p.2
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
Who were the main contributors to the development of Functionalism?
John Dewey and William James.
p.8
Subfields of Psychology
What issues does community psychology address?
Community problems, social issues, and health issues, helping people deal with their problems and traditional forms of psychotherapy.
p.7
Subfields of Psychology
What do School Psychologists primarily focus on?
The psychology of learning and the effectiveness of school programs.
p.16
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
How is psychology defined?
It is the science of human and animal behavior and its application to different problems.
p.1
Historical Development of Psychology
Which Greek philosophers contributed to early thoughts on human nature?
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
p.8
Subfields of Psychology
What does social psychology study?
Groups of people, their relationships, characteristics, attitudes, beliefs, decision-making processes, and communication.
p.8
Subfields of Psychology
What is the focus of developmental psychology?
Behavior across the lifespan, from childhood through adulthood, and changes in behavioral patterns at different developmental stages.
p.3
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What does Behaviorism emphasize in psychology?
The study of observable forms of behavior.
p.16
Historical Development of Psychology
What was the first textbook on psychology?
The Principles of Psychology.
p.1
Historical Development of Psychology
How long ago did psychology become an independent discipline?
Approximately 138 years ago.
p.17
Research Methods in Psychology
What does the experimental method in psychology involve?
Manipulating one variable to determine if changes in that variable cause changes in another variable.
p.7
Subfields of Psychology
What is the primary concern of Clinical Psychology?
Assessment, diagnosis, causes, and treatment of mental disorders.
p.12
Research Methods in Psychology
What does a positive correlation imply?
An increase in one score corresponds to an increase in another score.
p.6
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
Who are the main proponents of Psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud and his followers.
p.16
Research Methods in Psychology
What is the experimental method of study in psychology?
A method that involves manipulating variables to determine cause-and-effect relationships.
p.7
Subfields of Psychology
What does Cognitive Psychology study?
How the human mind thinks, remembers, and learns.
p.8
Subfields of Psychology
What is the role of a sports psychologist?
To enhance performance in sports by focusing on psychological aspects and working with teams at various levels.
p.12
Research Methods in Psychology
What does a correlation coefficient of 0 indicate?
No correlation between the two sets of scores.
p.10
Research Methods in Psychology
What are the three primary types of research methods used in psychology?
Descriptive method, experimental method, and correlational method.
p.7
Subfields of Psychology
What does Experimental Psychology study?
Different facets of behavior like learning, memory, and perception using controlled experiments.
p.12
Research Methods in Psychology
What does a negative correlation imply?
An increase in one score corresponds to a decrease in another score.
p.3
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What key feature is emphasized in the Humanistic Perspective?
Self-actualization and freedom to choose one's destiny.
p.1
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
Who are the key figures associated with structuralism?
Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener.
p.9
Research Methods in Psychology
What is the goal of the control step in psychological research?
Modifying behavior from undesirable to desirable.
p.3
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
Who are the founders of Behaviorism?
John B. Watson and Burrhus Fredrick Skinner.
p.18
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
Which psychologists are associated with Gestalt psychology?
Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler.
p.1
Idiographic Approach in Psychology
What does the idiographic approach focus on?
Understanding a particular individual or event.
p.8
Subfields of Psychology
What does health psychology focus on?
Physiological processes, behavior, and social factors that influence health and illness.
p.11
Research Methods in Psychology
What is a hypothesis?
A statement about the expected outcome of events.
p.8
Research Methods in Psychology
How does psychology qualify as a science?
It minimizes subjective bias and errors in data collection and interpretation.
p.10
Research Methods in Psychology
What is a case study?
A detailed account of an individual’s behavior and emotions based on a small set of participants.
p.2
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What is Gestalt Psychology concerned with?
The whole notion of sensory experience and the organization of sensations.
p.5
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
Who are the main figures in Humanistic psychology?
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
p.12
Research Methods in Psychology
What does a correlation coefficient of -1 indicate?
A perfect negative correlation between two variables.
p.2
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What significant work did Wilhelm Wundt publish?
Principles of Physiological Psychology.
p.7
Subfields of Psychology
What is the focus of Environmental Psychology?
The human-environment interrelationship and improving sustainable living.
p.3
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What role does unconscious motivation play according to Freud?
It plays an important role in nervous disorders.
p.16
Research Methods in Psychology
What makes psychology a scientific discipline?
It relies on empirical observation based on experiments.
p.2
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
Who founded Gestalt Psychology?
Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler.
p.9
Research Methods in Psychology
What emerges from the observations made by a psychologist?
A theory that explains the observed phenomenon.
p.6
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What does Cognitive psychology study?
Mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving.
p.17
Subfields of Psychology
What does clinical psychology focus on?
The assessment and treatment of mental illness and abnormal behavior.
p.17
Research Methods in Psychology
What is the observation method in psychological research?
Watching a participant in their natural setting and recording relevant behavior for later analysis.
p.7
Subfields of Psychology
What type of problems do Counseling Psychologists typically address?
Milder emotional or personal issues, such as career choices or family problems.
p.15
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What are the various perspectives from which psychology views human behavior?
Structuralism, functionalism, gestalt, behaviorism, psychoanalysis, biological, cognitive, humanistic, evolutionary, and sociocultural.
p.7
Subfields of Psychology
What do Organizational Psychologists aim to enhance?
The well-being and performance of employees in work-settings.
p.11
Research Methods in Psychology
What ethical considerations must be kept in mind during experiments?
The potential danger to participants and the treatment of animals used in experiments.
p.9
Research Methods in Psychology
What follows the formulation of a research question?
The development of a hypothesis.
p.9
Research Methods in Psychology
What does replication in research aim to establish?
The reliability of the results.
p.5
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What is the focus of Functionalism?
How the mind allows people to function in the real world.
p.12
Research Methods in Psychology
What does a correlation coefficient of +1 indicate?
A perfect positive correlation between two variables.
p.6
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What is the main idea of Structuralism?
Focuses on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components.
p.7
Subfields of Psychology
What is the main concern of Educational Psychology?
The psychology of teaching and enhancing students' learning efficiency.
p.11
Research Methods in Psychology
What are participants in an experiment?
The person or animal on which the experiment is conducted.
p.6
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What does Functionalism emphasize?
The purpose of mental processes and behavior in adapting to the environment.
p.11
Research Methods in Psychology
What is an independent variable?
The variable that is manipulated by the experimenter.
p.16
Research Methods in Psychology
What is the significance of empirical observation in psychology?
It is based on experiments rather than opinion or belief.
p.15
Research Methods in Psychology
What is the purpose of the experimental method in psychology?
To investigate a research problem by making assumptions known as hypotheses about observable events.
p.9
Research Methods in Psychology
What does the prediction step in psychological research involve?
Changing or modifying behavior.
p.1
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What was the main focus of early psychologists in studying the mind?
An empirical approach to understand thinking, attention, and imagery.
p.4
Cognitive and Humanistic Perspectives
Who is Hermann Ebbinghaus and what did he study?
A German psychologist who studied memory by investigating the formation of associations through learning serial lists of nonsense syllables.
p.4
Sociocultural and Biological Perspectives
What theory did Leon Festinger propose?
Cognitive dissonance theory.
p.14
Psychology's Evolution in India
What was the first psychology journal founded in India?
Indian Journal of Psychology.
p.5
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What is the main idea of Gestalt psychology?
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts, focusing on perception and sensation.
p.5
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
Who are the key figures in Gestalt psychology?
Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler.
p.5
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What does Cognitive psychology study?
Mental processes such as perception, thinking, memory, and decision-making.
p.16
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What is one reason to study psychology?
To understand the human mind and how it works.
p.11
Research Methods in Psychology
What is the first step in the experimental method?
Identifying a research problem that needs to be investigated.
p.2
Historical Development of Psychology
What educational background did Wilhelm Wundt have?
He began at a Catholic gymnasium, later graduated from a gymnasium in Heidelberg.
p.3
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What method did Freud use to reveal unconscious thoughts?
Free-talk and dream interpretation.
p.10
Research Methods in Psychology
What are the three main types of descriptive research design?
Case study, survey, and systematic observation.
p.3
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
Who are the main founders of the Humanistic Perspective?
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
p.6
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What is the main idea of Gestalt psychology?
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
p.1
Historical Development of Psychology
What was the first formal psychology laboratory in the USA and who set it up?
Johns Hopkins University, set up by G. Stanley Hall.
p.16
Psychology's Evolution in India
Trace the development of psychology as a discipline in India.
Psychology began to be studied formally in universities, starting with the University of Allahabad.
p.11
Research Methods in Psychology
What does the A-B-A design help to confirm?
That the observed effect was due to the independent variable introduced.
p.10
Research Methods in Psychology
What is systematic observation?
A method of collecting data by making systematic observations of naturally occurring behaviors without manipulating variables.
p.15
Psychology's Evolution in India
What influenced the emergence of psychology as a discipline in India?
The development of psychology in the West.
p.6
Subfields of Psychology
What is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?
A psychologist has a doctorate in psychology, while a psychiatrist has a medical degree.
p.4
Sociocultural and Biological Perspectives
What is the main focus of the Sociocultural Perspective?
Social and cultural factors that influence behavior.
p.4
Sociocultural and Biological Perspectives
What does the Biological Perspective focus on?
The biological bases of behavior and mental processes.
p.14
Psychology's Evolution in India
What is the focus of psychology in India today?
The study of human behavior using indigenous techniques along with western models.
p.18
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What is the focus of William James's contributions?
Functionalism in psychology.
p.17
Research Methods in Psychology
What does the correlation method aim to understand?
The association or relationship that exists between two variables.
p.8
Subfields of Psychology
What is forensic psychology?
A field that applies psychological principles to the criminal justice system and legal investigations.
p.15
Research Methods in Psychology
Why is psychology considered a science?
Because it systematically gathers data by observing and recording behaviors under controlled experimental conditions.
p.7
Subfields of Psychology
What is the focus of Physiological Psychology?
The relationship between the brain and behavior in humans and animals.
p.12
Research Methods in Psychology
What is an example of a research question that could use the correlational method?
Are intelligent people also happier?
p.10
Research Methods in Psychology
What is a major disadvantage of case studies?
Results cannot be easily generalized and are prone to subjective bias.
p.6
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What is the main idea of Humanistic psychology?
Emphasizes personal growth and the concept of self-actualization.
p.10
Research Methods in Psychology
What is a key disadvantage of the survey method?
Participants may not provide accurate answers due to social desirability bias.
p.6
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What is the focus of Socio-cultural psychology?
How social and cultural factors influence behavior and mental processes.
p.10
Research Methods in Psychology
What is inductive reasoning in the context of systematic observation?
Making observations to deduce logical causes of behavior and develop principles.
p.14
Psychology's Evolution in India
Who was the first faculty member in psychology at the University of Calcutta?
Dr. N. N. Sengupta, a Harvard-trained scholar.
p.5
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
Why is psychology considered a science?
Because it employs systematic methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis.
p.14
Psychology's Evolution in India
What was established in 1924 in India related to psychology?
The Indian Psychological Association.
p.17
Research Methods in Psychology
What is science defined as in the context of psychology?
A systematized body of knowledge gathered through carefully observing and measuring events.
p.17
Subfields of Psychology
What is the primary focus of counseling psychology?
Helping people with milder emotional or personal problems, such as career choices or educational decisions.
p.12
Research Methods in Psychology
What is the purpose of the correlational method in psychology?
To understand the relationship between two sets of scores.
p.11
Research Methods in Psychology
Who is referred to as the experimenter?
The person who conducts the experiment.
p.3
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What is the focus of the Humanistic Perspective?
People's ability to direct their own lives.
p.16
Historical Development of Psychology
Who were some major figures in the historical development of psychology?
Figures like Wilhelm Wundt and Sigmund Freud.
p.15
Historical Development of Psychology
Who established the first psychology lab and when?
Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany.
p.10
Research Methods in Psychology
What does the survey method involve?
Asking questions about the problem being studied through various means like interviews or questionnaires.
p.15
Research Methods in Psychology
What is the correlation method used for in psychology?
To understand the relationship between two sets of scores from one or two samples.
p.4
Cognitive and Humanistic Perspectives
What stimulated interest in studying higher-order mental processes in the Cognitive Perspective?
The gestalt approach and the development of computers.
p.9
Research Methods in Psychology
What is essential for hypothesis testing in scientific investigation?
Research design and methods for data collection and analysis.
p.14
Psychology's Evolution in India
Who became the first president of the Indian Psychoanalytic Society?
Girindra Shekhar Bose in 1922.
p.9
Research Methods in Psychology
What are the different approaches to study psychology scientifically?
Qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods.
p.4
Sociocultural and Biological Perspectives
Who is David Buss and what is his contribution?
One of the main founders of evolutionary psychology.
p.5
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What is the Biological perspective in psychology?
Behavior is the result of genetic influence, hormones, and neural mechanisms.
p.5
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
Who are the main figures in Evolutionary psychology?
David M. Buss and D. Singh.
p.1
Historical Development of Psychology
What did Socrates emphasize with his famous thought 'know thyself'?
The importance of self and personal reflection.
p.11
Research Methods in Psychology
What is a dependent variable?
The response of the person to a particular stimulus.
p.6
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What does Behaviorism focus on?
Observable behaviors and the effects of learning.
p.11
Research Methods in Psychology
What is the advantage of a within-group design?
Each subject serves as their own control, allowing for pre and post comparisons.
p.10
Research Methods in Psychology
What is naturalistic observation?
Observing human or animal behavior in natural conditions.
p.6
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What is the main idea of Evolutionary psychology?
Behavior and mental processes are shaped by evolutionary pressures.
p.6
Subfields of Psychology
What is the role of a psychiatric social worker?
To address environmental conditions impacting psychological disorders.
p.5
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What does Structuralism focus on?
Identifying the basic elements or 'structures' of psychological experience through introspection.
p.4
Sociocultural and Biological Perspectives
What are the three basic components of evolution according to Darwin?
Variation, inheritance, and selection.
p.5
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
Who are the main proponents of Behaviorism?
Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner.
p.5
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
Who are the main figures in Socio-cultural psychology?
Fritz Heider, Leon Festinger, Stanley Schachter.
p.5
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What does the Evolutionary perspective focus on?
The evolutionary origin of behavior.
p.2
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What did Functionalism focus on?
The functions of mind and behavior, such as learning and problem-solving.
p.1
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What is structuralism primarily concerned with?
Analyzing the basic structures of the human mind.
p.14
Psychology's Evolution in India
How was psychology in India influenced?
It was greatly influenced by western theories and concepts.
p.15
Research Methods in Psychology
What is a hypothesis in the context of psychological research?
A statement about the expected outcome of events based on literature review and theoretical background.
p.14
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
How did the approach to psychology change over time?
From philosophical to more empirical, objective, and scientific.
p.5
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
Who are the key proponents of Cognitive psychology?
Hermann Ebbinghaus, Sir Frederic Bartlett, Jean Piaget.
p.9
Research Methods in Psychology
What is the primary focus of a psychologist when observing behavior?
Describing what is happening, where it is happening, to whom it happens, and the context of the event.
p.11
Research Methods in Psychology
Why is replicability important in experiments?
To confirm or reconfirm the obtained findings under the same conditions.
p.9
Research Methods in Psychology
What is the first step in conducting research in psychology?
Identifying a problem or forming a question.
p.14
Psychology's Evolution in India
Who prepared the syllabus for psychology at the University of Calcutta?
Sir Brojendra Nath Seal in 1905.
p.5
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What is psychology?
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
p.5
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What does Behaviorism focus on?
Observable behavior only.
p.5
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What does Socio-cultural psychology focus on?
How social situations and cultures influence thinking and behavior.
p.11
Research Methods in Psychology
What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?
To serve as a baseline against which the experimental group is checked.
p.15
Research Methods in Psychology
What does the systematic observation method involve?
Making systematic observations of naturally occurring events without manipulating an independent variable.
p.6
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What does Biological psychology examine?
The relationship between biological processes and behavior.
p.4
Cognitive and Humanistic Perspectives
What are some key areas of focus in the Cognitive Perspective?
Memory, intelligence, language, problem-solving, and decision-making.
p.9
Research Methods in Psychology
Why is reporting results important in psychological research?
To allow replication and contribute to ongoing investigation and knowledge.
p.5
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What does Psychoanalysis emphasize?
The role of unconscious thoughts, feelings, memories, and early childhood experiences in determining behavior.
p.15
Psychology's Evolution in India
When was the study of psychology first initiated in India?
In 1916 at the University of Calcutta.
p.14
Psychology's Evolution in India
What was the first university to initiate the study of psychology in India?
University of Calcutta in 1916.
p.9
Research Methods in Psychology
What happens after results are obtained in research?
The hypothesis is accepted or rejected based on the analysis.
p.14
Psychology's Evolution in India
What significant contribution did Girindra Shekhar Bose make?
He blended Hindu thought with Freudian concepts.
p.4
Sociocultural and Biological Perspectives
What inspired the Evolutionary Perspective?
Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection.
p.5
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
What are the key features of Humanistic psychology?
Self-actualization and free will.
p.11
Research Methods in Psychology
What is a limitation of experimental findings?
They may not apply to real-life or natural situations due to the artificial nature of experiments.
p.15
Subfields of Psychology
What fields is psychology applied in?
Counseling, clinical, organization, forensic, sports, health, school, etc.
p.6
Subfields of Psychology
What areas might psychologists specialize in?
Social psychology, cognitive psychology, community psychology, and developmental psychology.
p.5
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
Who are the main proponents of Structuralism?
Wilhelm Wundt and Edward B. Titchener.
p.5
Major Schools of Thought in Psychology
Who are the key proponents of the Biological perspective?
Charles Darwin, E. Wilson, J. M. Harlow.
