p.3
Histological Tools and Disease Relevance
What is the marker for glial tumors?
GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein).
p.18
Motor Proteins: Myosins, Kinesins, and Dyneins
What is the function of dynein?
Retrograde transport (minus end).
p.19
Cilia Types and Functions
Where are primary cilia located?
In the kidney and pancreas.
p.11
Microfilaments (Actin) Characteristics
What are the functions of microfilaments in non-muscle cells?
They form stress fibers, contractile rings, and cortical actin.
p.11
Microfilaments (Actin) Characteristics
What is the role of microfilaments in cell migration?
They assist in the migration of leukocytes.
p.16
Motor Proteins: Myosins, Kinesins, and Dyneins
What energy source does myosin use for muscle contraction?
Myosin uses ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as an energy source.
p.21
Ciliopathies and Related Disorders
What condition is associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia?
Chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, situs inversus, and infertility.
p.20
Cilia Types and Functions
What are the two types of cilia based on their function?
Motile cilia and primary cilia.
p.20
Cilia Types and Functions
How do cilia transport cargo?
Through microtubule motor-dependent shuttling, without vesicles.
p.15
Motor Proteins: Myosins, Kinesins, and Dyneins
What is the primary function of myosin in muscle cells?
To facilitate muscle contraction by interacting with actin filaments.
p.2
Intermediate Filaments
Which intermediate filaments are associated with the lens and cataracts?
Filensin and Phakinin (Class VI).
p.4
Cellular Assembly and Dynamics
What is the shape of the proteins involved in structure and assembly?
Rod shaped with globular ends.
p.1
Functions of Cytoskeleton
What are the general functions of the cytoskeleton?
Support, motility, proliferation, morphogenesis, histology tools, drug targets, and disease relevance.
p.6
Blistering and skin disorders
What are common symptoms of Epidermolysis bullosa simplex?
Blistering of hands and feet, abnormal skin color, and aplasia/hypoplasia of fingernails.
p.9
Microtubules Structure and Function
What is a protofilament in the context of microtubules?
A linear chain of tubulin dimers that forms the basic structure of microtubules.
p.2
Intermediate Filaments
What are the characteristics of intermediate filaments?
They are 10nm structures, consist of 6 classes, and are tissue specific.
p.5
Intermediate Filaments
What type of tissue was stained with pan-cytokeratin antibody?
Cultured embryonic mouse kidney.
p.21
Ciliopathies and Related Disorders
What are primary ciliary defects?
Defects that can lead to conditions like Kartagener’s syndrome and primary ciliary dyskinesia.
p.9
Microtubules Structure and Function
What are the building blocks of microtubules?
Dimer of alpha and beta-tubulin.
p.14
Motor Proteins: Myosins, Kinesins, and Dyneins
What is one of the primary functions of myosins?
To create contraction or tension on actin.
p.15
Motor Proteins: Myosins, Kinesins, and Dyneins
What are the two main types of myosin?
Myosin II (muscle myosin) and myosin I (non-muscle myosin).
p.8
Microtubules Structure and Function
What role do microtubules play in intercellular transport?
They serve as tracks for the movement of organelles and vesicles.
p.8
Microtubules Structure and Function
What is the relationship between microtubules and viruses?
Microtubules can be involved in the transport of viruses within host cells.
p.2
Intermediate Filaments
What type of intermediate filament is found in epithelial cells and appendages?
Acidic keratin (Class I) and Basic keratin (Class II).
p.19
Cilia Types and Functions
What is the function of rotary cilia during embryogenesis?
They help establish the left/right axis.
p.4
Cellular Assembly and Dynamics
Does self-assembly of these proteins require energy?
No, it does not require energy.
p.21
Ciliopathies and Related Disorders
What is Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS)?
A complex ciliopathy that involves multiple organ systems.
p.11
Microfilaments (Actin) Characteristics
What role do microfilaments play in muscle cells?
They are part of the contractile apparatus.
p.7
Microtubules Structure and Function
Do microtubules branch out?
No, they are non-branching.
p.13
Intermediate Filaments
What condition is associated with hereditary spherocytosis?
It is characterized by abnormal RBC morphology.
p.16
Motor Proteins: Myosins, Kinesins, and Dyneins
What is the primary function of myosin in muscle?
Myosin is responsible for muscle contraction.
p.19
Cilia Types and Functions
What are motile cilia and where are they found?
Motile cilia are found in the lungs and respiratory tract.
p.21
Ciliopathies and Related Disorders
What is Kartagener’s syndrome?
A type of ciliopathy characterized by chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, situs inversus, and infertility.
p.6
Blistering and skin disorders
What is Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS)?
A skin disorder characterized by blistering.
p.20
Cilia Types and Functions
What is the ciliary proteome composed of?
More than 1000 polypeptides.
p.1
Motor Proteins: Myosins, Kinesins, and Dyneins
What role do motor proteins play in the cytoskeleton?
They facilitate movement along the cytoskeleton.
p.14
Motor Proteins: Myosins, Kinesins, and Dyneins
Which direction do most myosins move toward?
+ end (barbed) of actin filaments.
p.14
Motor Proteins: Myosins, Kinesins, and Dyneins
What do myosins carry?
Cargo such as organelles or vesicles.
p.8
Microtubules Structure and Function
How do microtubules contribute to cell division?
They help in the formation of the mitotic spindle.
p.17
Motor Proteins: Myosins, Kinesins, and Dyneins
What direction do kinesins transport cargo?
Anterograde transport (+ end).
p.9
Microtubules Structure and Function
What are some structures formed by microtubules?
Centriole, cilia, and flagella.
p.13
Cytoskeleton Overview
What is the role of spectrin and cortical actin in cells?
They form a 2-D network under the cell membrane.
p.16
Motor Proteins: Myosins, Kinesins, and Dyneins
What type of protein is myosin?
Myosin is a motor protein.
p.12
Microfilaments (Actin) Characteristics
What is the relationship between G-actin at the plus end and the minus end during treadmilling?
G-actin + end = G-actin - end.
p.17
Motor Proteins: Myosins, Kinesins, and Dyneins
What types of cargo do kinesins transport?
Organelles, chromosomes, vesicles, and lysosomes.
p.20
Cilia Types and Functions
Where are motile cilia commonly found?
In the trachea and fallopian tubes.
p.18
Motor Proteins: Myosins, Kinesins, and Dyneins
What types of cargo can dynein transport?
Microtubules, mitochondria, Golgi membranes, chromosomes.
p.15
Motor Proteins: Myosins, Kinesins, and Dyneins
What role does myosin play in cellular processes aside from muscle contraction?
It is involved in cellular transport and cytokinesis.
p.16
Motor Proteins: Myosins, Kinesins, and Dyneins
What is the structure of myosin?
Myosin has a head, neck, and tail region, allowing it to interact with actin.
p.2
Intermediate Filaments
What are the types of intermediate filaments found in neurons?
Neurofilaments and Nestin (Class IV).
p.9
Microtubules Structure and Function
What role do microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) play?
They can stabilize microtubules.
p.13
Cytoskeleton Overview
What type of lattice is formed by actin, spectrin, and other proteins?
A lattice critical for red blood cell (RBC) morphology.
p.16
Microfilaments (Actin) Characteristics
How does myosin interact with actin?
Myosin binds to actin filaments to facilitate muscle contraction.
p.5
Intermediate Filaments
Where do intermediate filaments localize?
To areas under tensile stress.
p.2
Intermediate Filaments
What is GFAP and where is it found?
GFAP is a type of intermediate filament found in glial cells (Class III).
p.9
Microtubules Structure and Function
Where do microtubules originate from?
Microtubule-organizing center (MTOC).
p.20
Cilia Types and Functions
What is the primary function of primary cilia?
Sensory functions on most cells.
p.11
Microfilaments (Actin) Characteristics
How do microfilaments maintain cell membrane integrity?
They help maintain the integrity of red blood cells.
p.15
Motor Proteins: Myosins, Kinesins, and Dyneins
How does myosin generate movement?
By converting chemical energy from ATP into mechanical work.
p.13
Intermediate Filaments
What are common clinical manifestations of hereditary spherocytosis?
Anemia, jaundice, gallstones, splenomegaly.
p.8
Microtubules Structure and Function
How are microtubules related to RNA?
Microtubules assist in the transport of RNA within the cell.
p.11
Microfilaments (Actin) Characteristics
How do microfilaments contribute to cell shape changes?
They facilitate changes during embryogenesis.
p.10
Microfilaments (Actin) Characteristics
What is the process by which G-actin assembles?
G-actin assembles to form F-actin.
p.15
Motor Proteins: Myosins, Kinesins, and Dyneins
What is the significance of myosin's head region?
It binds to actin and hydrolyzes ATP to produce movement.
p.5
Intermediate Filaments
What are lamins associated with?
Nuclear envelope stability and possibly gene expression and signaling.
p.2
Intermediate Filaments
What is the distribution of vimentin?
Found in mesenchyme and glial cells (Class III).
