p.34
r and k Selection Strategies
What characteristics define k strategists?
They are competitive species with long-lived individuals and stable populations.
p.25
Natality and Mortality Rates
What is natality?
The production of new individuals.
p.31
Population Regulation
What is intraspecific competition?
Competition among individuals of the same species.
p.11
Adaptation and Evolutionary Processes
What do adaptive traits enable organisms to do?
Live and thrive in different types of ecosystems.
p.33
Population Characteristics and Density
What are density dependent factors?
Factors that regulate population size at or near carrying capacity by regulating the availability of environment and resources.
p.24
Population Characteristics and Density
What is a contagious distribution in ecology?
A distribution where individuals are grouped together, often due to social behavior or resource availability.
p.9
Autecology and Environmental Interrelationships
What do species contribute to in Tansley's ecosystem concept?
They contribute to an interrelated whole.
p.11
Adaptation and Evolutionary Processes
How do adaptive traits affect an organism's fitness?
They increase the fitness of the organism.
p.34
r and k Selection Strategies
What type of environments do k strategists thrive in?
Mature, stable, and predictable environments.
p.9
Autecology and Environmental Interrelationships
What is the ecosystem concept proposed by Tansley?
Species create an 'interrelated whole' by connecting with the surrounding biological complex.
p.7
Natural Distribution and Regeneration of Species
What is artificial regeneration?
Regeneration through methods like plantation and air seeding.
p.14
Population Characteristics and Density
What are the key characteristics of a population?
Size and density, age structure, dispersion and ratios, natality, mortality, and life tables.
p.14
Natality and Mortality Rates
What is meant by mortality in the context of population?
The rate of death within a population.
p.14
Survivorship Curves and Population Regulation
What is the significance of life tables in population studies?
They provide a summary of the mortality and survival rates of a population.
p.32
Natality and Mortality Rates
What are density-independent factors?
Factors that influence mortality regardless of population density, typically physical or chemical in nature.
p.27
Natality and Mortality Rates
What is the complement of mortality rate?
The probability of living or surviving.
p.29
Survivorship Curves and Population Regulation
What does the probability of death look like in a Type II survivorship curve?
It remains almost the same across all age classes.
p.5
Ecological Amplitude and Tolerance
What is the Optimum Tolerance Range?
The range where organisms are abundant and fitness and growth are maximum.
p.13
Metapopulation Dynamics
What is a metapopulation?
A population of populations.
p.22
Population Characteristics and Density
What does carrying capacity (K) refer to?
The maximum population that a natural ecosystem can sustain under given environmental conditions.
p.7
Natural Distribution and Regeneration of Species
What is natural regeneration?
Regeneration that occurs through seed dispersers or natural factors.
p.6
Natural Distribution and Regeneration of Species
What does natural distribution of species involve?
Combining observations of species occurrence or abundance with the natural environment.
p.6
Natural Distribution and Regeneration of Species
What factors influence a species' ability to occupy its natural habitat?
Natural factors such as climate, soil, geology, and topography.
p.6
Natural Distribution and Regeneration of Species
What are cosmopolitan species?
Species that can occupy large areas.
p.28
Survivorship Curves and Population Regulation
What is plotted on the vertical column to derive a survivorship curve?
Logarithms of the number of survivors (l x).
p.29
Survivorship Curves and Population Regulation
What characterizes the linear curve (Type II) in survivorship?
Constant mortality rate throughout all age classes.
p.26
Natality and Mortality Rates
What role does Ecological Natality play in ecosystems?
It helps maintain ecological balance by controlling the proliferation of insignificant biota.
p.1
Autecology and Environmental Interrelationships
What variables does autecology measure to understand organisms?
Light, humidity, and available nutrients.
p.29
Survivorship Curves and Population Regulation
What does a concave curve (Type III) indicate?
Excessively high mortality rates in early life.
p.35
r and k Selection Strategies
What type of habitat do k-selected species typically inhabit?
Less harsh with less vacant space.
p.7
Natural Distribution and Regeneration of Species
What is regeneration?
The ability to replace dead and decayed parts or whole organisms by new ones.
p.3
Ecological Amplitude and Tolerance
What do species require for successful survival?
Specific environmental requirements.
p.16
Population Characteristics and Density
How did Berryman (2002) define a population?
A group of individuals of the same species that live together in an area of sufficient size to permit normal dispersal and/or migration behaviors.
p.22
Population Characteristics and Density
What does the symbol 'K' represent in ecology?
Carrying capacity of the environment.
p.24
Population Characteristics and Density
What does clumped distribution indicate?
Individuals are clustered in specific areas, often around resources or social groups.
p.24
Population Characteristics and Density
What is a regular or uniform distribution?
A distribution where individuals are evenly spaced, often due to territorial behavior or competition for resources.
p.15
Population Characteristics and Density
What is crude density?
Number or biomass per unit total space.
p.32
Natality and Mortality Rates
What are some examples of density-independent factors?
Weather and natural disasters.
p.21
Population Growth Forms and Rates
What does 'r' represent in population growth equations?
The intrinsic growth rate or Malthusian factor, calculated as b - d.
p.18
Natality and Mortality Rates
How can disease impact population size?
Disease can lead to increased mortality rates, reducing population size.
p.29
Survivorship Curves and Population Regulation
Give examples of organisms that exhibit a Type II survivorship curve.
Several perennial plants, hydra, many rodents, birds, and lizards.
p.35
r and k Selection Strategies
What type of climate is associated with r-selection?
Variable and unpredictable.
p.10
Adaptation and Evolutionary Processes
What is the relationship between adaptation and evolution?
Adaptation is the basis of the evolutionary process.
p.19
Population Growth Forms and Rates
What does the growth rate of a population represent?
The number of individuals added to a population per unit time.
p.19
Population Growth Forms and Rates
What is specific growth rate?
The growth rate per organism.
p.3
Ecological Amplitude and Tolerance
What does ecological amplitude refer to?
The tolerance of a species to fluctuations in environmental conditions.
p.14
Natality and Mortality Rates
What does natality refer to in population characteristics?
The production of new individuals.
p.27
Natality and Mortality Rates
What does mortality refer to in a population?
The death of any individuals in a population.
p.27
Natality and Mortality Rates
What is ecological or realized mortality?
Loss of individuals due to death in given ecological conditions.
p.6
Natural Distribution and Regeneration of Species
What are endemic species?
Species that are restricted to small regions.
p.28
Survivorship Curves and Population Regulation
What does a convex survivorship curve (type I) indicate?
Remarkably low mortality during most of life.
p.8
Natural Distribution and Regeneration of Species
What ecological role does Shorea robusta play in its habitat?
It serves as a significant tree species for forest regeneration.
p.1
Autecology and Environmental Interrelationships
What is the focus of autecology?
The study of environmental interrelationships of a particular species.
p.26
Natality and Mortality Rates
Is Ecological Natality constant over time and space?
No, it is not constant due to dynamic changes in physical constraints.
p.32
Natality and Mortality Rates
What is the effect of density-independent factors on population survival?
They affect survival equally, whether population density is high or low.
p.4
Ecological Amplitude and Tolerance
Give an example of a species with ecological amplitude.
Fire-adapted species or those resistant to pests.
p.29
Survivorship Curves and Population Regulation
Provide examples of organisms that exhibit a Type III survivorship curve.
Several plants, most insects, and many fishes.
p.35
r and k Selection Strategies
What type of climate is associated with k-selection?
Fairly constant and predictable.
p.35
r and k Selection Strategies
What is the successional status of k-selected species?
Later successional stage.
p.25
Natality and Mortality Rates
How do humans exhibit natality?
Through born individuals.
p.2
Adaptation and Evolutionary Processes
What is autecology?
The investigation and interpretation of the spatio-temporal dynamics of species.
p.33
Population Characteristics and Density
What does the Allee Principle state?
Under crowding as well as overcrowding may be limiting to populations.
p.23
Natural Distribution and Regeneration of Species
What does dispersion indicate in ecology?
The spatial and temporal distribution of individuals.
p.15
Population Characteristics and Density
What is density in ecological terms?
Number of individuals per unit area or per unit volume.
p.23
Natural Distribution and Regeneration of Species
Under what conditions are chances of random dispersion higher?
When the environment is uniform and resources are equally available throughout the year.
p.24
Population Characteristics and Density
What characterizes a random distribution?
Individuals are distributed without a predictable pattern, often due to the absence of strong interactions among them.
p.18
Population Characteristics and Density
How does predation influence population size?
Predation can decrease the population of prey species.
p.5
Ecological Amplitude and Tolerance
What characterizes the Stress Zone?
Organisms are few and experience stress due to suboptimal conditions.
p.15
Population Characteristics and Density
What are some factors affecting density?
Time and space, size of individuals, trophic level.
p.29
Survivorship Curves and Population Regulation
What causes a fixed fraction of each age to be removed in a Type II curve?
Predators, accidents, and other causes.
p.5
Ecological Amplitude and Tolerance
How does population size relate to environmental gradients?
Population size varies along environmental gradients, with maximum fitness in the optimum range.
p.35
r and k Selection Strategies
What type of habitat do r-selected species typically inhabit?
Harsh and physically more vacant space.
p.10
Adaptation and Evolutionary Processes
What does adaptation explain regarding individual organisms?
Tolerance range and acclimation.
p.25
Natality and Mortality Rates
What is binary fission?
A method of reproduction in Euglena.
p.20
Population Growth Forms and Rates
What are the two basic patterns of population growth?
Exponential growth and logistic growth.
p.11
Adaptation and Evolutionary Processes
What do adaptive traits describe?
The characteristics of an organism.
p.12
Metapopulation Dynamics
What is a metapopulation?
A set of spatially separated populations with some form of migration or mixing behavior among them.
p.3
Ecological Amplitude and Tolerance
How can species be metaphorically described in relation to their environment?
As a crystal of solute immersed in the solvent of the environment.
p.12
Metapopulation Dynamics
What does a metapopulation construct consist of?
Several spatially discrete populations and areas of suitable habitat that are either occupied or unoccupied.
p.12
Metapopulation Dynamics
What is a key characteristic of a metapopulation?
A group of two or more populations that exchange genes.
p.4
Ecological Amplitude and Tolerance
What is ecological amplitude?
The degree of adaptation of any organism to fluctuations in its environment.
p.21
Population Growth Forms and Rates
What is the formula for calculating total births (B)?
B = bN, where N is the population size.
p.14
Population Characteristics and Density
What does dispersion refer to in population characteristics?
The way individuals are spaced within a given area.
p.18
Population Characteristics and Density
What role does migration play in population size?
Migration can increase or decrease population size depending on the movement of individuals in and out of an area.
p.28
Survivorship Curves and Population Regulation
Give examples of organisms that exhibit a type I survivorship curve.
Human, whale, elephant, mountain sheep.
p.8
Natural Distribution and Regeneration of Species
Why is the study of natural regeneration important for Shorea robusta?
To ensure sustainable forest management and conservation.
p.21
Population Growth Forms and Rates
What does the formula K-N/K represent?
Environmental resistance in logistic growth.
p.1
Autecology and Environmental Interrelationships
How do organisms respond to changed environmental conditions according to autecology?
By shifting spatially to achieve environmental matching.
p.19
Population Growth Forms and Rates
What is the formula for calculating growth rate?
Growth rate = ΔN / Δt, where ΔN is the change in the number of organisms and Δt is the time interval.
p.22
Population Growth Forms and Rates
What happens to the population at the carrying capacity?
There would be no net growth in the population.
p.34
r and k Selection Strategies
What are r strategists according to Macarthur and Wilson?
Organisms selected for wide dispersal and rapid growth in unstable environments.
p.23
Natural Distribution and Regeneration of Species
What is regular dispersion?
Evenness in concentration of individuals is highest.
p.23
Natural Distribution and Regeneration of Species
What characterizes random dispersion?
Evenness in concentration of individuals is intermediate, with each individual having an equal chance to occupy a place.
p.34
r and k Selection Strategies
How do r strategists differ from k strategists in terms of population stability?
R strategists have unstable populations, while k strategists maintain stable populations.
p.27
Natality and Mortality Rates
How is mortality rate typically expressed?
In units of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year.
p.26
Natality and Mortality Rates
What factors affect Ecological or Realized Natality?
Several physical factors that lower natality to a level below its theoretical maximum.
p.28
Survivorship Curves and Population Regulation
What type of mortality is observed in type I survivorship curves?
Heavy mortality at the age of senescence.
p.18
Population Characteristics and Density
What effect do natural disasters have on population size?
Natural disasters can cause significant loss of life and habitat, reducing population size.
p.31
Population Regulation
What is interspecific competition?
Competition between different species for resources.
p.10
Adaptation and Evolutionary Processes
What can successful adaptation lead to?
Long survival and more reproduction.
p.25
Natality and Mortality Rates
What is the natality rate?
The number produced per female per unit time.
p.9
Autecology and Environmental Interrelationships
What is the significance of connections in Tansley's ecosystem concept?
Connections among species create a complex biological system.
p.11
Adaptation and Evolutionary Processes
What is the relationship between adaptive traits and distribution?
Adaptive traits increase the distribution of organisms.
p.16
Population Characteristics and Density
What does a sudden and drastic decrease in population indicate?
An unhealthy population leading to a threat.
p.16
Population Characteristics and Density
What is the definition of population size?
The number of individuals in a population at a given time.
p.16
Population Characteristics and Density
What are the factors affecting population size?
Natality, mortality, emigration, and immigration.
p.26
Natality and Mortality Rates
What is Maximum or Absolute or Potential or Physiological Natality?
The natality that a population realizes without any constraint, which is constant.
p.4
Ecological Amplitude and Tolerance
What does ecological amplitude express?
The ranges of change (range of demand and tolerance) in the environment.
p.21
Population Growth Forms and Rates
How is total deaths (D) calculated in a population?
D = dN, where N is the population size.
p.27
Natality and Mortality Rates
What does the vital index represent?
The ratio of birth and death.
p.31
Population Regulation
What are density dependent processes?
Processes where population growth rates are regulated by the density of a population.
p.5
Ecological Amplitude and Tolerance
What does ecological amplitude refer to?
The range of environmental conditions that a species can tolerate.
p.31
Population Regulation
How does waste accumulation affect population regulation?
It can limit population growth by creating unfavorable living conditions.
p.35
r and k Selection Strategies
How does population size behave in k-selected species?
Fairly constant, near carrying capacity (K).
p.35
r and k Selection Strategies
What type of mortality is common in r-selected species?
Density independent, often catastrophic.
p.10
Adaptation and Evolutionary Processes
What can changes in environmental conditions lead to in organisms?
Changes in form, physiology, and behavior.
p.25
Natality and Mortality Rates
What is macro proliferation?
The production of clones.
p.21
Population Growth Forms and Rates
What does 'd' signify in population dynamics?
The probability of death per individual.
p.12
Metapopulation Dynamics
Can populations in a metapopulation interact over long distances?
Yes, for example, trees separated by long distances may still interact by transferring pollen.
p.6
Natural Distribution and Regeneration of Species
How do human activities affect species distribution?
By altering habitats, creating barriers, and transporting species to new locations.
p.4
Ecological Amplitude and Tolerance
How does ecological amplitude relate to species?
It expresses the reaction of species against particular or groups of environmental factors.
p.8
Natural Distribution and Regeneration of Species
What factors influence the natural regeneration of Shorea robusta?
Soil quality, moisture availability, and light conditions.
p.18
Population Characteristics and Density
In what way can war affect population size?
War can lead to loss of life, displacement, and disruption of resources, impacting population size.
p.31
Population Regulation
What role do diseases play in population regulation?
Diseases, such as those caused by parasites, can reduce population size.
p.35
r and k Selection Strategies
What is the competition level like for r-selected species?
Variable and less important.
p.10
Adaptation and Evolutionary Processes
What is adaptation in organisms?
Adaptation allows organisms to adjust and survive according to resource availability.
p.25
Natality and Mortality Rates
How do birds exhibit natality?
Through hatched individuals.
p.14
Population Characteristics and Density
What does age structure indicate in a population?
The distribution of individuals of different ages within the population.
p.5
Ecological Amplitude and Tolerance
What is the Zone of Intolerance?
A region where organisms are absent due to extreme environmental conditions.
p.15
Population Characteristics and Density
What is specific density?
Number or biomass per unit of habitat space, i.e., actual available area.
p.32
Natality and Mortality Rates
How does a forest fire affect an individual deer in terms of population density?
An individual deer may be killed regardless of how many deer are in the area; survival chances remain the same.
p.29
Survivorship Curves and Population Regulation
Why is the Type II survivorship curve also called a diagonal curve?
Because it reaches a diagonal straight line.
p.5
Ecological Amplitude and Tolerance
What are the lower and upper limits in ecological tolerance?
The lower limit is where organisms begin to be absent, and the upper limit is where conditions become too extreme.
p.1
Autecology and Environmental Interrelationships
What does autecology quantify regarding organisms?
The survival and reproductive consequences of their interactions with the environment.
p.25
Natality and Mortality Rates
How do plants exhibit natality?
Through seed germination.
