p.7
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
What is the primary design purpose of an embedded system?
It is mostly designed for a specific function or functions within a larger system.
p.36
Architecture of Embedded Systems
What does a D - A converter do?
It converts digital data fed by the processor to analog data.
p.39
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What is a microcontroller?
A microcontroller is a single-chip VLSI unit also called a microcomputer.
p.9
Design Challenges in Embedded Systems
What has emerged to simplify the development of applications for embedded systems?
Several integrated software environments.
p.26
Important Terminologies in Embedded Systems
What is fault-tolerance in embedded systems?
The capability of a computer system to survive in the presence of faults.
p.10
Applications of Embedded Systems
What tasks do laser printers perform apart from printing?
They take user inputs, manage communication with the computer system, handle faults, and sense papers left on the tray.
p.46
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What capability does a microprocessor have regarding memory?
External memory interface.
p.17
Applications of Embedded Systems
How do drug delivery systems function?
Administers proper doses of medication.
p.30
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
How do Reactive Systems differ from conventional software systems?
Reactive Systems continuously interact with the environment, while conventional systems (transformational systems) take inputs, process them, and then terminate.
p.32
Design Challenges in Embedded Systems
What is co-design in embedded systems?
The simultaneous design of software and hardware.
p.28
Design Challenges in Embedded Systems
Why is correct functioning crucial in embedded systems?
Because safety-critical applications can result in damage to life and the economy.
p.2
Advancements in Embedded System Technology
Can a doctor configure a cardiac pacemaker from 2 km away?
Yes, with advanced technology such as telemedicine and remote surgery.
p.40
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What is a microprocessor?
A microprocessor is a single chip semiconductor device.
p.2
Applications of Embedded Systems
What technology allows a driverless car to navigate from Mumbai to New Delhi?
An inbuilt navigation program.
p.32
Design Challenges in Embedded Systems
What does Embedded System Design involve?
Both hardware (HW) and software (SW) design.
p.14
Applications of Embedded Systems
What role do microcomputers play in electronic ignition systems?
They control sparks and fuel injectors.
p.43
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What defines a 16-bit microcontroller?
It processes 16 bits of data simultaneously.
p.31
Design Challenges in Embedded Systems
Why are compact systems important in embedded design?
They require minimal space and are often used in portable devices.
p.13
Applications of Embedded Systems
What benefits do ATM machines provide through microcomputers?
Security and banking convenience.
p.41
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What additional functional blocks does a microcontroller use?
RAM, timer, parallel I/O, ADC, and DAC.
p.33
Architecture of Embedded Systems
What facilitates communication in embedded systems?
Communication between ASIC and software.
p.18
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
What is the primary function of a controller?
To monitor parameters of physical processes in its surrounding system.
p.40
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What components are included in a microprocessor's CPU?
A program counter, an ALU, a stack pointer, working register, and a clock timing circuit.
p.2
Types of Embedded Systems
What is a key feature of a driverless car?
It operates autonomously using embedded systems.
p.35
Architecture of Embedded Systems
What is the function of a sensor in an embedded system?
A sensor measures a physical quantity and converts it to an electrical signal, which can be stored in memory.
p.9
Applications of Embedded Systems
What types of networks can embedded systems operate across due to the Internet?
LAN, WAN, or the internet.
p.28
Design Challenges in Embedded Systems
What design consideration may dominate decisions for embedded systems with long operational lifespans?
Long life cycle may dominate design decisions.
p.24
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
What are the key characteristics of embedded systems?
They are task-specific, have real-time performance constraints, and are often resource-constrained.
p.14
Applications of Embedded Systems
What function do microcomputers serve in vehicle instrumentation?
They collect and provide the driver with necessary information.
p.43
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What is an embedded microcontroller?
A microcontroller designed for specific control applications within embedded systems.
p.38
Types of Embedded Systems
What are Small Scale Embedded Systems designed with?
A single 8 or 16-bit microcontroller.
p.25
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
What are two important qualities of an embedded system?
High availability and reliability.
p.21
Architecture of Embedded Systems
What are the main components of an embedded system?
A digital signal processor and a variety of I/O devices connected to sensors and actuators.
p.21
Architecture of Embedded Systems
What role do controllers and DSP play in embedded systems?
They are programmable parts that can be customized for different applications by writing software.
p.16
Applications of Embedded Systems
What is one application of microcomputers in industrial settings?
Setback thermostats that adjust day/night thresholds to save energy.
p.33
Important Terminologies in Embedded Systems
What are common languages used for hardware in embedded systems?
Hardware C, SpecC, SpecCharts, Statecharts.
p.18
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
What does a controller do when it detects a need?
It controls the processes whenever needed.
p.26
Important Terminologies in Embedded Systems
What constraints must embedded systems meet?
Various timing and other constraints imposed by the real-time behavior of the external world.
p.18
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
Can you give an example of a controller?
A simple thermostat controller.
p.26
Important Terminologies in Embedded Systems
Why is real-time behavior critical for systems like air force missile tracking?
They must precisely calculate and plan counter-attacks due to hard real-time deadlines to avoid destruction.
p.24
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
What is an embedded system?
A computer designed to perform dedicated functions within a larger system.
p.37
Types of Embedded Systems
What are the two main types of embedded systems?
Standalone embedded systems and networked embedded systems.
p.17
Applications of Embedded Systems
What role do microcomputers play in cancer treatments?
Controls doses of radiation, drugs, or heat.
p.37
Types of Embedded Systems
What is a networked embedded system?
An embedded system that connects and communicates with other systems or devices.
p.35
Architecture of Embedded Systems
What role does memory play in an embedded system?
Memory is used to store information in an embedded system.
p.17
Applications of Embedded Systems
What does a pacemaker do?
Helps the heart beat regularly.
p.31
Design Challenges in Embedded Systems
What is a significant limitation regarding memory in embedded systems?
Limited memory availability.
p.37
Types of Embedded Systems
What is a real-time embedded system?
An embedded system that must respond to inputs or events within a specific time frame.
p.37
Types of Embedded Systems
What is a mobile embedded system?
An embedded system designed for portable devices, such as smartphones.
p.7
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
Can an embedded system operate independently?
Yes, it can be either an independent system or part of a larger system.
p.9
Applications of Embedded Systems
What is a key feature of the latest Ford car model regarding embedded systems?
It has more than 21 microcontrollers performing various functions.
p.6
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
What is a system?
An arrangement where all components work according to specific defined rules.
p.7
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
Give an example of an embedded system.
A fire alarm, which can sense only smoke.
p.6
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
What does a system help to organize?
It helps to organize, work, or perform one or more tasks according to a fixed plan.
p.16
Applications of Embedded Systems
How do microcomputers contribute to traffic control systems?
They sense car positions and control traffic lights.
p.27
Important Terminologies in Embedded Systems
Why is flexibility important when designing an embedded system?
It allows for important diagnostics if the system loses control, such as in a spacecraft.
p.14
Applications of Embedded Systems
What type of microcomputer application is used for vehicle security?
Theft deterrent devices, such as keyless entry and alarm systems.
p.12
Applications of Embedded Systems
How do remote controls utilize microcomputers?
They accept key touches and send infrared (IR) pulses to base systems.
p.16
Applications of Embedded Systems
How are microcomputers used in inventory control?
They facilitate input from bar code readers and output to writers.
p.27
Important Terminologies in Embedded Systems
What does portability require in embedded systems?
Generalized abstractions between the application program logic and the low-level system interfaces.
p.45
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What is the purpose of instruction cycle timers in a microcontroller?
To manage the timing of instruction execution.
p.31
Design Challenges in Embedded Systems
What are stringent resource constraints in embedded systems?
Limitations on resources such as processing power, memory, and energy.
p.34
Architecture of Embedded Systems
What is the function of input/output interfaces in embedded systems?
They facilitate communication between the embedded system and external devices.
p.41
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What are the functional blocks used in a microprocessor?
Register, ALU, timing, and control units.
p.46
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What is a characteristic of the instruction set in a microprocessor?
It has a large amount of instructions, each carrying out a different variation of the same operation.
p.14
Applications of Embedded Systems
What is an application of microcomputers in automotive technology for optimizing stopping?
Automatic braking, which optimizes stopping on slippery surfaces.
p.27
Important Terminologies in Embedded Systems
What does flexibility mean in the context of embedded systems?
It refers to building systems with built-in debugging opportunities that allow for remote maintenance.
p.39
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What does a microcontroller contain?
All the memory and I/O interfaces needed for operation.
p.28
Design Challenges in Embedded Systems
What is a primary design challenge for embedded systems compared to general systems?
Embedded systems have different constraints than general systems.
p.39
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
How does a microcontroller differ from a general-purpose microprocessor?
A microcontroller contains all necessary functions on a single chip, while a microprocessor requires additional chips.
p.28
Design Challenges in Embedded Systems
In embedded system design, which factor may be prioritized over speed?
Cost may matter more than speed.
p.39
Applications of Embedded Systems
In what applications are microcontrollers widely used?
In embedded systems for real-time control applications.
p.16
Applications of Embedded Systems
What is the function of automatic sprinklers in farming?
They control the wetness of the soil.
p.43
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What is a 32-bit microcontroller?
A microcontroller capable of processing 32 bits of data at once.
p.12
Applications of Embedded Systems
How do microcomputers enhance games and toys?
They entertain the user, provide joystick input, and video output.
p.24
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
What is meant by real-time performance in embedded systems?
The ability to process data and respond to inputs within a strict time limit.
p.29
Design Challenges in Embedded Systems
What characteristic makes embedded systems multi-functional?
They are designed to perform multiple tasks.
p.42
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What is the main component of a microprocessor?
Only a Central Processing Unit (CPU).
p.8
Advancements in Embedded System Technology
What is the current cost trend of processors that has influenced embedded systems?
The cost of processors has come down to an affordable level.
p.8
Design Challenges in Embedded Systems
What design approach is now preferred over totally hardwired electronic systems?
Incorporation of a programmable processor in a circuit.
p.1
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
What is an embedded system?
A computer designed to perform dedicated functions within a larger system.
p.7
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
What is an embedded system?
A combination of computer software and hardware that is either fixed in capability or programmable.
p.15
Applications of Embedded Systems
How do microcomputers assist in recognizing friendly targets?
Through smart weapons technology.
p.44
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What does ASIC stand for?
Application Specific Integrated Circuit.
p.45
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What type of memory is used for storing programs and variables in a microcontroller?
Program and Variable Memory (RAM).
p.6
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
What is the purpose of the defined rules in a system?
To ensure that all components work together effectively.
p.9
Advancements in Embedded System Technology
How has the Internet impacted embedded systems?
It allows networking of several embedded systems to operate as part of a large system across networks.
p.13
Applications of Embedded Systems
What functions do telephone answering machines perform?
Plays outgoing message, saves and organizes messages.
p.34
Architecture of Embedded Systems
What is the primary component of an embedded system's architecture?
Microcontroller or microprocessor.
p.13
Applications of Embedded Systems
What role do microcomputers play in cellular phones and pagers?
Manage keypad inputs, sound I/O, and communicate with central stations.
p.29
Design Challenges in Embedded Systems
How do embedded systems interact with their environment?
The system and environment run concurrently.
p.34
Architecture of Embedded Systems
What is the significance of buses in embedded system architecture?
Buses connect different components and allow data transfer between them.
p.44
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What is a Complex Instruction Set Microprocessor (CISC)?
A type of microprocessor that has a complex set of instructions for performing tasks.
p.10
Applications of Embedded Systems
Where can embedded systems be found?
In devices like wristwatches, washing machines, microwave ovens, elevators, mobile telephones, printers, FAX machines, telephone exchanges, automobiles, and aircraft.
p.12
Applications of Embedded Systems
What function does a microcomputer perform in a washing machine?
Controls the water and spin cycles.
p.17
Applications of Embedded Systems
What is the purpose of renal monitors?
Measures kidney functions.
p.27
Important Terminologies in Embedded Systems
What is portability in embedded systems?
A measure of the ease of using the same embedded software in various environments.
p.37
Types of Embedded Systems
What is a standalone embedded system?
An embedded system that operates independently without needing to connect to other systems.
p.24
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
How do embedded systems differ from general-purpose computers?
Embedded systems are designed for specific tasks, while general-purpose computers can perform a wide range of tasks.
p.43
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What is an external memory microcontroller?
A microcontroller that can interface with external memory for additional storage.
p.38
Types of Embedded Systems
How do Small Scale Embedded Systems operate?
With the help of a battery.
p.48
Applications of Embedded Systems
In what type of systems are microprocessors used for complex operations?
Complex industrial controllers.
p.20
Architecture of Embedded Systems
What typically controls an embedded system?
A microprocessor that executes instructions stored on a Read Only Memory (ROM) chip.
p.8
Design Challenges in Embedded Systems
How does the use of a programmable processor affect design time?
It makes the design more robust and reduces the design time cycle.
p.38
Types of Embedded Systems
What characterizes Sophisticated Embedded Systems?
They have lots of hardware and software complexities.
p.1
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What role do microcontrollers play in embedded systems?
Microcontrollers serve as the brain of embedded systems, executing specific tasks and controlling other components.
p.36
Architecture of Embedded Systems
What is the role of the processor in an embedded system?
It processes the data to measure the output and store it in memory.
p.26
Important Terminologies in Embedded Systems
What does reliability measure in an embedded system?
The survival probability of the system when the function is critical during runtime.
p.17
Applications of Embedded Systems
What is the function of apnea monitors in medical applications?
Detects breathing and alarms if the baby stops breathing.
p.21
Architecture of Embedded Systems
What is the purpose of I/O devices in an embedded system?
To connect to sensors and actuators.
p.43
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What is an 8-bit microcontroller?
A microcontroller that processes 8 bits of data at a time.
p.30
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
What are Reactive Systems?
Systems that have continuous interaction with their environment.
p.16
Applications of Embedded Systems
What role do microcomputers play in robot systems?
They take input from sensors and control the motors.
p.30
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
What are typical examples of Reactive Systems?
Hardware and operating systems (OS).
p.18
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
How does a thermostat controller operate?
It periodically reads the temperature, displays the reading, and switches the cooling system on or off as required.
p.12
Applications of Embedded Systems
What functions do microcomputers perform in exercise equipment?
Measures speed, distance, calories, heart rate, and logs workouts.
p.34
Architecture of Embedded Systems
What role does memory play in embedded system architecture?
It stores program instructions and data.
p.30
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
What are transformational systems?
Systems that take input from the environment, transform it, and then terminate to give outputs.
p.35
Architecture of Embedded Systems
How does a sensor interact with electronic instruments?
The electrical signal from the sensor can be read by an observer or by electronic instruments like an A-D converter.
p.50
Applications of Embedded Systems
What embedded system application assists with vehicle parking?
Parking Assistant System.
p.25
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
What is a key requirement for the performance of an embedded system?
It requires real-time performance.
p.46
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What built-in feature does a microprocessor offer for monitoring and debugging?
A built-in monitor/debugger program with interrupt capability.
p.15
Applications of Embedded Systems
What role do microcomputers play in missile guidance systems?
They direct ordinance at the desired target.
p.14
Applications of Embedded Systems
How do microcomputers improve sound quality in vehicles?
Through noise cancellation, which removes background noise.
p.15
Applications of Embedded Systems
What technology helps determine your location on the planet?
Global positioning systems (GPS).
p.44
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What are Digital Signal Multiprocessors (DSPs) used for?
They are specialized microprocessors designed for processing digital signals.
p.13
Applications of Embedded Systems
How do interactive telephone systems utilize microcomputers?
For switching and information retrieval.
p.14
Applications of Embedded Systems
How do microcomputers enhance driver comfort in vehicles?
By controlling power windows and seats, remembering preferred settings for each driver.
p.12
Applications of Embedded Systems
What role do microcomputers play in clocks and watches?
Maintains the time, alarm, and display.
p.32
Design Challenges in Embedded Systems
What is a nonstandard hardware example in embedded systems?
ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit).
p.30
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
Are all embedded systems considered reactive?
Yes, all embedded systems are reactive.
p.8
Advancements in Embedded System Technology
How has power consumption changed in relation to embedded systems?
Power consumption has drastically reduced.
p.24
Design Challenges in Embedded Systems
What role does resource constraint play in embedded systems?
Embedded systems often operate with limited processing power, memory, and energy consumption.
p.38
Types of Embedded Systems
What complexities do Medium Scale Embedded Systems involve?
Both hardware and software complexities.
p.41
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What type of systems does a microprocessor help design?
General purpose digital computer systems.
p.38
Types of Embedded Systems
What components do Sophisticated Embedded Systems require?
IPS, ASIPS, PLAs, configuration processors, or scalable processors.
p.5
Advancements in Embedded System Technology
What are the major technologies that will help make futuristic scenarios a reality?
Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) and Embedded Systems.
p.9
Advancements in Embedded System Technology
What role does Java play in the development of embedded systems?
It provides standard run time platforms that enable their use in various ways.
p.36
Architecture of Embedded Systems
What is the function of an actuator in an embedded system?
It compares the output from the D - A converter to the actual output and stores the approved output in memory.
p.44
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What is a Reduced Instruction Set Microprocessor (RISC)?
A type of microprocessor that uses a small, highly optimized instruction set.
p.33
Architecture of Embedded Systems
What does ASIC stand for in the context of embedded systems?
Application-Specific Integrated Circuit.
p.2
Advancements in Embedded System Technology
What role does embedded technology play in remote medical procedures?
It enables remote monitoring and control of medical devices.
p.40
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What additional features does a microprocessor have?
Memory decoder and many serial and parallel ports.
p.35
Architecture of Embedded Systems
What does an A-D converter do?
An A-D converter (analog-to-digital converter) converts an analog signal from the sensor into a digital signal.
p.35
Architecture of Embedded Systems
What are the two types of memory used in embedded systems?
Volatile memory and non-volatile memory.
p.34
Architecture of Embedded Systems
What are the two main types of memory used in embedded systems?
RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read-Only Memory).
p.30
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
How is the interaction of transformational systems with the environment characterized?
Limited to once at the time of taking inputs and once at the end when outputs are generated.
p.12
Applications of Embedded Systems
What is the function of microcomputers in audio/video systems?
Interacts with the operator and enhances performance.
p.24
Applications of Embedded Systems
What are some common applications of embedded systems?
Consumer electronics, automotive systems, medical devices, and industrial automation.
p.31
Design Challenges in Embedded Systems
What is the importance of quick response in embedded systems?
It ensures timely processing and interaction with the environment.
p.25
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
What type of operating system is an embedded system typically developed around?
A real-time operating system.
p.41
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What kind of bit handling instructions does a microcontroller offer?
Many kinds of bit handling instructions.
p.13
Applications of Embedded Systems
What is one application of microcomputers in communication?
Telephone answering machines.
p.45
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What feature of a microcontroller determines the speed of its operations?
Device clocking central processor.
p.10
Applications of Embedded Systems
What is the main task of embedded systems in devices?
To perform specific functions related to the device's operation.
p.17
Applications of Embedded Systems
How do prosthetic devices benefit users?
Increases mobility for the handicapped.
p.17
Applications of Embedded Systems
What is the function of dialysis machines?
Performs functions normally done by the kidney.
p.28
Design Challenges in Embedded Systems
What is a key requirement for real-time systems in embedded design?
Not only the right output but also at the right time.
p.37
Types of Embedded Systems
Can you give an example of a networked embedded system?
A smart thermostat that connects to the internet.
p.32
Design Challenges in Embedded Systems
What factors influence the choice of components in embedded systems?
The choice of programmable parts and ASICs.
p.48
Applications of Embedded Systems
How do microprocessors contribute to traffic management?
In traffic light systems.
p.41
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What type of systems does a microcontroller help design?
Application-specific dedicated systems.
p.41
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
Which system is generally heavier and costlier, microprocessor or microcontroller?
Microprocessor systems are heavier and costlier.
p.8
Advancements in Embedded System Technology
What has contributed to the sudden interest in embedded systems regarding processor size?
Processors have shrunk in size with increased performance.
p.32
Design Challenges in Embedded Systems
What is system partitioning in embedded system design?
A difficult step in dividing the system into hardware and software components.
p.20
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
What is an embedded system?
A device controlled by instructions stored on a chip.
p.31
Design Challenges in Embedded Systems
Why is low power consumption a critical challenge in embedded systems?
To extend battery life and reduce heat generation.
p.38
Types of Embedded Systems
What is needed for the design of Sophisticated Embedded Systems?
Hardware and software co-design and components that need to combine in the final system.
p.42
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
How many instructions do microprocessors typically process compared to microcontrollers?
Microprocessors have a large number of instructions, while microcontrollers have fewer.
p.28
Design Challenges in Embedded Systems
What could be the consequence of a delay in a pacemaker system?
A delay of a few minutes could be life-threatening.
p.38
Types of Embedded Systems
What tools are used in Small Scale Embedded Systems?
An editor, assembler, IDE, and cross assembler.
p.38
Types of Embedded Systems
What microcontrollers are used in Medium Scale Embedded Systems?
16 or 32-bit microcontrollers.
p.31
Design Challenges in Embedded Systems
What does good throughput mean in the context of embedded systems?
The ability to process a high volume of data efficiently.
p.25
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
What is a common feature of embedded systems regarding storage?
They usually have easy and diskless operation, often using ROM boot.
p.8
Design Challenges in Embedded Systems
What concept helps in reducing the design cycle and total development time?
The development environment for prototyping and simulation/emulation.
p.1
Applications of Embedded Systems
What is the typical environment for embedded systems?
They often operate in real-time environments and can be found in various applications like automotive, consumer electronics, and industrial machines.
p.34
Architecture of Embedded Systems
What is a common feature of embedded system architecture?
It is designed for specific tasks rather than general-purpose computing.
p.34
Architecture of Embedded Systems
How does power management fit into embedded system architecture?
It ensures efficient energy use, crucial for battery-operated devices.
p.38
Types of Embedded Systems
Which programming languages are commonly used in Medium Scale Embedded Systems?
C, C++, Java, and source code engineering tools.
p.1
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
How do embedded systems differ from general-purpose computers?
Embedded systems are designed for specific tasks, while general-purpose computers can perform a wide range of functions.
p.42
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
How do microprocessors compare in complexity and cost to microcontrollers?
Microprocessors are complicated and expensive, while microcontrollers are inexpensive and straightforward.
p.25
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
Do embedded systems require secondary memory?
No, they do not need any secondary memory.
p.23
History of Embedded Systems
What significant development in embedded systems occurred by the late 1990s?
The first embedded Linux system appeared.
p.42
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What does a microcontroller contain?
A CPU, memory, and I/O all integrated into one chip.
p.29
Design Challenges in Embedded Systems
How do embedded systems differ from conventional computing?
Embedded systems are reactive and concurrent, while conventional computing is transformational.
p.25
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
What are some characteristics of the memory and cost of embedded systems?
Limited memory, low cost, and fewer power consumptions.
p.41
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
Which system consumes less space and power, microprocessor or microcontroller?
Microcontroller systems consume less space and power.
p.1
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
What are the key characteristics of embedded systems?
They are task-specific, have real-time performance, and are often resource-constrained.
p.42
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What type of bus does a microcontroller use?
An internal controlling bus.
p.23
History of Embedded Systems
Who developed the first microcontroller and in what year?
Texas Instruments in 1971.
p.20
Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS)
What is one of the most popular Real Time Operating Systems (RTOS) in use today?
QNX (pronounced 'queue nicks').
p.20
Applications of Embedded Systems
In what applications is QNX used?
Medical instrumentation, monitoring nuclear reactors, traffic lights, and industrial process control.
p.41
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
What is the task orientation of a microcontroller?
It is a single task oriented system.
p.41
Microcontrollers vs Microprocessors
How does memory and I/O port configuration differ between microprocessors and microcontrollers?
Microprocessors allow you to decide the number of memory or I/O ports needed, while microcontrollers have a fixed number.
p.23
History of Embedded Systems
What was the first embedded operating system released and when?
VxWorks by Wind River in 1987.
p.25
Definition and Characteristics of Embedded Systems
What are two advantages of embedded systems?
High reliability and stability.
p.23
History of Embedded Systems
What was the first embedded system developed for?
The Apollo Guidance System in 1960.
