p.7
Transport Mechanisms: Diffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport
What are the three main ways molecules can move through the cell membrane?
Diffusion, active transport, and osmosis.
p.2
Life Processes in Organisms
What is excretion?
The process of getting rid of waste products.
p.9
Life Processes in Organisms
How do moulds obtain nutrients?
By absorbing nutrients from dead or living material.
p.6
Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells
How do fungi differ from plants?
Fungi do not photosynthesize and have cell walls made of chitin, not cellulose.
p.5
Role of Enzymes in Metabolism
How does temperature affect enzyme activity?
Higher temperatures increase the rate of reaction by providing more kinetic energy.
p.2
Life Processes in Organisms
How do plants obtain nutrition?
Plants make their own food.
p.2
Life Processes in Organisms
What is the role of movement in living organisms?
Movement occurs through muscle action in animals and slow growth movements in plants.
p.1
Transport Mechanisms: Diffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport
What processes allow substances to move into and out of cells?
Diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
p.10
Classification of Living Organisms
What type of organisms are most protoctists?
Microscopic single-celled organisms.
p.2
Life Processes in Organisms
What is the function of respiration in organisms?
To release energy from their food.
p.4
Life Processes in Organisms
What is secretion in the context of cells?
The release of a fluid or substances from a cell or tissue.
p.3
Cell Structure and Function
Where are proteins assembled in the cell?
On ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
p.7
Transport Mechanisms: Diffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport
What factors affect the rate of diffusion?
Concentration gradient, surface area to volume ratio, distance, and temperature.
p.2
Cell Structure and Function
What are organelles?
Structures within a cell that can be observed using an electron microscope.
p.10
Classification of Living Organisms
What are protozoa?
Protoctists that resemble animal cells, such as Amoeba.
p.8
Classification of Living Organisms
What is the main criterion for classifying living organisms?
According to their structure and function.
p.9
Life Processes in Organisms
What occurs when a spore from Mucor lands on food?
A hypha grows out from it and forms a mycelium.
p.7
Transport Mechanisms: Diffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport
What does it mean for a cell membrane to be selectively permeable?
It controls which chemicals can pass in and out of the cell.
p.1
Respiration: Aerobic vs Anaerobic
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not.
p.7
Transport Mechanisms: Diffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport
How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?
Higher temperatures increase the rate of diffusion due to more kinetic energy in particles.
p.9
Life Processes in Organisms
What happens to bread or fruit left exposed to air?
It becomes mouldy due to mould spores landing on it.
p.4
Role of Enzymes in Metabolism
Why are enzymes necessary in organisms?
Because low temperatures would make most reactions too slow to sustain life.
p.1
Cell Differentiation and Specialization
What is the role of specialized cells in multicellular organisms?
They carry out particular functions.
p.6
Life Processes in Organisms
Why can't fungi photosynthesize?
Because they do not contain chloroplasts.
p.1
Cell Differentiation and Specialization
What is the importance of cell differentiation?
Cell differentiation is crucial for the development of specialized cells.
p.8
Classification of Living Organisms
What are the five major groups of living organisms?
Plants, animals, fungi, protoctists, and bacteria.
p.5
Role of Enzymes in Metabolism
What happens when the substrate joins the active site of the enzyme?
It lowers the energy needed for the reaction to start.
p.5
Role of Enzymes in Metabolism
What are two factors that affect enzyme activity?
Concentration of the enzyme and substrate, temperature, and pH.
p.3
Transport Mechanisms: Diffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport
What does it mean for a membrane to be selectively permeable?
It can control the movement of some substances in and out of the cell.
p.3
Cell Structure and Function
What organelle is responsible for energy release in cells?
Mitochondrion (plural: mitochondria).
p.3
Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells
What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?
It helps the cell keep its shape and provides support.
p.3
Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells
What is the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?
They absorb light energy to make food through photosynthesis.
p.6
Classification of Living Organisms
What are the two main types of fungi?
Multicellular fungi (like mushrooms) and unicellular fungi (like yeasts).
p.2
Life Processes in Organisms
What is reproduction in living organisms?
The process of producing offspring.
p.6
Life Processes in Organisms
What is the primary way animals obtain their nutrition?
By feeding on other animals or plants.
p.1
Cell Structure and Function
What distinguishes multicellular organisms from unicellular organisms?
Multicellular organisms are composed of millions of cells, while unicellular organisms are made from a single cell.
p.2
Life Processes in Organisms
How do organisms respond to stimuli?
They are sensitive to changes in their surroundings.
p.4
Cell Differentiation and Specialization
What is the relationship between genes and enzymes?
Genes control the production of enzymes, which catalyse reactions in the cell.
p.2
Life Processes in Organisms
What are the eight life processes that take place in most living organisms?
Nutrition, respiration, excretion, response to stimuli, movement, control of internal conditions, reproduction, and growth and development.
p.1
Role of Enzymes in Metabolism
What is the function of enzymes in biological processes?
Enzymes act as biological catalysts in metabolic reactions.
p.8
Classification of Living Organisms
What are some examples of viruses mentioned?
Influenza virus, HIV virus, and tobacco mosaic virus.
p.5
Role of Enzymes in Metabolism
What does an increase in substrate concentration do to the rate of reaction?
It may increase the rate of reaction.
p.4
Role of Enzymes in Metabolism
How do enzymes affect chemical reactions?
They speed up reactions without being used up themselves.
p.4
Life Processes in Organisms
What are metabolic reactions?
The chemical reactions taking place in a cell.
p.4
Role of Enzymes in Metabolism
What are intracellular enzymes?
Enzymes that remain inside cells to carry out their functions.
p.1
Role of Enzymes in Metabolism
How can temperature changes affect enzyme function?
Temperature changes can alter the shape of the active site of enzymes.
p.7
Life Processes in Organisms
What is the net movement of oxygen during respiration?
There is a net movement of oxygen into the cell by diffusion.
p.3
Cell Structure and Function
What is the cell membrane's role?
It forms a boundary between the cytoplasm and the outside environment.
p.8
Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Cells
What distinguishes eukaryotic organisms from prokaryotic organisms?
Eukaryotic organisms have complex cells with a nucleus, while prokaryotic organisms do not.
p.7
Life Processes in Organisms
What is the purpose of cell respiration?
To take in substances like glucose and oxygen, and get rid of others like carbon dioxide and water.
p.4
Role of Enzymes in Metabolism
What are extracellular enzymes?
Enzymes that function outside of cells, such as those involved in digestion.
p.7
Transport Mechanisms: Diffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport
What is diffusion?
The net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.
p.3
Cell Structure and Function
What are genes responsible for?
Determining which proteins the cell can make.
p.1
Life Processes in Organisms
What does ATP provide for cells?
ATP provides energy for cells.
p.7
Transport Mechanisms: Diffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport
What is a concentration gradient?
The difference in concentration of a substance between two areas.
p.2
Cell Structure and Function
What is cytoplasm?
The living material that makes up a cell, with a texture like sloppy jelly.
p.10
Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Cells
What are prokaryotic organisms primarily composed of?
Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus.
p.10
Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Cells
What are the three basic shapes of bacteria?
Spheres, rods, and spirals.
p.10
Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Cells
What is the composition of bacterial cell walls?
A complex compound of sugars and proteins called peptidoglycan.
p.6
Classification of Living Organisms
What are the two main categories of animals based on the presence of a backbone?
Vertebrates and invertebrates.
p.8
Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells
What is a common feature of all plants?
They are multicellular and contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
p.4
Life Processes in Organisms
What is metabolism?
The sum of all metabolic reactions in a cell.
p.1
Cell Structure and Function
What are some basic features that are the same in all cells?
Despite differences, all cells share basic structural features.
p.7
Life Processes in Organisms
What happens to carbon dioxide concentration during respiration?
It builds up inside the cell, creating a higher concentration than outside.
p.3
Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells
What is stored in the vacuole of plant cells?
Cell sap, which contains dissolved sugars, mineral ions, and other solutes.
p.4
Role of Enzymes in Metabolism
What are enzymes?
Proteins that act as biological catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in cells.
p.3
Cell Structure and Function
What does the nucleus control?
The activities of the cell.
p.8
Classification of Living Organisms
Can you name an example of a protoctist?
Amoeba, Chlorella, or Plasmodium.
p.5
Role of Enzymes in Metabolism
What occurs after an enzyme has catalyzed a reaction?
The product is released from the active site, and the enzyme is free to act on more substrate molecules.
p.3
Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells
What structures are unique to plant cells?
Cell wall, permanent vacuole, and chloroplasts.
p.10
Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Cells
What defines eukaryotic organisms?
They have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
p.3
Role of Enzymes in Metabolism
What is the function of enzymes in cells?
They control the chemical reactions that take place in the cytoplasm.
p.2
Life Processes in Organisms
What does it mean for organisms to control their internal conditions?
They maintain a steady state inside the body.
p.2
Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells
What is the difference between typical plant and animal cells?
Plant cells have structures like cell walls and chloroplasts, while animal cells do not.
p.10
Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Cells
What is the size comparison between typical animal cells and bacteria?
Animal cells are 10 to 50 μm, while bacteria are 1 to 5 μm.
p.10
Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic Cells
Where is the genetic material located in a bacterium?
In a single chromosome, loose in the cytoplasm.
