p.16
Anatomy of the Human Nervous System
What are the major anatomical components of the nervous system?
The brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
p.16
Anatomy of the Human Nervous System
What role does the spinal cord play in the nervous system?
It transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body.
p.5
Neuronal Structure and Function
What is divergence in the context of neurons?
The ability of a neuron to send signals to multiple targets.
p.9
Neuronal Structure and Function
What is Nissl staining used for?
To visualize neurons in the primary visual cortex and olfactory bulbs.
p.8
Neurons and Glial Cells
What do oligodendrocytes do?
They produce myelin in the central nervous system.
p.18
Neuroimaging Techniques
What does Electroencephalography (EEG) measure?
Electrical activity of the brain.
p.7
Neuronal Structure and Function
What is the function of tubulin in neurons?
Tubulin is a key component of microtubules, providing structural support and facilitating transport within the neuron.
p.7
Neuronal Structure and Function
What are scaffold proteins in neurons?
Scaffold proteins help organize and anchor various proteins at synapses, playing a role in synaptic signaling.
p.23
Neuroimaging Techniques
What does fMRI stand for?
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
p.23
Neuroimaging Techniques
What does fMRI measure?
Brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow.
p.23
Genetic Mutations and Neurological Disorders
What type of tumor is indicated in the fMRI of the patient?
Right frontal lobe glioma.
p.20
Electrophysiological Methods
What is Electroencephalography (EEG)?
An electrophysiological monitoring method to record electrical activity of the brain.
p.5
Neuronal Structure and Function
What role do dendrites play in neuron function?
Dendrites receive signals from other neurons.
p.24
Neuroimaging Techniques
What is Magnetoencephalography (MEG)?
A functional neuroimaging technique for mapping brain activity by recording magnetic fields.
p.13
Neural Circuits and Communication
What is the myotatic reflex?
A reflex that helps maintain muscle tone and posture by responding to muscle stretch.
p.11
Neural Circuits and Communication
What does the knee-jerk reflex demonstrate?
The basic functioning of a reflex arc.
p.22
Neuroimaging Techniques
What does MRI stand for?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
p.22
Neuroimaging Techniques
What is the primary use of MRI?
To form pictures of the anatomy and physiological processes of the body.
p.7
Neuronal Structure and Function
What is the significance of tau in neurons?
Tau is a protein that stabilizes microtubules in axons, playing a crucial role in maintaining neuronal structure.
p.1
Gene Expression in the Nervous System
What is notable about the expression of a single gene in the human brain?
The locations and levels of expression are very diverse.
p.12
Neural Circuits and Communication
In the context of the recording, what do the horizontal and vertical axes represent?
Horizontal = time, Vertical = action potential.
p.5
Neuronal Structure and Function
What are the diverse morphologies mentioned in the text?
Different types of nerve cell shapes in the human nervous system.
p.19
Neuroimaging Techniques
What is the purpose of a cerebral angiogram?
To examine blood vessels in the brain for abnormalities using contrast material.
p.4
Neurons and Glial Cells
What is the primary function of neurons?
Specialization for long-distance electrical signal and intercellular communication via synapses.
p.8
Neurons and Glial Cells
What is the function of astrocytes?
They support and maintain the environment around neurons.
p.11
Neural Circuits and Communication
What is the role of inhibition in the knee-jerk response?
To regulate the reflex action.
p.16
Anatomy of the Human Nervous System
What are peripheral nerves responsible for?
Connecting the central nervous system to limbs and organs.
p.16
Neural Circuits and Communication
How do the components of the nervous system function together?
They work in a network to process sensory information and execute motor functions.
p.14
Neuronal Structure and Function
What is the significance of the receptive field in sensory neurons?
It defines the specific area where stimuli can trigger a response.
p.10
Neural Circuits and Communication
How do neurons function in relation to each other?
Neurons do not function in isolation; they are organized into neural circuits.
p.15
Sensory and Motor Systems
What is the function of motor systems in the human nervous system?
They respond to information by generating movement.
p.20
Electrophysiological Methods
What are the pros and cons of EEG?
Pros: non-invasive; Cons: low resolution.
p.4
Neuronal Structure and Function
What is the typical length of axons in many neurons of the human brain?
No more than a few millimeters long.
p.17
Anatomy of the Human Nervous System
What does white matter refer to?
Axon tracts and commissures.
p.24
Neuroimaging Techniques
What is a major advantage of MEG?
Excellent temporal resolution.
p.1
Neurons and Glial Cells
What role do genes play in the development and function of neurons?
They relate to cell division and the production of neurons.
p.5
Neuronal Structure and Function
What is convergence in the context of neurons?
The ability of a neuron to receive signals from multiple sources.
p.6
Neuronal Structure and Function
What role does myelin play in neuronal function?
It insulates axons to increase the speed of electrical signals.
p.20
Electrophysiological Methods
What does Event Related Potential (ERP) measure?
The brain response that is the direct result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event.
p.9
Neuronal Structure and Function
What does the term 'convergence' refer to in the context of neurons?
The process where multiple neurons connect to a single neuron.
p.15
Neurons and Glial Cells
What are the two divisions of the motor portion of the PNS?
Somatic motor division and visceral (autonomic) motor division.
p.15
Neurons and Glial Cells
What do efferent neurons do?
They carry motor commands away from the central nervous system.
p.21
Neuroimaging Techniques
What is computed tomography (CT scanning)?
A medical imaging modality that obtains tomographic images or slices from a series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken in different directions.
p.24
Neuroimaging Techniques
What do PET and SPECT require for imaging?
Radioactive probe injection.
p.13
Neural Circuits and Communication
What does 'inhabit' refer to in the context of the myotatic reflex?
The inhibition of opposing muscle activity during the reflex.
p.22
Neuroimaging Techniques
What technique is MRI a medical application of?
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR).
p.23
Neuroimaging Techniques
What does the gray area in the fMRI image represent?
The location of the glioma in the brain.
p.19
Neuroimaging Techniques
What is injected into blood vessels during a cerebral angiogram?
Dye for contrast imaging.
p.4
Neuronal Structure and Function
What is the role of the axon in a neuron?
Specialized for relaying electrical signals over long distances.
p.15
Anatomy of the Human Nervous System
What does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) include?
Sensory neurons that link sensory receptors with processing circuits in the CNS.
p.8
Neurons and Glial Cells
What is the function of microglia?
They act as the immune cells of the central nervous system.
p.17
Neural Circuits and Communication
What are commissures?
Tracts that cross the midline of the brain.
p.6
Neuronal Structure and Function
What is the function of dendrites in neurons?
To receive signals from other neurons.
p.13
Neural Circuits and Communication
What does 'excited' refer to in the context of the myotatic reflex?
The activation of motor neurons leading to muscle contraction.
p.6
Neuronal Structure and Function
What is the synaptic cleft?
The small gap between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
p.13
Neural Circuits and Communication
What is the significance of the myotatic reflex?
It helps in maintaining balance and posture by adjusting muscle tension.
p.20
Electrophysiological Methods
Is EEG invasive or noninvasive?
Typically noninvasive, with electrodes placed along the scalp.
p.17
Anatomy of the Human Nervous System
What are ganglia in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Local accumulations of nerve cell bodies and supporting cells.
p.22
Neuroimaging Techniques
What are some advantages of MRI?
Safe, non-invasive, versatile, can change pulse sequences to image different tissues, metabolic profiling.
p.4
Neuronal Structure and Function
How long can axons travel?
A few hundred micrometers or more; some can be about a meter long.
p.17
Anatomy of the Human Nervous System
What is gray matter?
Any accumulation of cell bodies and neutrophils in the brain and spinal cord.
p.18
Neuroimaging Techniques
Which technique combines the principles of MRI and EEG to measure brain activity?
Magnetoencephalography (MEG).
p.3
Reticular Theory vs. Neuron Doctrine
What technique did Cajal use to refute the reticular theory?
A staining technique discovered by Golgi.
p.1
Genetic Mutations and Neurological Disorders
What can altered (mutated) genes lead to?
Neurological and psychiatric disorders.
p.10
Neural Circuits and Communication
What are neural circuits?
Ensembles of neurons that process specific kinds of information.
p.10
Neural Circuits and Communication
What are afferent neurons?
Nerve cells that carry information from the periphery towards the brain or spinal cord.
p.10
Neural Circuits and Communication
What are efferent neurons?
Nerve cells that carry information away from the brain or spinal cord.
p.15
Sensory and Motor Systems
What do sensory systems do in the human nervous system?
They acquire and process information from the internal and external environment.
p.6
Neurons and Glial Cells
What type of cell is an oligodendrocyte?
A type of glial cell that produces myelin in the central nervous system.
p.20
Neural Circuits and Communication
What types of maps can EEG reveal?
Somatosensory and motor maps.
p.20
Electrophysiological Methods
What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)?
A noninvasive form of brain stimulation using a changing magnetic field to induce electric current in the brain.
p.18
Neuroimaging Techniques
What is the purpose of Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)?
To visualize blood flow and activity in the brain.
p.12
Neural Circuits and Communication
What does extracellular recording measure in neurons?
The relative frequency and pattern of action potentials.
p.21
Neuroimaging Techniques
What are CT scans particularly useful for detecting?
Brain lesions where the damage has a different tissue density than normal brain tissue.
p.12
Neural Circuits and Communication
What is indicated by the term 'Excited' in the context of action potentials?
It refers to the activation of neurons leading to action potentials.
p.9
Neuronal Structure and Function
What method is used to stain cortical neurons in Figure 1.6?
Golgi method (silver salts).
p.23
Neuroimaging Techniques
What is the significance of glucose in fMRI?
It is related to brain activity and metabolism.
p.9
Neuronal Structure and Function
What is the purpose of intracellular injection of fluorescent dye?
To label retinal neurons.
p.15
Sensory and Motor Systems
What are examples of sensory systems?
The visual system and auditory system.
p.15
Anatomy of the Human Nervous System
What comprises the central nervous system (CNS)?
The brain (cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem) and the spinal cord.
p.8
Neurons and Glial Cells
What are nodes of Ranvier?
Gaps in the myelin sheath that facilitate rapid signal transmission.
p.8
Neurons and Glial Cells
What is the significance of peripheral axons?
They are part of the peripheral nervous system and transmit signals to and from the central nervous system.
p.16
Anatomy of the Human Nervous System
What is the primary function of the brain in the nervous system?
To process information and coordinate responses.
p.6
Neuronal Structure and Function
What is a synapse?
The junction between two neurons where communication occurs.
p.19
Neuroimaging Techniques
What is a pneumoencephalogram?
A medical procedure where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is drained and replaced with air, oxygen, or helium to enhance X-ray imaging of the brain.
p.10
Neural Circuits and Communication
What role do interneurons play in neural circuits?
They participate only in the local aspects of a circuit.
p.5
Neuronal Structure and Function
What is the function of cell bodies in neurons?
Cell bodies process signals received via dendrites.
p.15
Neuronal Structure and Function
What do associational systems mediate?
The most complex and least well-defined brain functions, such as memory and emotion.
p.8
Neurons and Glial Cells
What is the role of myelin?
To insulate axons and increase the speed of electrical signals.
p.18
Neuroimaging Techniques
Which imaging technique provides high-resolution images of brain structures using magnetic fields?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
p.3
Reticular Theory vs. Neuron Doctrine
What is the reticular theory in neurobiology?
An obsolete theory stating that everything in the nervous system is a single continuous network.
p.3
Reticular Theory vs. Neuron Doctrine
What is the neuron doctrine?
The correct description of the nervous system as made of discrete cells.
p.7
Neuronal Structure and Function
What is the role of actin in neurons?
Actin is involved in dendritic outgrowth and the formation of spines.
p.14
Neuronal Structure and Function
What is a receptive field of a neuron?
The region in sensory space where a specific stimulus elicits an action potential response.
p.14
Neuronal Structure and Function
What types of responses can sensory neurons have?
They can respond positively, negatively, or inhibit.
p.22
Neuroimaging Techniques
How does MRI differ from CT or PET scans?
MRI does not involve X-rays or ionizing radiation.
p.18
Neuroimaging Techniques
What imaging technique uses X-rays to create detailed images of the brain?
Computerized Tomography (CT).
p.17
Neuronal Structure and Function
What does cortex refer to in the nervous system?
Sheet-like arrangements of nerve cells.
p.3
Reticular Theory vs. Neuron Doctrine
Who postulated the reticular theory?
Joseph von Gerlach in 1871.
p.3
Reticular Theory vs. Neuron Doctrine
What award did Golgi and Cajal receive in 1906?
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
p.7
Neural Circuits and Communication
What do post-synaptic receptors do?
Post-synaptic receptors receive neurotransmitters released from the presynaptic neuron, facilitating communication between neurons.
p.22
Neuroimaging Techniques
What does MRI use to generate images?
Strong magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, and radio waves.
p.4
Neuronal Structure and Function
What are the two main components of a typical neuron?
An axon (signal output) and dendrites (signal input).
p.22
Neuroimaging Techniques
What are some disadvantages of MRI?
Takes longer, louder, and not suitable for patients with medical implants.
p.20
Neuroimaging Techniques
What potential does TMS have?
Diagnostic and therapeutic potential in the central nervous system for various disease states.
p.2
Neuronal Structure and Function
What are the main components of a neuron?
Axon, dendrites, and synapses.
p.19
Neuroimaging Techniques
How is a pneumoencephalogram performed?
By draining CSF through a lumbar puncture and replacing it with gas.
p.8
Neurons and Glial Cells
What are the main types of glial cells?
Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, and Microglia.
p.17
Neurons and Glial Cells
What are Schwann cells?
Glial cells that envelop many peripheral nerves.
p.2
Neurons and Glial Cells
What are neurons specialized for?
Electrical signaling over long distances.
p.15
Neurons and Glial Cells
What do afferent neurons do?
They carry sensory information to the central nervous system.
p.2
Neurons and Glial Cells
What is the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
A barrier that prevents certain substances from entering the brain.
p.18
Neuroimaging Techniques
Which technique uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain?
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).
p.4
Neuronal Structure and Function
What do the number of dendrites in a neuron indicate?
The degree of convergence of a neuron.
p.2
Neurons and Glial Cells
What is the role of glial cells?
Support the signaling functions of nerve cells.
p.2
Neurons and Glial Cells
What is the function of microglia cells?
Act as immune cells in the brain.
p.17
Neuronal Structure and Function
What is a nucleus in the context of the nervous system?
A local accumulation of neurons with similar connections and functions.
p.17
Neuronal Structure and Function
What are tracts in the central nervous system (CNS)?
Gathered axons analogous to nerves in the PNS.
p.18
Neuroimaging Techniques
What imaging technique detects brain activity by measuring changes in blood flow?
Positron Emission Tomography (PET).
p.3
Reticular Theory vs. Neuron Doctrine
What was the contribution of Golgi and Cajal recognized by the Nobel Prize?
Their work on the structure of the nervous system.
