p.24
Epidemiology and Etiology of Cancer
What is one purpose of monitoring cancer trends over time?
To track changes in cancer incidence and outcomes.
p.43
Cancer Management Strategies
What additional information is collected during a work-up?
As much information about the tumor as possible.
p.9
Theories of Cancer Causes
According to the Blastema Theory, from where does cancer arise?
From blastema, or budding elements.
p.14
Theories of Cancer Causes
What are oncogenes?
Genes that cause cells to grow out of control and become cancer cells.
p.29
Epidemiology and Etiology of Cancer
What does the term 'Estimated Cancer Deaths' refer to?
The projected number of deaths due to cancer within a specific time frame.
p.14
Theories of Cancer Causes
How are oncogenes formed?
By changes or mutations of normal genes called proto-oncogenes.
p.32
Cancer Management Strategies
What is the typical time frame for reporting survival rates?
5-year disease-free survival.
p.28
Epidemiology and Etiology of Cancer
What does the number 28 refer to in the context of cancer?
Estimated new cancer cases.
p.31
Theories of Cancer Causes
What is the definition of probability?
Probability is a measure of the likelihood that an event will occur.
p.43
Cancer Management Strategies
Are the exact procedures for a work-up the same for all patients?
No, they are site dependent.
p.35
Epidemiology and Etiology of Cancer
What is the current understanding of the exact cause(s) of cancer?
The exact cause(s) of cancer remains undetermined.
p.11
Theories of Cancer Causes
What was the dominant theory regarding the cause of cancer from the late 1800s to the 1920s?
Trauma Theory, which suggested that cancer was caused by serious injury.
p.38
Theories of Cancer Causes
What are chemotherapeutic alkylators?
They are a class of drugs that can induce cancer.
p.12
Theories of Cancer Causes
What was the belief about cancer during the 17th and 18th centuries?
That cancer was contagious.
p.31
Theories of Cancer Causes
What is the range of probability values?
Probability values range from 0 to 1, where 0 indicates impossibility and 1 indicates certainty.
p.8
Theories of Cancer Causes
According to the Lymph Theory, what causes cancer?
Cancer was a result of fermenting lymph.
p.21
Epidemiology and Etiology of Cancer
What type of information is important for understanding cancer incidence?
Data on the frequency and occurrence of cancer cases.
p.24
Epidemiology and Etiology of Cancer
Why is it important to collect information on cancer?
To enable medical professionals to better understand and address the cancer burden.
p.10
Theories of Cancer Causes
What was Rudolf Virchow's belief about how cancer spreads?
He believed cancer 'spread like a liquid.'
p.7
Historical Perspectives on Cancer
What did Hippocrates believe were the four humors?
Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.
p.5
Modern Understanding of Carcinogenesis
What does the microscope allow for in medical practice?
Precise diagnosis and confirmation of total resection.
p.25
Modern Understanding of Carcinogenesis
In what way does cancer information contribute to research?
It advances clinical, epidemiologic, and health services research.
p.4
Historical Perspectives on Cancer
Who was a notable figure in the 1800s regarding cancer surgery?
Scottish surgeon John Hunter.
p.9
Theories of Cancer Causes
Who proposed the Blastema Theory?
German pathologist Johannes Müller.
p.9
Theories of Cancer Causes
What did the Blastema Theory suggest about the composition of cancer?
Cancer was made of cells, not lymph.
p.8
Theories of Cancer Causes
What does the Lymph Theory propose about life?
Life consists of continuous and appropriate movement of fluids.
p.12
Theories of Cancer Causes
What significant event occurred in 1779 related to cancer treatment?
A French cancer hospital was forced to relocate.
p.31
Theories of Cancer Causes
What is the difference between independent and dependent events in probability?
Independent events do not affect each other's outcomes, while dependent events do.
p.20
Epidemiology and Etiology of Cancer
What does cancer incidence refer to?
The number of new cancer cases diagnosed in a specific time period.
p.22
Cancer Management Strategies
What chemotherapy information is essential?
Type, dosage, and dates of treatment.
p.19
Cancer Management Strategies
What role does chemotherapy play in cancer treatment?
It uses drugs to kill cancer cells or stop their growth.
p.3
Historical Perspectives on Cancer
What significant event regarding cancer documentation occurred around 1600 BC?
Egyptian manuscripts documented cancer.
p.15
Theories of Cancer Causes
What is the primary function of tumor suppressor genes?
They slow down cell division, repair DNA errors, and signal cells when to undergo apoptosis.
p.44
Oncologic Imaging Techniques
What are the major purposes of oncologic imaging?
To identify primary tumors and search for distant disease.
p.44
Oncologic Imaging Techniques
What is one procedure used in oncologic imaging?
Conventional radiographs.
p.14
Theories of Cancer Causes
What are proto-oncogenes?
Genes that normally control how often a cell divides and its degree of differentiation.
p.6
Theories of Cancer Causes
What does the Lymph Theory propose about cancer?
It suggests that cancer originates from the lymphatic system.
p.6
Theories of Cancer Causes
What is the Blastema Theory?
A theory that posits cancer arises from embryonic tissue or blastema.
p.36
Theories of Cancer Causes
Name a group of heavy metals that are considered chemical carcinogens.
Uranium, strontium, nickel, and beryllium.
p.22
Cancer Management Strategies
Why is insurance information important in cancer care?
It helps in managing treatment costs and coverage.
p.22
Detection and Diagnosis of Cancer
What is the significance of the date and location of a positive biopsy?
It provides context for the diagnosis and treatment timeline.
How are tumors classified?
By their anatomic site, cell of origin, and biologic behavior.
p.34
Epidemiology and Etiology of Cancer
What is epidemiology?
The study of the incidence of disease.
p.15
Theories of Cancer Causes
What happens when tumor suppressor genes do not function properly?
Cells can grow out of control, potentially leading to cancer.
p.7
Historical Perspectives on Cancer
How long did the Humoral Theory remain unchallenged?
For more than 1300 years.
p.35
Epidemiology and Etiology of Cancer
What are drug-induced carcinogens?
Drugs that can cause cancer as a side effect.
p.35
Epidemiology and Etiology of Cancer
How do viral and immunologic carcinogens contribute to cancer?
They can trigger cancer development through viral infections or immune responses.
p.30
Epidemiology and Etiology of Cancer
How can cancer death estimates influence healthcare policies?
They can guide resource allocation, research funding, and public health initiatives.
p.20
Epidemiology and Etiology of Cancer
What is the study of cancer epidemiology concerned with?
The distribution and determinants of cancer in populations.
p.20
Detection and Diagnosis of Cancer
What is the importance of detection and diagnosis in cancer?
To identify cancer early for better treatment outcomes.
What are common methods of cancer prevention?
Lifestyle changes, vaccinations, and screening.
p.24
Epidemiology and Etiology of Cancer
How can collected cancer information assist in public health?
By designing programs focused on risk-related behaviors or environmental risk factors.
p.41
Screening Methods for Early Detection
What is the primary purpose of screening in cancer management?
Early detection of cancer.
p.41
Screening Methods for Early Detection
What type of tumors are typically detected through screening?
Asymptomatic lesions and small, localized tumors.
p.38
Theories of Cancer Causes
What is the relationship between drug-induced carcinogens and cancer?
Certain drugs can increase the risk of developing cancer.
p.27
Cancer Management Strategies
What does the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society focus on?
Providing support and funding for research related to leukemia and lymphoma.
p.35
Epidemiology and Etiology of Cancer
What are chemical carcinogens?
Substances that can lead to cancer through chemical exposure.
p.44
Oncologic Imaging Techniques
Name a type of imaging technique that uses X-rays to create detailed images.
CT (Computed Tomography).
p.6
Theories of Cancer Causes
What is the Humoral Theory in relation to cancer?
A historical perspective suggesting that imbalances in bodily fluids cause cancer.
p.13
Theories of Cancer Causes
What are oncogenes?
Genes that have the potential to cause cancer.
p.13
Theories of Cancer Causes
What are protooncogenes?
Normal genes that can become oncogenes due to mutations.
p.40
Detection and Diagnosis of Cancer
What could thickening of a lump in the breast or elsewhere indicate?
It may be a sign of cancer.
What are the main treatment options for cancer?
Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy.
p.19
Cancer Management Strategies
Why is a multidisciplinary approach important in cancer management?
It ensures comprehensive care by involving various specialists.
p.25
Epidemiology and Etiology of Cancer
What is one reason for collecting cancer information?
To determine cancer patterns in various populations.
p.38
Theories of Cancer Causes
How can estrogen act as a carcinogen?
Estrogen can promote the development of certain types of cancer.
p.25
Cancer Management Strategies
What is a benefit of collecting cancer data regarding health resources?
It helps set priorities for allocating health resources.
p.26
Epidemiology and Etiology of Cancer
What do state laws require regarding data collection?
Data must be reported monthly.
p.42
Screening Methods for Early Detection
What are the key characteristics of an effective screening test?
It should be sensitive, specific, cost-effective, and accurate.
p.40
Detection and Diagnosis of Cancer
What is a common symptom indicating a potential cancer diagnosis related to bowel or bladder?
Change in bowel or bladder habits.
p.42
Screening Methods for Early Detection
What does it mean for a screening test to be specific?
It correctly identifies those without the disease.
p.40
Detection and Diagnosis of Cancer
What unusual symptom might suggest cancer?
Unusual bleeding or discharge.
p.19
Cancer Management Strategies
How does surgery contribute to cancer management?
By removing tumors and surrounding tissue to eliminate cancer.
p.40
Detection and Diagnosis of Cancer
What persistent symptom might suggest a respiratory issue related to cancer?
Nagging cough or hoarseness.
p.43
Cancer Management Strategies
What is the primary purpose of a work-up in a medical context?
To determine the general health of the patient.
p.21
Epidemiology and Etiology of Cancer
What does the term 'incidence' refer to in cancer?
The extent or frequency of cancer occurrence.
p.27
Cancer Management Strategies
What is the American Cancer Society?
A national organization that provides support and resources for cancer patients and their families.
p.10
Theories of Cancer Causes
Who demonstrated that cancers metastasize through malignant cells?
Karl Thiersch, a German surgeon.
p.7
Historical Perspectives on Cancer
What was required for good health according to the Humoral Theory?
Balance of the four humors.
p.29
Epidemiology and Etiology of Cancer
Why are cancer death estimates important?
They help in understanding the impact of cancer on public health and guide resource allocation.
p.12
Theories of Cancer Causes
What mistake was made regarding the 1926 Nobel Prize?
It was errantly awarded for documentation of parasite-induced cancer.
p.44
Oncologic Imaging Techniques
Which imaging technique uses magnetic fields and radio waves?
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging).
p.22
Detection and Diagnosis of Cancer
What type of information is crucial for cancer diagnosis?
Site, histology, grade, date and location of diagnosis.
p.42
Screening Methods for Early Detection
What does it mean for a screening test to be sensitive?
It correctly identifies those with the disease.
p.30
Epidemiology and Etiology of Cancer
What factors are considered in estimating cancer deaths?
Incidence rates, survival rates, and population demographics.
p.30
Epidemiology and Etiology of Cancer
Why is it important to track cancer death rates over time?
To identify trends, evaluate the effectiveness of treatments, and improve prevention efforts.
p.19
Cancer Management Strategies
What are the main treatment modalities used in cancer management?
Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy.
p.11
Theories of Cancer Causes
What evidence challenged the Trauma Theory of cancer?
Scientists could not induce cancer in laboratory animals by serious injury.
p.25
Cancer Management Strategies
How does cancer information assist in public health?
It guides planning and evaluation of cancer control programs.
p.34
Epidemiology and Etiology of Cancer
What does etiology refer to?
The study of the cause of disease.
p.15
Theories of Cancer Causes
What is apoptosis in the context of tumor suppressor genes?
It is the process of programmed cell death that tumor suppressor genes help regulate.
p.10
Theories of Cancer Causes
What did Karl Thiersch show about the spread of cancer?
That cancers metastasize through the spread of malignant cells and not through some unidentified fluid.
p.31
Theories of Cancer Causes
What is the formula for calculating probability?
Probability = (Number of favorable outcomes) / (Total number of outcomes).
p.35
Epidemiology and Etiology of Cancer
What role do radiation carcinogens play in cancer?
They contribute to cancer development through exposure to radiation.
p.20
Cancer Management Strategies
What is the focus of cancer management?
To effectively treat and manage cancer patients.
p.45
Biopsy Procedures and Techniques
What is the major purpose of a biopsy?
To determine or exclude an exact diagnosis.
p.6
Theories of Cancer Causes
What does the Parasite Theory state regarding cancer?
It suggests that parasitic infections can contribute to cancer development.
p.42
Screening Methods for Early Detection
What does accuracy in a screening test refer to?
The degree to which the test correctly identifies both positive and negative cases.
p.19
Cancer Management Strategies
What is the purpose of radiation therapy in cancer management?
To destroy cancer cells using high-energy radiation.
p.41
Screening Methods for Early Detection
Why are smaller, localized lesions considered highly curable?
Because they are easier to treat effectively.
p.14
Theories of Cancer Causes
What is the role of proto-oncogenes in the body?
To regulate cell division and specialization in function.
p.6
Theories of Cancer Causes
What is the Trauma Theory in cancer causation?
A theory that suggests physical trauma can lead to the development of cancer.
p.13
Theories of Cancer Causes
What are antioncogenes?
Genes that help prevent cancer by regulating cell growth.
p.6
Theories of Cancer Causes
What is the Modern Theory of cancer?
A contemporary understanding that incorporates genetic and environmental factors in cancer causation.
p.19
Cancer Management Strategies
What is targeted therapy?
A treatment that targets specific characteristics of cancer cells.
p.27
Cancer Management Strategies
What is the mission of Susan G. Komen for the Cure?
To support breast cancer research and provide resources for those affected by breast cancer.
p.13
Theories of Cancer Causes
What does the modern theory of cancer emphasize?
It is supported by scientific research.
p.31
Theories of Cancer Causes
What is a probability distribution?
A probability distribution describes how the probabilities are distributed over the values of the random variable.
p.13
Theories of Cancer Causes
What role do genetics play in cancer according to modern theory?
Genetics involve oncogenes, protooncogenes, and antioncogenes.
p.45
Biopsy Procedures and Techniques
What are common methods of biopsy?
Fine-needle aspiration, core needle, endoscopic, incisional, and excisional.
p.45
Biopsy Procedures and Techniques
What is an example of a tissue core obtained by needle biopsy?
A tissue core from a Ewing’s sarcoma.
p.40
Detection and Diagnosis of Cancer
What does an obvious change in a wart or mole potentially indicate?
It may be a sign of skin cancer.
p.29
Epidemiology and Etiology of Cancer
What factors can influence estimated cancer deaths?
Factors include age, gender, lifestyle, environmental exposures, and access to healthcare.
p.27
Cancer Management Strategies
What type of resources can local cancer agencies provide?
Support services, educational materials, and funding for research.
p.13
Theories of Cancer Causes
What are known carcinogens?
Substances that can lead to cancer, including viruses, chemicals, and radiation.
p.22
Cancer Management Strategies
What surgical data is important in cancer management?
Stage, lymph node involvement, surgical margins, and date.
p.6
Theories of Cancer Causes
What does the Chronic Irritation Theory suggest?
It proposes that prolonged irritation or inflammation can lead to cancer.
p.40
Detection and Diagnosis of Cancer
What does a sore that does not heal potentially indicate?
It may be a sign of cancer.
p.19
Cancer Management Strategies
What is the primary goal of cancer management?
To control or eliminate cancer and improve the quality of life for patients.
p.40
Detection and Diagnosis of Cancer
What symptom related to digestion might suggest cancer?
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing.
p.19
Cancer Management Strategies
What is immunotherapy?
A treatment that helps the immune system fight cancer.
p.30
Epidemiology and Etiology of Cancer
What is the significance of estimating cancer deaths?
It helps in understanding the impact of cancer on public health and informs prevention strategies.
p.22
Cancer Management Strategies
What details about lymph node involvement are significant?
Location, number, and whether they were removed.
p.42
Screening Methods for Early Detection
Why is cost-effectiveness important in screening tests?
It ensures that the benefits of screening outweigh the costs involved.
p.45
Biopsy Procedures and Techniques
What is an excisional biopsy?
A biopsy method where an entire lump or suspicious area is removed.
