p.3
Adaptations for Terrestrial Life
What is sporopollenin and its function?
Sporopollenin is a polymer that prevents zygotes from drying out.
p.14
Structure and Function of Bryophytes
What are the three types of nonvascular plants?
Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts.
What are the primary functions of roots in vascular plants?
To anchor the plants into the ground and absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
What is the function of the cuticle in plants?
It is a waxy covering of the epidermis that reduces water loss.
p.40
Vascular Tissue and Plant Growth
What advantage did taller plants have over shorter plants?
They could compete more effectively for sunlight.
What are mycorrhizae?
Symbiotic associations between fungi and land plants that help plants obtain nutrients.
What are sporophylls?
Modified leaves with sporangia.
p.33
Ecological and Economic Importance of Mosses
What conditions in peatlands inhibit decay?
Low temperature, pH, and oxygen level.
p.34
Classification of Plant Groups
What type of plants do not produce seeds?
Nonvascular plants and seedless vascular plants.
What are sori in relation to ferns?
Sori are clusters of sporangia on the underside of fern leaves.
p.11
Vascular Tissue and Plant Growth
What do apical meristems contribute to in plants?
They contribute to the growth in length of roots and shoots.
What is the function of the protonema in bryophytes?
It absorbs water and nutrients and forms 'buds' that develop into gametophytes.
p.31
Structure and Function of Bryophytes
What is the typical height range of moss gametophytes?
Usually less than 15 cm tall, but can range from 1 mm to 60 cm.
p.31
Structure and Function of Bryophytes
Are moss sporophytes visible to the naked eye?
Yes, they are usually visible to the naked eye.
p.31
Structure and Function of Bryophytes
What happens to moss sporophytes before they release spores?
They turn brown before releasing spores.
p.28
Structure and Function of Bryophytes
What is the function of the peristome in bryophyte sporophytes?
It disperses spores when conditions are dry.
p.25
Alternation of Generations in Plant Life Cycles
What do gametophytes produce?
Multiple gametangia, which are structures that produce gametes.
p.52
Alternation of Generations in Plant Life Cycles
What type of spore production do whisk ferns exhibit?
They are homosporous with bisexual gametophytes.
p.9
Alternation of Generations in Plant Life Cycles
Which plant generation produces spores?
The sporophyte generation.
p.15
Vascular Tissue and Plant Growth
What is vascular tissue in plants?
Cells joined into tubes for the transport of water and nutrients.
How do the sizes and lifespans of gametophytes compare to sporophytes in bryophytes?
Gametophytes are larger and longer-living than sporophytes.
What are stomata?
Pores that facilitate gas exchange between the outside air and internal plant tissues.
What are the two types of leaves?
Microphylls and Megaphylls.
p.2
Ecological and Economic Importance of Mosses
What do plants supply for terrestrial organisms?
Oxygen, food sources, and habitat.
p.19
Classification of Plant Groups
What are the two main groups of vascular plants?
Seedless vascular plants and seed plants.
p.37
Alternation of Generations in Plant Life Cycles
What type of life cycle do ferns exhibit?
Alternation of generations.
Which bryophyte sporophytes are larger and more complex?
Moss and hornwort sporophytes.
How do apical meristems contribute to plant growth?
By continuously dividing, allowing for elongation.
How are nutrients transferred from the parent plant to the embryo?
Through placental transfer cells.
p.11
Vascular Tissue and Plant Growth
Where are apical meristems located in plants?
At the tips of roots and shoots.
p.3
Adaptations for Terrestrial Life
What are some benefits of moving to land for plants?
Unfiltered sunlight, more plentiful CO2, and nutrient-rich soil.
p.47
Classification of Plant Groups
What plants are included in Phylum Lycophyta?
Club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts.
p.33
Ecological and Economic Importance of Mosses
What do Sphagnum deposits form?
Extensive deposits of partially decayed organic material known as peat.
p.32
Ecological and Economic Importance of Mosses
What unique ability do mosses have regarding desiccation?
They can rehydrate after complete desiccation.
p.28
Structure and Function of Bryophytes
What role does the seta play in a bryophyte sporophyte?
It conducts nutrients to the sporangium.
p.48
Structure and Function of Bryophytes
What are the two types of stems found in Lycophyte sporophytes?
Leaf-forming upright stems and ground-hugging root-forming stems.
What do angiosperms produce?
Seeds that develop inside chambers that originate within flowers.
What do the spores in heterosporous plants give rise to?
Either male or female gametophytes.
What is the typical diameter of gametophytes in hornworts?
Usually 1-2 cm in diameter.
p.51
Ecological and Economic Importance of Mosses
What historical use do the gritty stems of horsetails have?
They have been used for scouring pots and pans.
What is the function of apical meristems?
They enable elongation of roots and shoots for better resource acquisition.
What is the significance of multicellular, dependent embryos in plants?
The diploid embryo is retained and protected within the tissue of the female gametophyte.
What is the significance of Figure 29.1b?
The content of Figure 29.1b is not provided, so its significance cannot be determined.
What is produced by moss spores?
A mass of green, branched, one-cell-thick filaments called a protonema.
p.24
Adaptations for Terrestrial Life
What constraints do most bryophytes face in terms of height?
Lack of rigid support tissues and lack of vascular tissue for long-distance transport.
What are the three phyla of bryophytes?
Liverworts (Hepatophyta), Mosses (Bryophyta), and Hornworts (Anthocerophyta).
What type of plants do bryophytes represent?
Small, herbaceous (nonwoody) plants.
p.32
Ecological and Economic Importance of Mosses
In what types of environments can mosses inhabit?
Extremely cold, hot, and dry environments.
What do many lycophytes and most gymnosperms have?
Strobili, which are clumps of sporophylls in cone-like structures.
p.17
Classification of Plant Groups
What are the two main groups of seed plants?
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
p.39
Vascular Tissue and Plant Growth
What is the state of xylem cells at functional maturity?
They are dead and lignified.
What unique feature do Tmesipteris have instead of roots?
Leaflike outgrowths of the stem.
p.13
Classification of Plant Groups
What does phylogeny refer to in the context of plant groups?
The evolutionary history and relationships among different plant species.
What is one of the four key traits that appear in nearly all plants but are absent in charophytes?
Alternation of generations.
p.22
Alternation of Generations in Plant Life Cycles
How long are sporophytes usually present in the life cycle of bryophytes?
Usually present for only part of the life cycle.
p.16
Characteristics of Seedless Vascular Plants
Into how many clades are seedless vascular plants divided?
Two clades: Lycophytes and Monilophytes.
p.16
Characteristics of Seedless Vascular Plants
What are Lycophytes?
Club mosses and their relatives.
p.16
Characteristics of Seedless Vascular Plants
What are Monilophytes?
Ferns and their relatives.
p.34
Classification of Plant Groups
What are the four main groups of plants mentioned?
Nonvascular plants (bryophytes), seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.
p.34
Classification of Plant Groups
Which group of plants includes seed-producing plants?
Gymnosperms and angiosperms.
p.36
Alternation of Generations in Plant Life Cycles
Where do gametophytes grow in ferns?
On or below the soil surface.
What type of plants are heterosporous?
All seed plants and some seedless vascular plants.
p.39
Vascular Tissue and Plant Growth
What does phloem transport?
Organic materials, such as sugar.
How do gametophytes of hornworts grow?
They grow horizontally and have multiple sporophytes attached.
p.23
Alternation of Generations in Plant Life Cycles
What is the function of protonemata in the moss life cycle?
It is an early stage of the gametophyte.
Do horsetails have separate fertile and vegetative stems?
Yes, some horsetails have separate fertile and vegetative stems.
What is the function of sporopollenin in spore walls?
It makes them resistant to harsh environments.
What is a characteristic feature of some liverwort species?
They have stemlike gametophytes with many leaflike appendages.
p.40
Vascular Tissue and Plant Growth
What role does vascular tissue play in plants?
It provides structural support and long-distance transport.
p.16
Characteristics of Seedless Vascular Plants
What type of plants are seedless vascular plants?
Plants that have an extensive vascular transport system but do not produce seeds.
p.14
Structure and Function of Bryophytes
Are bryophytes a monophyletic group?
No, they are not a monophyletic group (clade).
p.26
Alternation of Generations in Plant Life Cycles
What limits sexual reproduction in bryophytes?
Water availability and the proximity of male and female gametophytes.
p.25
Structure and Function of Bryophytes
Do rhizoids participate in water or mineral absorption?
No, they lack specialized conducting cells.
p.30
Alternation of Generations in Plant Life Cycles
How are spores released in hornworts?
Spores are released when the horn splits open.
p.37
Alternation of Generations in Plant Life Cycles
What is the primary reproductive structure in ferns?
Sori, which contain sporangia.
What distinguishes bryophyte sporophytes from those of other plant groups?
They are the smallest sporophytes of all extant plant groups.
p.13
Classification of Plant Groups
Why is understanding the phylogeny of plant groups important?
It helps in understanding the evolution, diversity, and classification of plants.
What trait refers to the development of multicellular, dependent embryos in plants?
Multicellular, dependent embryos.
p.47
Classification of Plant Groups
What are the two clades of seedless vascular plants?
Phylum Lycophyta and Phylum Monilophyta.
p.3
Adaptations for Terrestrial Life
How did plants respond to the challenges of terrestrial life?
They diversified as adaptations evolved to thrive on land.
p.21
Classification of Plant Groups
What type of plants do not produce seeds?
Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) and seedless vascular plants.
p.31
Structure and Function of Bryophytes
What color are young moss sporophytes?
They are green and photosynthetic when young.
p.28
Structure and Function of Bryophytes
What is the function of the foot in a bryophyte sporophyte?
It absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte.
What are sori?
Clusters of sporangia on the undersides of fern sporophylls.
p.36
Alternation of Generations in Plant Life Cycles
How do sporophytes compare to gametophytes in seedless vascular plants?
Sporophytes are larger and more complex than gametophytes.
p.25
Structure and Function of Bryophytes
What are rhizoids?
Root-like structures that anchor gametophytes to the substrate.
p.6
Alternation of Generations in Plant Life Cycles
What does a sporophyte produce?
Haploid spores by meiosis.
What do megasporophylls bear?
Megasporangia, which produce relatively large megaspores.
p.30
Ecological and Economic Importance of Mosses
What type of symbiosis do hornworts form?
They form symbioses with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
p.49
Classification of Plant Groups
Which plants are classified as Monilophytes?
Ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns.
p.14
Structure and Function of Bryophytes
What are nonvascular plants lacking?
An extensive transport system.
p.47
Classification of Plant Groups
What plants are included in Phylum Monilophyta?
Ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns and their relatives.
What features do living vascular plants have?
Well-developed roots and leaves.
p.20
Evolution of Plants from Green Algae
When did bryophytes diverge from other plant lineages?
Early in the history of plant evolution.
p.48
Alternation of Generations in Plant Life Cycles
What are the two types of gametophytes in Lycophytes?
Some are photosynthetic, while others form below ground symbioses with fungi.
p.19
Classification of Plant Groups
What are the three main groups of nonvascular plants?
Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts.
p.19
Classification of Plant Groups
What are the two major categories of land plants?
Vascular plants and nonvascular plants.
p.37
Alternation of Generations in Plant Life Cycles
What is the role of gametophytes in ferns?
To produce gametes (sperm and eggs).
What are apical meristems?
Localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots.
Why are liverworts named as such?
Because their gametophytes are liver-shaped.
p.40
Vascular Tissue and Plant Growth
How did taller plants benefit from vascular tissue?
They were better able to compete for sunlight and disperse spores further.
What is a key characteristic of living vascular plants?
Life cycles with dominant sporophytes.
What role do secondary compounds play in plants?
They deter herbivores and parasites.
What are Megaphylls?
Larger leaves with a highly branched vascular system, found in all other plant groups.
p.32
Ecological and Economic Importance of Mosses
How do some mosses contribute to soil health?
By colonizing and helping retain nitrogen in bare, sandy soils.
p.34
Classification of Plant Groups
What distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms?
Angiosperms produce flowers and fruits, while gymnosperms do not.
p.2
Evolution of Plants from Green Algae
What are the closest relatives of plants?
Green algae called charophytes.
p.6
Alternation of Generations in Plant Life Cycles
How do spores develop in the alternation of generations?
Spores develop into gametophytes.
p.37
Alternation of Generations in Plant Life Cycles
What is the dominant generation in the life cycle of ferns?
The sporophyte generation.
p.38
Adaptations for Terrestrial Life
Where are ferns commonly found?
In various environments, including Hawaii.
p.11
Vascular Tissue and Plant Growth
What are apical meristems?
Regions of actively dividing cells at the tips of roots and shoots.
p.11
Vascular Tissue and Plant Growth
What is the significance of developing leaves in relation to apical meristems?
They are formed from the apical meristem of the shoot.
p.3
Adaptations for Terrestrial Life
What challenges did plants face when moving to land?
Scarcity of water and lack of structural support against gravity.
p.21
Classification of Plant Groups
What are the four main groups of plants mentioned?
Nonvascular plants (bryophytes), seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.
p.26
Alternation of Generations in Plant Life Cycles
How do flagellated sperm reach the egg in bryophytes?
They swim through a film of water in response to chemical attractants.
p.21
Classification of Plant Groups
Which group of plants includes seed-producing plants?
Gymnosperms and angiosperms.
p.6
Alternation of Generations in Plant Life Cycles
What is alternation of generations in plants?
The process by which the life cycles of plants alternate between two generations: gametophytes and sporophytes.
What is the shape and height of sporophytes in hornworts?
They are long and tapered horn-shaped structures, growing up to 5 cm tall.
p.27
Alternation of Generations in Plant Life Cycles
How are bryophyte sporophytes related to gametophytes?
Bryophyte sporophytes are attached to and dependent on the gametophyte throughout their lives.
How do root tissues compare to stem tissues in early vascular plants?
Root tissues closely resemble stem tissue.
What are gametangia in liverworts?
Reproductive structures that can be elevated on stalks.
What is the function of apical meristems in plants?
They are regions of actively dividing cells that contribute to plant growth.
What is the primary function of leaves in plants?
To increase surface area for light capture and conduct most of the photosynthesis.
p.32
Ecological and Economic Importance of Mosses
Where are mosses commonly found?
In moist forests and wetlands.
What are Microphylls?
Small, often spine-shaped leaves with a single vein, found only in lycophytes.
p.6
Alternation of Generations in Plant Life Cycles
What type of organism is a gametophyte?
A multicellular haploid organism that produces haploid gametes by mitosis.
What do microsporophylls bear?
Microsporangia, which produce relatively small microspores.
Do whisk ferns have roots?
No, they do not have roots.
p.28
Structure and Function of Bryophytes
What are the three major parts of a typical bryophyte sporophyte?
The foot, seta, and sporangium.
p.26
Alternation of Generations in Plant Life Cycles
How do many bryophytes reproduce asexually?
By producing brood bodies, which are small plantlets that detach and form new plants.
What is a seed?
An embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat.
What do gymnosperms produce?
Seeds that are not enclosed in chambers (naked seeds).
What do heterosporous plants produce?
Two types of sporophylls bearing different sporangia that produce different spore types.
p.19
Classification of Plant Groups
What are the two main categories of seed plants?
Gymnosperms and angiosperms.
What type of branching do whisk fern sporophytes exhibit?
Dichotomously branching stems.
p.25
Alternation of Generations in Plant Life Cycles
What is the function of archegonia?
They are female gametangia that produce a single nonmotile egg.
p.23
Alternation of Generations in Plant Life Cycles
What process leads to the formation of a zygote in moss?
Fertilization within the archegonium.
p.51
Characteristics of Seedless Vascular Plants
What are the main characteristics of horsetail sporophytes?
They have jointed stems with rings of small leaves or branches.
p.27
Alternation of Generations in Plant Life Cycles
What does the gametophyte supply to the sporophyte?
Sugars, amino acids, minerals, and water.
