p.2
Cognition and Metacognition
What is CEN.org known for?
Providing information related to environmental and natural sciences.
p.3
Cognition and Metacognition
What does cognition encompass?
All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
p.3
Cognition and Metacognition
What is metacognition?
Cognition about our cognitions, involving keeping track and evaluating our own mental processes.
p.4
Cognition and Metacognition
What is the primary function of the brain in relation to thinking?
It is a pattern-making machine.
p.4
Concepts and Prototypes
What are concepts in the context of thinking?
Mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
p.1
Cognition and Metacognition
What is the relationship between thinking and language?
Thinking often relies on language for expression and organization of thoughts.
p.1
Cognition and Metacognition
How does language influence thought processes?
Language can shape the way individuals perceive and categorize their experiences.
p.1
Problem-Solving Strategies
What role does language play in problem-solving?
Language provides a framework for articulating problems and potential solutions.
p.1
Cognition and Metacognition
Can thinking occur without language?
Yes, individuals can think in images or concepts without verbal language.
p.1
Cognition and Metacognition
What is the significance of language in cognitive development?
Language is crucial for developing complex thought processes and social interactions.
p.38
Language Development Stages
What is speech segmentation?
The process of identifying the boundaries between words, syllables, or phonemes in spoken natural languages.
p.10
Heuristics and Biases
What are heuristics?
Mental shortcuts used to quickly make judgments and solve problems.
p.43
Language Structure and Components
What is aphasia?
A language disorder that impacts your ability to communicate.
p.41
Critical Periods in Language Acquisition
How do natively deaf children who learn signing after age 9 compare to native signers?
They do not master it as readily and are less fluent than native signers.
p.18
Heuristics and Biases
What are heuristics?
Mental shortcuts that simplify decision-making.
p.18
Heuristics and Biases
How do heuristics affect decision-making?
They can lead to quick judgments but may also introduce biases.
p.18
Heuristics and Biases
What is a potential downside of using heuristics?
They can result in systematic errors or cognitive biases.
p.34
Language Development Stages
What occurs during the babbling stage?
Around 4 months old, infants spontaneously utter various sounds unrelated to household language.
p.36
Language Development Stages
What do children analyze regarding syllables?
Which syllables most often go together.
p.26
Language Structure and Components
What is the plan for hunting the deer?
One person scares the deer towards the other who can capture it.
p.36
Language Development Stages
What cognitive process is involved in language learning for children?
Analyzing likelihood of syllable combinations.
p.44
Brain Areas Involved in Language
What is Broca's Aphasia?
A language disorder characterized by difficulty in speech production while comprehension remains relatively intact.
p.33
Language Structure and Components
What is a morpheme?
The smallest language unit that carries meaning.
p.42
Brain Areas Involved in Language
What is the function of Wernicke's Area?
Controls language reception and is involved in language comprehension and expression.
p.7
Concepts and Prototypes
Which Ikea chair is the most expensive on the list?
Ikea, Kivik Chair Bed ($749).
p.38
Language Development Stages
How do children begin to learn grammar?
By discerning statistical patterns in the language they hear.
p.5
Concepts and Prototypes
What are concepts?
Mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
p.27
Language Development Stages
What is one primary function of language?
To transmit civilization's knowledge from one generation to the next.
p.4
Concepts and Prototypes
What is a prototype?
A mental image of the best example of a concept.
p.18
Heuristics and Biases
What is an example of a heuristic?
The availability heuristic, where people judge the likelihood of events based on how easily examples come to mind.
p.34
Language Development Stages
What is telegraphic speech?
Speech that uses mostly nouns and verbs, typical in the two-word stage.
What can lead to bad judgments?
Cognitive biases, emotional reasoning, and lack of information.
p.28
Language Development Stages
What is the primary function of language in civilizations?
To transmit knowledge from one generation to the next.
p.28
Language Structure and Components
What forms can language take?
Spoken, written, or signed words.
p.42
Brain Areas Involved in Language
What does the Primary Auditory Cortex do?
Processes auditory information, receiving auditory sensation and creating auditory perception.
p.24
Cognition and Metacognition
How does bilingualism affect thought processes?
Bilingual individuals may switch between languages, which can influence their perspective and cognitive flexibility.
p.7
Concepts and Prototypes
What is a prototype in the context of thinking?
A mental image of the best example of a concept.
p.33
Language Structure and Components
What is the basic sentence structure in English?
Subject – Verb – (Object).
p.16
Heuristics and Biases
What is the representativeness heuristic?
Estimating the likelihood of events based on how well they match particular prototypes.
p.37
Language Development Stages
How do children begin to learn grammar?
By discerning statistical patterns in the language they hear.
p.6
Concepts and Prototypes
What is a prototype in the context of thinking?
A mental image of the best example of a concept.
p.37
Language Development Stages
What does the phrase 'The best of both worlds' imply?
It refers to a situation where one can enjoy the advantages of two different things.
p.30
Language Development Stages
Who is Noam Chomsky?
A linguist known for his theories on the origins of language.
p.21
Problem-Solving Strategies
What are the two types of organ donation consent rates mentioned?
Opt-in (yellow) and opt-out (blue).
p.29
Language Development Stages
What predisposition do humans have according to Chomsky?
A predisposition to learn grammar rules, not a built-in specific language.
p.8
Cognition and Metacognition
How can one improve their judgment skills?
By practicing metacognition and reflecting on past decisions.
p.20
Heuristics and Biases
What happens when individuals are presented with mixed evidence on capital punishment?
They tend to agree with the paper that aligns with their beliefs and reject the contrary evidence.
p.26
Language Structure and Components
What are some non-verbal methods of communication mentioned for hunting without language?
Miming, hand gestures, and nodding.
p.24
Cognition and Metacognition
Can thought exist without language?
Yes, individuals can have thoughts and mental images without verbal language.
p.32
Language Structure and Components
What are the components of the word 'CATS'?
'cat' (root) + 's' (plural marker).
p.17
Heuristics and Biases
How does the availability heuristic affect our perception of event frequency?
If instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common.
p.48
Language Development Stages
What is a characteristic of babbling at 10 months?
Babbling resembles household language (e.g., 'ma-ma').
p.39
Language Development Stages
What age group of children may display less language skill when exposed to low-quality language?
4-year-olds in classrooms with 3-year-olds or some children from impoverished homes.
p.19
Problem-Solving Strategies
What is the planning fallacy?
The tendency to overestimate our future leisure time and income.
p.10
Problem-Solving Strategies
How do heuristics assist in problem-solving?
By providing quick methods for making judgments.
p.43
Language Structure and Components
Which organization provides information about aphasia?
National Aphasia Association.
p.6
Concepts and Prototypes
What should you do to visualize a prototype of a chair?
Close your eyes and imagine a chair.
p.27
Language Structure and Components
How does language facilitate communication?
It can communicate to vast audiences and across large distances.
p.21
Problem-Solving Strategies
How does the framing of a problem affect judgment?
It significantly impacts our interpretation.
p.29
Language Development Stages
What do all humans (homo sapiens) seem to possess?
Some form of spoken language.
p.29
Language Structure and Components
What did Chomsky argue about languages?
That all languages share basic elements called universal grammar.
p.31
Language Structure and Components
What is a phoneme?
The smallest distinctive sound unit in language.
p.31
Language Structure and Components
What is a morpheme?
The smallest language unit that carries meaning.
p.8
Intuition in Decision-Making
What role does intuition play in judgment formation?
Intuition can lead to quick decisions but may also result in biases.
p.32
Language Structure and Components
What is a morpheme?
The smallest language unit that carries meaning.
p.32
Language Structure and Components
What is grammar?
The system of rules that enables humans to communicate with one another.
p.44
Brain Areas Involved in Language
What is Wernicke's Aphasia?
A language disorder where individuals can produce fluent speech but have difficulty understanding language and often use nonsensical words.
p.44
Brain Areas Involved in Language
How does Wernicke's Aphasia affect language abilities?
It affects language comprehension, resulting in fluent but meaningless speech.
p.44
Brain Areas Involved in Language
Which area of the brain is primarily associated with Wernicke's Aphasia?
Wernicke's area, located in the temporal lobe.
p.14
Problem-Solving Strategies
What does the sequence O – T – T – F – F – S – S represent?
The first letters of the numbers One, Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven.
p.47
Problem-Solving Strategies
What is a peril of using an algorithm?
It requires time and effort.
p.47
Heuristics and Biases
What is overconfidence?
Overestimating the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
p.39
Critical Periods in Language Acquisition
How do adults typically speak a second language they learn?
With the accent of their native language and often have difficulty mastering new grammar.
p.13
Problem-Solving Strategies
What is the challenge presented with the matchsticks?
To arrange 6 matchsticks into four equilateral triangles.
p.11
Problem-Solving Strategies
What is insight in problem-solving?
A sudden flash of inspiration that solves a problem.
p.23
Creativity and Thinking Styles
What is creativity?
The ability to produce new and valuable ideas.
p.23
Creativity and Thinking Styles
What is convergent thinking?
The ability to provide a single correct answer.
p.21
Problem-Solving Strategies
What is the significance of opt-in versus opt-out in organ donation?
It affects consent rates based on how the choice is presented.
p.23
Creativity and Thinking Styles
What is divergent thinking?
The ability to consider many possible different options and to think in novel ways.
p.20
Heuristics and Biases
What was the main finding of Lord et al. (1979) regarding capital punishment?
Groups agreed with the paper that supported their pre-existing beliefs and refuted the opposing paper.
p.32
Language Structure and Components
What is a phoneme?
The smallest distinctive sound unit in language.
p.24
Cognition and Metacognition
How does language shape our cognitive processes?
It provides the structure and vocabulary that influence our thoughts and reasoning.
p.26
Language Structure and Components
How does language facilitate the hunting task?
By allowing clear instructions, such as 'Hey, you go chase it from that direction towards me.'
p.17
Heuristics and Biases
What is the availability heuristic?
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory.
p.33
Language Structure and Components
What is grammar?
The system of rules that enables humans to communicate with one another.
p.48
Language Development Stages
What type of speech do children typically use at 12 months?
One-word speech (e.g., 'Kitty!').
p.47
Problem-Solving Strategies
What are the powers of using an algorithm?
It guarantees a solution.
p.47
Intuition in Decision-Making
What is a peril of relying on intuition?
It can lead us to overfeel and underthink.
p.39
Critical Periods in Language Acquisition
What is a critical period in language development?
A period of elevated plasticity during development that is dependent on environmental stimulation.
p.22
Creativity and Thinking Styles
How is creativity related to intelligence?
Creativity is associated with aptitude or intelligence, but they are unique and distinct processes.
p.27
Language Development Stages
In what ways can language transcend groups?
It can transcend individual groups in space and generations through time.
p.30
Language Development Stages
What is Noam Chomsky famous for?
His contributions to the understanding of language origins and structure.
What are the two types of judgments discussed?
Good judgments and bad judgments.
What factors can influence the formation of good judgments?
Critical thinking, evidence evaluation, and experience.
p.28
Language Development Stages
How did the development of language impact human civilization?
It may have rapidly accelerated the development of human civilization.
p.28
Language Development Stages
How far back do many distinctly human activities date?
As far as 40,000 years ago.
p.44
Brain Areas Involved in Language
How does Broca's Aphasia affect language abilities?
It primarily affects speech production, leading to slow and effortful speech.
p.33
Language Structure and Components
What grammatical error is present in 'The presenters who spoke was boring'?
The verb 'was' should be 'were'.
p.47
Problem-Solving Strategies
What does fixation refer to in problem-solving?
The inability to view problems from a new angle.
p.13
Problem-Solving Strategies
What is fixation in problem-solving?
An inability to see a problem from a new perspective.
p.16
Heuristics and Biases
What can the representativeness heuristic lead us to ignore?
Other relevant information.
p.41
Critical Periods in Language Acquisition
What happens to children born to hearing, non-signing parents regarding language?
They typically do not experience language during their early years.
p.9
Problem-Solving Strategies
What do algorithms ensure in problem-solving?
A guaranteed solution to a problem.
p.35
Language Development Stages
What is the term for an infant's ability to understand language?
Receptive Language (Hearing).
p.45
Language Structure and Components
What is the primary focus of the video on language?
The video discusses various aspects of language, including its structure and development.
p.45
Language Structure and Components
What are some key components of language discussed in the video?
Phonetics, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
p.45
Language Development Stages
How does the video describe the development of language?
It outlines stages of language acquisition and the critical periods for learning.
p.28
Cognition and Metacognition
What significant event occurred around 80,000 years ago related to human behavior?
The Great Leap Forward, marked by a rapid sophistication in complex behavior and tool-making.
p.24
Problem-Solving Strategies
What role does language play in problem-solving?
Language helps articulate problems and solutions, facilitating clearer thinking.
p.32
Language Structure and Components
What are the components of the word 'READERS'?
'read' (root) + 'er' (agentive suffix) + 's' (plural marker).
p.44
Brain Areas Involved in Language
Which area of the brain is primarily associated with Broca's Aphasia?
Broca's area, located in the frontal lobe.
p.14
Problem-Solving Strategies
What is a mental set in problem-solving?
The tendency to approach a problem with a previously successful mindset, which can lead to fixation.
p.47
Heuristics and Biases
What is confirmation bias?
The tendency to search for support for our own views and ignore contradictory evidence.
p.47
Creativity and Thinking Styles
What is creativity?
The ability to innovate valuable ideas.
p.25
Language Structure and Components
What does language involve?
Spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
p.40
Critical Periods in Language Acquisition
What happens to mastering language skills as critical windows close during development?
It becomes more difficult.
p.19
Problem-Solving Strategies
What is overconfidence in problem-solving?
The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
p.22
Creativity and Thinking Styles
What is creativity?
The ability to produce new and valuable ideas.
p.12
Heuristics and Biases
What is confirmation bias in problem-solving?
The tendency to seek evidence that supports our ideas rather than evidence that contradicts them.
p.41
Critical Periods in Language Acquisition
What do studies of deafness reveal about language development?
They highlight critical windows for language acquisition.
p.5
Concepts and Prototypes
What do concepts help us to do?
Organize and categorize information.
p.9
Problem-Solving Strategies
What are algorithms in problem-solving?
Methodical, logical rules or procedures that guarantee a solution to a problem.
p.34
Language Development Stages
What is the one-word stage in language development?
From about age 1 to 2, a child speaks mostly in single words.
p.15
Intuition in Decision-Making
What is intuition in decision-making?
Effortless, immediate, and often automatic thoughts about something.
p.21
Problem-Solving Strategies
Who conducted research on the impact of framing in organ donation?
Johnson & Goldstein, 2003.
p.15
Intuition in Decision-Making
How does intuition influence decision-making?
It provides quick, automatic thoughts that guide our choices.
p.36
Language Development Stages
How do children begin to learn grammar?
By discerning statistical patterns in the language they hear.
p.15
Heuristics and Biases
What role do heuristics play in intuition?
Heuristics serve intuition by providing fast, snap judgments.
p.20
Heuristics and Biases
What is belief perseverance?
The tendency to cling to our beliefs despite contrary evidence.
p.15
Heuristics and Biases
What is a trade-off when using heuristics?
Heuristics sacrifice accuracy for the sake of speed.
p.26
Language Structure and Components
What is an example of a complex task mentioned in the text?
Hunting an animal in a forest.
p.24
Cognition and Metacognition
What is the relationship between language and thought?
Language influences the way we think and perceive the world.
p.31
Language Structure and Components
What is grammar?
The system of rules that enables humans to communicate with one another.
p.45
Language Development Stages
What role does social interaction play in language development according to the video?
Social interaction is crucial for effective language learning and acquisition.
p.20
Heuristics and Biases
What groups were involved in the study by Lord et al. (1979)?
A group that supports capital punishment and a group that does not support it.
p.42
Brain Areas Involved in Language
What is the function of Broca's Area?
Controls language expression and directs muscle movements involved in speech.
p.33
Language Structure and Components
What is a phoneme?
The smallest distinctive sound unit in language.
p.42
Brain Areas Involved in Language
What is the role of the Supramarginal Gyrus?
Works with the angular gyrus to link words to meanings.
p.42
Brain Areas Involved in Language
What does the Angular Gyrus process?
Processes concrete and abstract concepts and transfers visual information to Wernicke’s area.
p.33
Language Structure and Components
What does semantics refer to in language?
Grammatical rules that guide us in deriving meaning from sounds.
p.48
Language Development Stages
What happens in language development after 24 months?
Rapid development into complete sentences.
p.14
Problem-Solving Strategies
What does the sequence A – B – B – C – D – F – H represent?
The first letters of the musical notes in the C major scale, skipping E and G.
p.47
Heuristics and Biases
What is a risk associated with heuristics?
It puts us at risk for errors.
p.47
Heuristics and Biases
What is belief perseverance?
Ignoring evidence that contradicts our beliefs.
p.48
Language Development Stages
What speech development occurs around 24 months?
Two-word speech (e.g., 'Get ball.').
p.7
Concepts and Prototypes
Which Ikea product is the cheapest among the listed prototypes?
Ikea, Gunde Folding Chair ($20).
p.7
Concepts and Prototypes
Name an upholstered chair from Ikea.
Ikea, Bergmund Upholstered Chair ($125).
p.47
Heuristics and Biases
What is a peril of confirmation bias?
It hinders recognition of contradictory evidence.
p.47
Creativity and Thinking Styles
What is a potential downside of creativity?
It may distract from structured, routine work.
p.33
Language Structure and Components
What is syntax?
Rules for how we arrange words and phrases, applying to sentence structure.
p.47
Problem-Solving Strategies
What is an algorithm?
A methodical rule or procedure that guarantees a solution.
p.47
Intuition in Decision-Making
What is intuition?
Fast, automatic feelings and thoughts based on our experience.
p.47
Heuristics and Biases
What is a heuristic?
A simple thinking shortcut that allows us to act quickly and efficiently.
p.47
Heuristics and Biases
What is a benefit of overconfidence?
It allows us to be happy and make decisions easily.
p.47
Creativity and Thinking Styles
What is insight in problem-solving?
A sudden Aha! reaction that provides instant realization of a solution.
p.47
Heuristics and Biases
What is framing in decision-making?
Wording a question or statement to evoke a desired response.
p.39
Language Development Stages
What impact does low-quality language exposure have on children?
Children exposed to low-quality language often display less language skill.
