsius Temperature Scale
What was the original name of the Celsius scale?
Centigrade, meaning 100 steps.
p.9
Celsius Temperature Scale
What are the fixed points on the Celsius temperature scale?
Boiling point (100 °C) and freezing point (0 °C).
p.10
Calibration of Thermometers
What does the variable 'L' represent in the context of thermometer calibration?
The length of the liquid column.
p.9
Celsius Temperature Scale
What is the range between the lower and upper fixed points divided into?
100 equal divisions, each called 1 °C.
p.9
Celsius Temperature Scale
Can temperatures fall below 0 °C or rise above 100 °C on the Celsius scale?
Yes, temperatures can fall below 0 °C or rise above 100 °C.
p.17
Types of Thermometers
What is another benefit of using an infra-red thermometer during a pandemic?
It provides quick temperature readings.
p.17
Calibration of Thermometers
What is the resistance when the temperature is -30 °C in thermometer X?
Assuming linear variation, it can be calculated based on the graph.
p.14
Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
If thermometer Y also shows a length of 25 cm, how does its temperature compare to that of thermometer X?
The temperature of the object with thermometer Y is lower than that found with thermometer X.
What temperature-dependent property does an infra-red thermometer rely on?
The intensity of infra-red radiation emitted by the object.
p.2
Measurement of Temperature
What does temperature measure?
The degree of hotness of an object.
What materials are needed to create a water-in-straw thermometer?
2 bottles of different sizes, modeling clay, 2 straws of different thicknesses, food coloring, tap water, hot water, and a heat-resistant bowl.
p.12
Calibration of Thermometers
What are the fixed points used in the calibration of a thermometer?
The melting point of ice (0 °C) and the boiling point of water (100 °C).
p.8
Celsius Temperature Scale
What is the steam point in the Celsius scale?
100 °C, the temperature of steam over pure boiling water at normal atmospheric pressure.
p.14
Celsius Temperature Scale
Why is body temperature not used as a fixed point on the Celsius temperature scale?
Because it is not stable, varies from person to person, and is not easily reproducible.
p.14
Calibration of Thermometers
How is a liquid-in-glass thermometer calibrated?
By marking the scale at fixed points such as the ice point and steam point.
p.18
Temperature-Dependent Properties
How do you find the final length of the mercury column after boiling water?
By adding the change in volume to the initial length of the mercury column.
p.18
Calibration of Thermometers
What is the expected resistance at 60 °C if the resistance varies linearly with temperature?
The expected resistance can be calculated using the linear relationship derived from the calibration points.
p.15
Types of Thermometers
What does a thermometer use to measure temperature?
A temperature-dependent property.
p.16
Celsius Temperature Scale
What is the lower fixed point on the Celsius temperature scale?
The temperature of pure melting ice.
p.5
Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
What happens to the liquid in a liquid-in-glass thermometer as the temperature increases?
The liquid expands and the level in the tube rises.
p.9
Celsius Temperature Scale
What did Anders Celsius propose in 1742?
A temperature scale with 0 representing the boiling point of water and 100 representing the freezing point.
p.10
Calibration of Thermometers
What can be obtained by drawing a straight line through the two fixed points in the L-T graph?
The calibration graph of the thermometer.
p.18
Calibration of Thermometers
How does Samuel obtain 0 °C and 100 °C during calibration?
By using the melting point of ice for 0 °C and the boiling point of water for 100 °C.
p.18
Calibration of Thermometers
If R and T are in a linear relationship, what is the temperature for a resistance of 92 Ω?
The specific temperature would depend on the linear equation derived from calibration data.
p.8
Celsius Temperature Scale
Why is it necessary to define the temperature scale with 'pure' ice and 'pure' boiling water?
Because ice with impurities melts at a different temperature, and the same applies to boiling water.
p.17
Comparison of Thermometer Types
What is a disadvantage of thermometer Y compared to thermometer X?
Thermometer Y may have a less linear response.
p.7
Comparison of Thermometer Types
What type of thermometer is used when precise measurement is required?
High sensitivity thermometers.
p.10
Calibration of Thermometers
What is the first step in calibrating a liquid-in-glass thermometer?
Put the thermometer in a beaker of pure melting ice and mark the liquid level.
Which type of thermometer responds quickly to temperature changes?
Mercury-in-glass thermometer.
p.11
Celsius Temperature Scale
How can the temperature of warm water be found using proportion?
By using the formula: (L_T - L_0) / (L_100 - L_0) = (T - 0) / (100 - 0).
p.14
Celsius Temperature Scale
Define the ice point and the steam point.
The ice point is 0°C (freezing point of water) and the steam point is 100°C (boiling point of water).
p.17
Temperature-Dependent Properties
How does infra-red radiation emission change with temperature?
It increases with temperature.
p.12
Calibration of Thermometers
What is the resistance of the thermometer in a room at 30 °C?
It can be determined using the linear relationship between resistance and temperature.
p.7
Sensitivity of Thermometers
How can a thermometer have higher sensitivity based on the size of the bulb?
A larger bulb increases sensitivity.
p.7
Temperature-Dependent Properties
What is the temperature-dependent property of a thermistor thermometer?
It changes resistance with temperature.
p.15
Measurement of Temperature
What is temperature a measure of?
The degree of hotness of an object.
p.7
Infra-red Thermography
How is temperature variation displayed in infra-red thermography?
As different colors on an image.
p.12
Calibration of Thermometers
What temperature does the thermometer read when the resistance is 124 Ω?
It can be determined using the calibration graph.
p.13
Calibration of Thermometers
What assumption does Ginny make when constructing the calibration graph?
The resistance of the platinum wire varies linearly with temperature.
p.14
Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
What does the black line in Figure b represent?
It represents a liquid-in-glass thermometer (X) that shows a linear relationship between length and temperature.
p.7
Comparison of Thermometer Types
Why do we need to choose a suitable thermometer?
Based on the purpose of usage.
p.15
Calibration of Thermometers
What is the formula for calculating temperature using a thermometer?
LT - L0 / L100 - L0 = T - 0 / 100 - 0.
p.9
Celsius Temperature Scale
What is the third temperature scale mentioned?
Kelvin temperature scale.
p.15
Celsius Temperature Scale
What is the upper fixed point of the Celsius scale?
The temperature of steam over pure boiling water at normal atmospheric pressure.
p.15
Calibration of Thermometers
What is the purpose of calibrating thermometers?
To ensure accurate temperature measurements.
p.14
Calibration of Thermometers
What does the calibration graph of a mercury-in-glass thermometer represent?
It shows the relationship between the length of the mercury column and temperature.
p.18
Sensitivity of Thermometers
How does the cross-sectional area of the mercury column affect the sensitivity of the thermometer?
A larger cross-sectional area results in a smaller change in height for a given volume change, reducing sensitivity.
p.18
Calibration of Thermometers
If the resistance thermometer shows the value found at 60 °C, is the actual temperature higher, lower, or equal to 60 °C?
It depends on the deviation from linearity; if the actual resistance is higher than expected, the temperature is lower, and vice versa.
p.7
Comparison of Thermometer Types
What types of thermometers are used for high temperatures?
Thermometers suitable for ovens and furnaces.
p.15
Temperature-Dependent Properties
What is a temperature-dependent property?
A property that changes with temperature, used in thermometers.
p.7
Temperature-Dependent Properties
What is the temperature-dependent property of an infra-red thermometer?
It detects temperature based on emitted infra-red radiation.
p.15
Celsius Temperature Scale
What is the lower fixed point of the Celsius scale?
The temperature of pure melting ice at normal atmospheric pressure.
p.15
Types of Thermometers
What is a liquid-in-glass thermometer?
A type of thermometer that uses liquid in a glass tube to measure temperature.
p.17
Temperature-Dependent Properties
What happens to the resistance of a thermistor as temperature increases?
The resistance decreases.
p.15
Calibration of Thermometers
What is a calibration graph used for?
To relate the temperature to the corresponding readings of a thermometer.
