hilus
caudal
rib cage
costal, sternal
parietal
free
skeleton
thoracolumbar fascia
rectus abdominis
8
mediastinum
two
costal
scalenus
following
external abdominal oblique
caudal
vena cava
cranial vena cava, thymus
fibrous sac
respiration
cardiac
red
segmental
cranial and caudal
sling
dorsally, laterally, ventrally
diagnosing and treating diseases
sternum
pulmonary ligament
plastic
deepest
ribs
vagus
hilus
umbilicus
abdominal viscera
ribs
length
thoracic
caudal vena cava, azygous vein
phrenic
plica venae cavae
bronchi, blood vessels
phrenic, vagus
thin
closed
pleural
pericardial
cranial, middle, caudal, accessory
mediastinum
mediastinum
transverse
umbilicus
aorta
superficial, deep
4th
plastic
cutaneous trunci
costal arch
two, three
mediastinum
articular
cranial, caudal
costal
lung, mediastinum
deeper
pulmonary
visceral (pulmonary)
caudal
heart
lungs, diaphragm
thoracic
diaphragmatic
serous
vagus, phrenic
ventilation
parietal
thoracic
mediastinum
scapula, humerus
dorsal midline
serratus ventralis
lubrication
The left lung has a cranial lobe (divided into cranial and caudal parts) and a caudal lobe.
The pleural cavity is the space between the layers of pleura surrounding each lung, containing pleural fluid that reduces friction during breathing.
The layers of serous membranes include the parietal pleura (lining the thoracic cavity) and visceral pleura (covering the lungs), as well as the parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium surrounding the heart.
The umbilicus is a prominent landmark on the ventral surface that is useful for abdominal surgery.
The cardiac notch is a space in the right lung at the fourth and fifth intercostal spaces that accommodates the position of the right ventricle of the heart.
The part of the parietal pleura that covers the thoracic surface of the diaphragm.
A muscle located in the anterior abdominal wall that extends from the pubic symphysis to the xiphoid process and costal cartilages, involved in flexing the lumbar spine.
Costal foveae are unique to thoracic vertebrae and serve as sites for articulations with the heads of ribs.
The curved structure formed by the costal cartilages of the ribs that connects to the sternum, providing support to the thoracic cavity.
A floating rib is rib 13, which does not attach to the sternum.
The pericardial cavity is the space between the layers of the pericardium surrounding the heart, containing pericardial fluid that allows for smooth heart movement.
The serratus ventralis muscle is an extrinsic limb muscle that, along with others, forms a muscular sling to support the trunk.
Muscles located between the ribs that assist in the expansion and contraction of the thoracic cavity during respiration.
Epaxial muscles are dorsal to the transverse processes of the vertebrae and function to extend the vertebral column and support weight.
The deepest muscle of the abdominal wall that lies beneath the rectus abdominis and external abdominal oblique, playing a crucial role in stabilizing the core and maintaining intra-abdominal pressure.
A vein that drains blood from the thoracic wall and empties into the superior vena cava, located in the mediastinum.
The right lung consists of three lobes: the cranial lobe, the middle lobe, and the caudal lobe, along with an accessory lobe.
The cranial border of the diaphragm is located in relation to the costal arch, and an arrow passing between these locations could hit both thoracic and abdominal viscera.
The serous membrane that lines the internal surface of the thoracic cavity.
Segmental cutaneous nerves are nerves that supply tissues of the thoracic body wall and exhibit a segmental nature.
The region where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the lung, crucial for lung stability.
The cutaneous trunci muscle is a cutaneous muscle of the neck, thorax, and abdomen that can remain attached to the skin during dissection.
The thoracolumbar fascia is a connective tissue structure that serves as an important landmark in the dissection of the thoracic cavity, providing attachment points for muscles of the back and abdomen.
The plica venae cavae is a fold of pleura that covers the inferior vena cava as it passes through the thorax, helping to stabilize the position of the vena cava.
The heart appears as a central structure with distinct chambers and is located between the lungs, surrounded by the pericardium.
The costal arch is formed by the costal cartilages of the 10th, 11th, and 12th ribs joining before articulating with the sternum.
A conceptual abstraction defined as the two mediastinal parietal pleurae and the compartment between them that contains the majority of the thoracic viscera.
A gland located in the mediastinum, important for immune system development, particularly in younger animals.
Serous membranes are thin layers of tissue that line the thoracic cavity and cover the organs within it, providing lubrication and reducing friction during movement.
The diaphragm forms the caudal boundary of the thoracic cavity and has bony attachments that define its position.
The right lung has cranial, middle, caudal, and accessory lobes.
The lungs should be moistened and kept in a small plastic bag for easy access in subsequent laboratories.
The pericardium is a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the great vessels. It provides protection and reduces friction during heartbeats.
A large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart, passing through the mediastinum caudally.
The thoracic inlet is the cranial extent of the thoracic cavity, marked by specific bony landmarks.
The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity, located between the lungs, containing the heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, and other structures.
The serous membrane that intimately covers the surface of each lung.
The part of the parietal pleura that forms the walls of the mediastinum, the central compartment between the two pleural cavities.
The axilla, commonly known as the armpit, is the area beneath the shoulder joint that contains important structures such as blood vessels and nerves, serving as a landmark in thoracic dissection.
The sympathetic trunk is a bundle of nerve fibers that runs along each side of the vertebral column, playing a crucial role in the autonomic nervous system and serving as a landmark in thoracic dissection.
The left lung consists of two lobes: the cranial lobe (which is further divided into the cranial and caudal parts) and the caudal lobe.
The root of the lung refers to the collection of structures entering and exiting the lung.
The two important nerves are the vagus nerve (dorsal to the root of the lung) and the phrenic nerve (ventral to the root of the lung).
Extrinsic forelimb muscles extend from the axial skeleton to a bone of the forelimb, primarily moving the limb relative to the body or vice versa.
Thoracic vertebrae are the vertebrae located in the thoracic region of the spine, characterized by features such as costal foveae for rib articulation.
True ribs are ribs 1-8 that connect directly to the sternum via costal cartilage.
To reflect the muscle caudally and expose the length of the costal arch that it normally covers.
Mammillary processes are features common to all vertebrae, except caudal vertebrae, serving as attachment surfaces for muscles that maintain extension at the vertebral joints.
The part of the parietal pleura that lines the lateral thoracic walls along the ribs.
The muscles included are the latissimus dorsi, superficial pectoral, deep pectoral, and serratus ventralis.
The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that innervates the muscles and skin of the shoulder, arm, and hand, and is relevant as a landmark during thoracic cavity dissection.
The costal arch is the curved structure formed by the cartilages of the lower ribs, which serves as an important landmark in the anatomy of the thoracic cavity.
A muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach, located within the mediastinum.
To orient an isolated lung, identify the cranial and caudal lobes; the left lung has two lobes (cranial and caudal), while the right lung has three lobes (cranial, middle, and caudal).
The serous membrane fold of mediastinal pleura surrounding the caudal vena cava.
Mammae are the mammary glands that may vary in number, averaging ten in the dog, and are described as thoracic, abdominal, or inguinal.
The skin of the ventral abdominal wall, caudal to the xiphoid process, is very thin, requiring shallow incisions.
The two pleural cavities are separate and closed potential spaces that normally contain a small amount of serous fluid for lubrication during respiration.
Rib 13 is a 'free floating' rib, meaning it does not articulate with the costal arch and is typically much shorter than rib 12.
The largest artery in the body, carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, located in the mediastinum.
The three functional groups are epaxial muscles, extrinsic forelimb muscles, and muscles of ventilation.
The pulmonary ligament is a fold of pleura that extends from the hilum of the lung to the mediastinum, providing support and stability to the lung.
The hilus is the region on the lung where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit, serving as the main gateway for lung function.
The costal pleura lines the inner surface of the thoracic wall, while the mediastinal pleura covers the mediastinum, both providing a smooth surface for lung expansion.
The windpipe that connects the larynx to the bronchi, located in the mediastinum.
A large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart, passing through the mediastinum cranially.
An aponeurosis is a flat, sheet-like fibrous tissue that connects muscles to the parts they move, serving as a significant anatomical landmark in thoracic dissection.
False ribs are ribs 9-12 that attach indirectly to the sternum through the costal arch.
The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity that contains the heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, and other structures, serving as a key area of study in thoracic anatomy.
A nerve that innervates various organs and follows a course similar to the phrenic nerve but passes dorsal to the hilus of the lung.
Nerves that innervate the diaphragm, running from the thoracic inlet to the diaphragm, passing ventral to the hilus of the lung.
The organ that pumps blood throughout the body, located in the mediastinum.
Intervertebral discs are positioned between adjacent vertebral bodies and allow for articulation and flexibility in the vertebral column.
A double fold of connecting pleura that stabilizes the caudal lobe of the lung, running between the lung and the mediastinum.
