p.4
Definition of Manual Muscle Testing (MMT)
What is muscle strength?
The capacity of a muscle to produce the tension necessary for maintaining posture, initiating or controlling movements.
p.18
Principles of Resistance Application
What does 'opposite to movement' refer to in resistance application?
It refers to the direction of resistance applied against the movement.
p.24
Measurement Procedures for MMT
What is a sphygmomanometer used for?
To measure blood pressure.
p.12
Principles of Resistance Application
What is meant by movement against gravity in MMT?
Movement that occurs when the muscle must work against the force of gravity.
p.23
Measurement Procedures for MMT
What are the advantages of using a hand-held dynamometer?
It is portable, easy to use, and provides objective measurements.
p.22
Instrumented Muscle Testing vs. Manual Muscle Testing
What do second generation instruments for MMT measure?
Dynamic isokinetic muscle strength.
p.4
Definition of Manual Muscle Testing (MMT)
How is maximal muscle strength defined?
The maximal amount of tension or force that a muscle or muscle group can voluntarily exert in one maximal effort, considering type of muscle contraction, limb velocity, and joint angle.
p.26
Measurement Procedures for MMT
Who are the authors of 'Musculoskeletal assessment: Joint range of motion and manual muscle testing'?
Clarkson, H. M. & Gilewich, G.B.
p.12
Principles of Resistance Application
Which type of movement is not used in Manual Muscle Testing?
Movement against gravity.
p.9
Clinical Causes of Muscle Weakness
What muscle factors can impact muscle strength?
Fiber type and muscle size.
p.22
Instrumented Muscle Testing vs. Manual Muscle Testing
What aspects of muscle performance does the Primus measure?
Strength, endurance, power, and coordination.
p.3
Assessment Methodology for Muscle Strength
What are common methods used for muscle strength assessment?
Manual muscle testing, dynamometry, and functional strength tests.
p.14
Scales of Muscle Strength Grading
What does a rating of II- represent?
Partial ROM, gravity eliminated.
p.13
Scales of Muscle Strength Grading
What does Grade 2 represent on the Oxford Scale?
Full AROM with gravity eliminated.
p.14
Scales of Muscle Strength Grading
What does a rating of IV- indicate?
Full ROM against gravity, mild resistance.
p.19
Assessment Methodology for Muscle Strength
What is the initial positioning for Manual Muscle Testing (MMT)?
Begin assessment with movement against gravity, prepared to apply resistance.
p.4
Definition of Manual Muscle Testing (MMT)
What is muscle weakness?
A lack or reduction of tension-producing capacity of a muscle or a muscle group.
p.19
Assessment Methodology for Muscle Strength
When should movements be tested at the gravity eliminated plane?
When muscles are weak or when there are muscle tone problems.
p.8
Purposes of Measuring Muscle Strength
How does measuring muscle strength help in functional performance?
It examines how muscle weakness limits functional performance.
p.2
Assessment Methodology for Muscle Strength
What is a key aspect of the method of implementation for MMT?
It involves applying resistance to a muscle while the patient attempts to contract it.
p.8
Purposes of Measuring Muscle Strength
How can measuring muscle strength assist in diagnosis?
It can confirm a diagnosis or rule out other conditions.
p.9
Assessment Methodology for Muscle Strength
What are some methodology factors in muscle strength assessment?
Manual and instrumented methods, as well as positioning.
p.10
Contraindications for Manual Muscle Testing
What is a contraindication for Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) regarding repaired tendons?
Testing on just repaired tendons/muscles.
p.2
Definition of Manual Muscle Testing (MMT)
What is the definition of Manual Muscle Testing (MMT)?
A clinical assessment method used to evaluate muscle strength.
p.23
Measurement Procedures for MMT
What is a hand-held dynamometer used for?
To measure muscle strength.
p.24
Measurement Procedures for MMT
What are the two main measurements taken by a sphygmomanometer?
Systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
p.24
Measurement Procedures for MMT
What is the typical unit of measurement for blood pressure?
Millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
p.15
Measurement Procedures for MMT
What should be stabilized during the muscle testing?
Stabilize the part proximal to the testing joint.
p.15
Measurement Procedures for MMT
How can you compare the affected side with the unaffected side?
Check the MMT on the unaffected side to feel the performance at maximal resistance (Grade 5).
p.3
Clinical Causes of Muscle Weakness
What factors can affect muscle strength assessment?
Fatigue, pain, motivation, and the presence of neurological conditions.
p.14
Scales of Muscle Strength Grading
What does a rating of III- indicate?
> 1/2 but < Full ROM, against gravity.
p.21
Instrumented Muscle Testing vs. Manual Muscle Testing
How does Instrumented Muscle Testing improve reliability?
It shows improved intrarater, inter-rater, and inter-device reliability.
p.12
Principles of Resistance Application
What does gravity-eliminated movement refer to in MMT?
Movement performed in a position where gravity does not affect the muscle's action.
p.16
Measurement Procedures for MMT
What is the first step in measurement procedures for muscle strength?
Observe quality of movement.
p.9
Purposes of Measuring Muscle Strength
How can psychological factors affect muscle strength measurement?
Factors like motivation, learning, and fear of injury can influence results.
p.6
Clinical Causes of Muscle Weakness
What are some examples of musculoskeletal injuries?
Cumulative traumatic disease, fractures, arthritis, burns, amputation, hand trauma.
p.24
Measurement Procedures for MMT
How does a sphygmomanometer work?
It measures the pressure in the cuff as it deflates, indicating blood pressure.
p.25
Preparation for Muscle Testing Labs
What materials should students bring to the lab?
Study manuals on ROM and MMT.
p.14
Scales of Muscle Strength Grading
What does a rating of 0 indicate in muscle strength grading?
No visible or palpable contraction.
p.25
Preparation for Muscle Testing Labs
What muscle testing will be conducted in the lab?
MMT of upper limbs and lower limbs.
p.21
Instrumented Muscle Testing vs. Manual Muscle Testing
What is a key advantage of Instrumented Muscle Testing compared to Manual Muscle Testing (MMT)?
Better reliability and accuracy.
p.7
Clinical Causes of Muscle Weakness
What are some examples of Upper Motor Neuron Lesions?
Spinal cord injury, stroke, congenital lesions.
p.2
Scales of Muscle Strength Grading
What are the different scales used in grading muscle strength?
Various scales that categorize muscle strength from 0 to 5, indicating levels of weakness to normal strength.
p.23
Measurement Procedures for MMT
How does a hand-held dynamometer work?
It measures the force exerted by a muscle during contraction.
p.18
Principles of Resistance Application
What does 'close to a perpendicular direction' mean in resistance application?
It refers to the angle at which resistance is applied relative to the movement.
p.15
Assessment Methodology for Muscle Strength
What should be checked before testing the muscle?
Check passive range of motion (ROM) to assess the suppleness of the joint.
p.8
Purposes of Measuring Muscle Strength
What is a benefit of comparing current muscle strength measurements with previous ones?
To upgrade or downgrade treatment based on progress.
p.20
Scales of Muscle Strength Grading
What does Grade 4 in muscle strength grading indicate?
Holds against mild to moderate resistance.
p.25
Preparation for Muscle Testing Labs
What should students study before the lab sessions?
The manuals, website, and related anatomy notes.
p.20
Scales of Muscle Strength Grading
What is assessed to determine Grade 0 and Grade 1?
Visible or palpable evidence of contractility without any movement.
p.14
Scales of Muscle Strength Grading
What does a rating of IV+ mean?
Full ROM against gravity, almost full resistance.
p.7
Clinical Causes of Muscle Weakness
What is a clinical cause of muscle weakness related to neurological disease?
Upper Motor Neuron Lesions.
p.11
Instrumented Muscle Testing vs. Manual Muscle Testing
What is Instrumented Muscle Testing?
A method that uses specialized equipment to measure muscle strength and performance.
p.8
Purposes of Measuring Muscle Strength
What is one purpose of measuring muscle strength?
To determine the amount of muscle power available.
p.2
Purposes of Measuring Muscle Strength
What is one of the primary purposes of Manual Muscle Testing?
To assess and document muscle strength for rehabilitation and treatment planning.
p.15
Measurement Procedures for MMT
What is the first step in the measurement procedures for muscle testing?
Explain assessment procedures.
p.16
Measurement Procedures for MMT
What should be added to the assessment if Active Range of Motion (AROM) can be performed?
Add resistance (grade 4 or 5).
p.8
Purposes of Measuring Muscle Strength
What are two specific needs that can be identified through muscle strength measurement?
Need for assistive devices and need for splintage to prevent further joint deformities.
p.23
Measurement Procedures for MMT
What type of muscle testing can be performed with a hand-held dynamometer?
Manual muscle testing (MMT).
p.23
Assessment Methodology for Muscle Strength
What is a key consideration when using a hand-held dynamometer?
Proper positioning and stabilization of the body part being tested.
p.6
Clinical Causes of Muscle Weakness
How can burns affect muscle strength?
Burns can lead to muscle weakness due to tissue damage and loss of function.
p.5
Definition of Manual Muscle Testing (MMT)
What is Manual Muscle Testing (MMT)?
A procedure for evaluating the function and strength of individual muscles and muscle groups based on effective performance of a movement in relation to gravity and manual resistance.
p.12
Principles of Resistance Application
What is gravity-assisted movement in Manual Muscle Testing (MMT)?
Movement that occurs with the assistance of gravity.
p.18
Principles of Resistance Application
What does 'middle to inner range of movement' indicate?
It indicates the position within the range of motion where resistance is applied.
p.18
Principles of Resistance Application
Where is resistance applied on a moving bone?
On the distal end of the moving bone.
p.16
Measurement Procedures for MMT
What should be done after observing the quality of movement?
Gently palpate muscle tendon or belly.
p.26
Assessment Methodology for Muscle Strength
What is the focus of Trombly's work in 'Occupational therapy for physical dysfunction'?
Evaluation of motor behaviour: Traditional and contemporary view.
p.24
Measurement Procedures for MMT
What are the components of a sphygmomanometer?
An inflatable cuff, a measuring unit, and a bulb for inflation.
p.16
Measurement Procedures for MMT
In what position should movement be assessed if AROM cannot be performed?
In a gravity-eliminated position.
p.14
Scales of Muscle Strength Grading
What does a rating of II indicate?
Full ROM, gravity eliminated.
p.14
Scales of Muscle Strength Grading
What does a rating of III signify?
Full ROM against gravity.
p.14
Scales of Muscle Strength Grading
What does a rating of V indicate?
Normal, maximal resistance.
p.10
Contraindications for Manual Muscle Testing
What condition involving muscles can contraindicate MMT?
Inflammation of muscles and deposition of bone cells in muscles, leading to hard swelling.
p.21
Instrumented Muscle Testing vs. Manual Muscle Testing
What is a limitation of Instrumented Muscle Testing?
It is limited in resisting muscle strength.
p.26
Assessment Methodology for Muscle Strength
In which book is 'Joint range of motion' discussed?
Assessment in occupational therapy and physical therapy.
p.25
Preparation for Muscle Testing Labs
What type of clothing should be worn for lab sessions?
Short-sleeve T-shirt and sports pants (not tight style or jeans).
p.20
Scales of Muscle Strength Grading
What indicates a Grade 3 muscle strength?
Can patient move full range of motion against gravity.
p.3
Contraindications for Manual Muscle Testing
What should be considered before conducting muscle strength tests?
Patient's medical history, current health status, and any contraindications.
p.11
Measurement Procedures for MMT
What is Manual Muscle Testing?
A method used to assess muscle strength by evaluating the maximum contraction of a muscle or muscle group.
p.10
Contraindications for Manual Muscle Testing
How does the presence of pain affect MMT?
Presence of pain is a contraindication for Manual Muscle Testing.
p.9
Clinical Causes of Muscle Weakness
What are some subject factors that can influence muscle strength?
Health, age, gender, and usual activity level.
p.9
Measurement Procedures for MMT
What measurement factors are important in assessing muscle strength?
Reliability and validity.
p.16
Measurement Procedures for MMT
What should be done if AROM cannot be performed?
Downgrade the assessment to grade 2 and below.
p.15
Measurement Procedures for MMT
What movement should the client perform during the muscle test?
Ask the client to perform movement against gravity (Grade 3).
p.14
Scales of Muscle Strength Grading
What does a rating of I signify?
Visible or palpable contraction (No ROM).
p.13
Scales of Muscle Strength Grading
What does Grade 3 signify in the Oxford Scale of Muscle Strength?
Full AROM against gravity, no resistance.
p.13
Scales of Muscle Strength Grading
What does Grade 0 mean on the Oxford Scale?
No active motion & muscle contraction.
p.5
Preparation for Muscle Testing Labs
What knowledge is required for effective Manual Muscle Testing?
A sound knowledge of anatomy, including joint motions, muscle origins and insertions, and muscle function.
p.19
Scales of Muscle Strength Grading
What should be tested if a muscle fails to achieve full joint range?
Test for Fair (3) muscle grade against gravity, without resistance.
p.7
Clinical Causes of Muscle Weakness
What is another category of neurological causes of muscle weakness?
Lower Motor Neuron Disorders.
p.7
Clinical Causes of Muscle Weakness
What are examples of Lower Motor Neuron Disorders?
Peripheral nerve injuries, brachial plexus injuries.
p.8
Purposes of Measuring Muscle Strength
Why is establishing a baseline important in muscle strength measurement?
To formulate a specific treatment plan.
p.15
Measurement Procedures for MMT
How should the client be positioned during muscle testing?
Position the client, muscles to be tested, and therapist appropriately.
p.6
Clinical Causes of Muscle Weakness
What is a cumulative traumatic disease?
A condition resulting from repeated trauma over time, leading to musculoskeletal injuries.
p.6
Clinical Causes of Muscle Weakness
What impact does amputation have on muscle strength?
Amputation can lead to muscle weakness in the remaining limbs due to altered mechanics and muscle use.
p.20
Scales of Muscle Strength Grading
What indicates a Grade 2 muscle strength?
Can patient move in gravity eliminated position but not full range of motion.
p.3
Scales of Muscle Strength Grading
What is the significance of muscle strength grading?
It provides a standardized way to document and communicate muscle strength levels.
p.14
Scales of Muscle Strength Grading
What does a rating of III+ represent?
Full ROM against gravity, slight resistance.
p.20
Scales of Muscle Strength Grading
What does Grade 5 in muscle strength grading indicate?
Holds against full resistance with strength comparable to the normal side.
p.25
Preparation for Muscle Testing Labs
What is recommended for practice during lab sessions?
Pairing up with a partner.
p.13
Scales of Muscle Strength Grading
What does Grade 5 on the Oxford Scale of Muscle Strength indicate?
Full AROM against gravity & max. resistance.
p.14
Scales of Muscle Strength Grading
What does a rating of IV signify?
Full ROM against gravity, moderate resistance.
p.3
Purposes of Measuring Muscle Strength
What is the primary purpose of assessing muscle strength?
To evaluate the functional capacity of muscles and identify weaknesses.
p.13
Scales of Muscle Strength Grading
What is described by Grade 4 on the Oxford Scale?
Full AROM against gravity & moderate resistance.
p.13
Scales of Muscle Strength Grading
What does Grade 1 indicate in the Oxford Scale of Muscle Strength?
No active motion, but with muscle contraction.
p.20
Assessment Methodology for Muscle Strength
What is the first question in the MMT algorithm?
Can patients move extremity through available test range of motion against gravity?
p.3
Definition of Manual Muscle Testing (MMT)
What is Manual Muscle Testing (MMT)?
A clinical technique used to evaluate the strength of specific muscles or muscle groups.
p.14
Scales of Muscle Strength Grading
What does a rating of II+ mean?
Gravity eliminated/slight resistance or < 1/2 range against gravity.
