p.1
Human Development Process
What initiates human development?
Fertilization of an oocyte by a sperm.
What are the two main prenatal periods of human development?
Embryonic and fetal periods.
What significant changes occur during the transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life?
Critical changes in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
p.8
Stages of Embryonic Development
What marks the beginning of cleavage in human development?
The inward movement of the fertilized oocyte (ovum).
p.4
Significance of Embryology
What is the significance of understanding normal development in relation to birth defects?
It helps in the understanding and correction of most defects and dispels parental guilt feelings.
p.4
Historical Perspectives on Embryology
What did ancient Egyptians believe about the soul and the infant?
They believed the soul entered the infant at birth through the placenta.
What happens to an infant's body during the first year?
Total length increases by approximately one half and weight usually triples.
p.5
Historical Perspectives on Embryology
What significant contribution did Leonardo da Vinci make to embryology?
He made accurate drawings of dissections of pregnant uteri containing fetuses.
p.11
Molecular Biology in Development
What does Slack JMW's 'Essential developmental biology' cover?
Fundamental concepts in developmental biology.
p.4
Significance of Embryology
Why is knowledge of human development significant for pediatricians?
Because some patients have birth defects resulting from maldevelopment.
p.11
Clinically Oriented Problems in Development
What ethical issues are discussed by Hovatta O and colleagues?
European scientific, ethical, and legal issues on human stem cell research.
What is a neonate?
An infant age 1 month or younger.
p.11
Developmental Periods
What significant contribution did O’Rahilly R make to embryology?
Described developmental stages in human embryos.
In which part of the embryo does the vertebral column develop?
In the dorsal part of the embryo.
p.5
Historical Perspectives on Embryology
What misconception about embryos persisted during the Middle Ages?
The theory that embryos were derived from menstrual blood and semen, often depicted as fully developed infants in the womb.
p.9
Descriptive Terms in Embryology
What is the median section in anatomical terms?
A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves.
p.6
Historical Perspectives on Embryology
What did Caspar Friedrich Wolff propose in 1759?
The layer concept, stating that development results from growth and differentiation of specialized cells.
p.9
Historical Perspectives on Embryology
What is the significance of Hans Spemann in embryology?
He is known for his work on inducers and 'organizers' in experimental embryology.
p.4
Historical Perspectives on Embryology
What does the Sanskrit treatise Garbha Upanishad describe?
It describes ancient views concerning the development of the embryo.
p.5
Historical Perspectives on Embryology
What did Girolamo Fabricius contribute to embryology?
He wrote major treatises, including 'De Formato Foetu', which contained illustrations of embryos at different stages.
p.6
Historical Perspectives on Embryology
What did Karl Ernst von Baer contribute to embryology in 1827?
He described the oocyte and observed cleaving zygotes and blastocysts.
p.11
Historical Perspectives on Embryology
What historical aspect does Hopwood N explore?
Normal plates, tables, and stages in vertebrate embryology.
p.9
Descriptive Terms in Embryology
What does the term 'anatomical position' refer to?
A standard position of the body used as a reference in anatomy.
What is puberty?
The period when humans become functionally capable of reproduction.
p.6
Historical Perspectives on Embryology
What are the two important embryologic concepts formulated by von Baer?
Corresponding stages of embryonic development and that general characteristics precede specific ones.
What is the critical period for development during pregnancy?
The first trimester (13 weeks).
p.4
Significance of Embryology
How does knowledge of common congenital birth defects benefit healthcare professionals?
It allows them to approach unusual situations with confidence rather than surprise.
p.5
Historical Perspectives on Embryology
What was the significance of William Harvey's book 'De Generatione Animalium'?
It marked the beginning of the embryologic revolution, proposing that male sperm metamorphosed into an egg-like substance.
p.4
Significance of Embryology
What is teratology?
The division of embryology and pathology that deals with abnormal development and birth defects.
p.11
Clinically Oriented Problems in Development
What is the focus of the work by Daughtry B1 and Mitalipov S?
Parthenote stem cells for regenerative medicine.
p.4
Significance of Embryology
What is the importance of understanding physiologic changes during the neonatal period?
It is essential for helping fetuses and neonates in distress.
p.11
Descriptive Terms in Embryology
What does the 'Color atlas of clinical embryology' provide?
Visual references for clinical embryology.
p.6
Historical Perspectives on Embryology
What misconception did Johan Ham van Arnheim and Anton van Leeuwenhoek have about sperm?
They thought sperm contained a miniature preformed human being.
p.5
Historical Perspectives on Embryology
What did Aristotle believe about the development of the embryo?
He believed it developed from a formless mass, arising from menstrual blood after activation by male semen.
p.5
Historical Perspectives on Embryology
What did Samuel-el-Yehudi describe in the second century AD?
He described six stages in the formation of the embryo.
p.5
Historical Perspectives on Embryology
What does the Quran state about human development?
It states that human beings are produced from a mixture of secretions from the male and female.
p.3
Stages of Embryonic Development
What is indicated by the migration of mesenchymal cells?
The development of the trilaminar embryo.
p.8
Descriptive Terms in Embryology
What terms are used to describe the front and back of the body?
Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal).
p.3
Stages of Embryonic Development
What are pharyngeal arches?
Structures that contribute to the formation of the face and neck during embryonic development.
p.3
Stages of Embryonic Development
What changes occur in the face during the fetal period?
The face has a more developed profile and the chin grows compared to earlier stages.
p.8
Molecular Biology in Development
What are the eight late metabolic fields discovered in embryology?
Condensation, contusion, distussion, dilation, retension, detraction, corrosion, and parathelial loosening.
What significant changes occur during the fetal period?
Differentiation and growth of tissues and organs.
p.8
Descriptive Terms in Embryology
What is the anatomical position?
The body is erect, with upper limbs by the sides and palms directed anteriorly.
p.4
Significance of Embryology
What is clinically oriented embryology?
It refers to the study of embryos, focusing on prenatal development.
Where does the sternum develop in the embryo?
In the ventral part of the embryo.
p.7
Molecular Biology in Development
What environmental factor was shown to adversely affect human embryo development in 1941?
Rubella virus infection in early pregnancy.
p.10
Clinically Oriented Problems in Development
What is the focus of Chapter 1 in the context of human development?
Clinically oriented problems.
p.11
Historical Perspectives on Embryology
What is the focus of Murillo-Gonzalés J's work on embryology?
A synthesis of classical, experimental, and molecular perspectives.
p.11
Genetics and Human Development
What does Nusslein-Volhard C's book discuss?
How genes drive development.
p.1
Significance of Embryology
What is the significance of the embryonic period?
It is when most visible advances in development occur.
p.7
Genetics and Human Development
What was demonstrated by Jérôme Jean Louis Marie Lejeune in 1959?
Infants with Down syndrome have 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46.
p.3
Stages of Embryonic Development
What is the significance of the genital tubercle?
It is the precursor to external genitalia in the developing embryo.
p.7
Genetics and Human Development
Who discovered sex chromatin in 1949?
Dr. Murray Barr and his graduate student Ewart (Mike) Bertram.
p.8
Clinically Oriented Problems in Development
What concerns are associated with human cloning?
Social, ethical, and legal implications, as well as potential birth defects.
During which weeks do the most visible advances in development occur?
Third to eighth weeks (embryonic period).
What are the postnatal periods of human development?
Neonatal, infancy, childhood, and adolescence.
p.3
Stages of Embryonic Development
What structures begin to develop during Stage 16?
Oral and nasal cavities become confluent.
p.9
Genetics and Human Development
What are the main considerations for human pluripotent stem cell culture?
Maintenance, expansion, and therapeutics.
p.3
Stages of Embryonic Development
What is the significance of the neural groove?
It is a precursor to the neural tube, which will develop into the central nervous system.
p.4
Significance of Embryology
What are some embryologic topics of special interest to obstetricians?
Oocyte and sperm transport, ovulation, fertilization, implantation, and fetal-maternal relations.
p.8
Genetics and Human Development
What cloning technique was used to create the first mammal, Dolly?
Somatic cell nuclear transfer.
p.9
Descriptive Terms in Embryology
What is the cranial direction in anatomical terms?
Towards the head or upper part of the body.
p.3
Stages of Embryonic Development
What is the primitive streak?
A structure that forms during embryonic development, marking the beginning of gastrulation.
p.6
Historical Perspectives on Embryology
Who discovered the three germ layers of the embryo?
Heinrich Christian Pander.
p.9
Descriptive Terms in Embryology
What is the purpose of using descriptive terms in embryology?
To denote the position of one part relative to another or to the body as a whole.
p.6
Historical Perspectives on Embryology
What did Wolff's observations lead to in terms of embryonic development?
The theory of epigenesis.
p.7
Genetics and Human Development
What did Charles Darwin emphasize in his book 'On the Origin of Species'?
The hereditary nature of variability among members of a species.
p.2
Stages of Embryonic Development
How long does embryonic development last?
It ends at stage 23, which occurs on day 56.
p.7
Genetics and Human Development
Who reported the first observations on human chromosomes and in what year?
Felix von Winiwarter reported the first observations on human chromosomes in 1912.
What occurs just before puberty?
A prepubertal growth spurt.
p.8
Descriptive Terms in Embryology
What do the terms cranial and caudal refer to in embryology?
Cranial refers to the head, and caudal refers to the tail.
p.3
Stages of Embryonic Development
What does the term 'digital rays' refer to?
The early formation of fingers and toes in the developing embryo.
p.9
Descriptive Terms in Embryology
What does 'caudal' refer to in anatomical terminology?
Towards the tail or lower part of the body.
What happens to development after birth?
Other changes occur in addition to growth, such as development of teeth and female breasts.
p.11
Historical Perspectives on Embryology
What is the subject of Pinto-Correia C's book?
The relationship between egg, sperm, and preformation.
p.7
Genetics and Human Development
What major breakthrough in genetics occurred in 1953?
James Watson and Francis Crick deciphered the molecular structure of DNA.
p.8
Descriptive Terms in Embryology
What is the median plane?
An imaginary vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves.
p.6
Historical Perspectives on Embryology
What theory did Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann formulate in 1839?
The cell theory, stating that the body is composed of cells and cell products.
p.8
Molecular Biology in Development
What are metabolic fields in human embryology?
Regions where specific tissues differentiate from mesenchyme or epithelium.
p.6
Historical Perspectives on Embryology
What did Marcello Malpighi observe in 1675?
Early embryos in what he believed were unfertilized hen's eggs.
p.6
Historical Perspectives on Embryology
What did Lazzaro Spallanzani demonstrate in 1775?
Both the oocyte and sperm are necessary for initiating the development of a new individual.
p.7
Genetics and Human Development
What significant discovery did Joe Hin Tjio and Albert Levan make in 1956?
They reported finding only 46 chromosomes in embryonic cells.
p.6
Historical Perspectives on Embryology
What significant studies did Etienne and Isidore Saint Hilaire conduct in 1818?
They studied abnormal development and initiated the science of teratology.
p.8
Genetics and Human Development
What is the significance of the term 'pluripotential' in relation to human embryonic stem cells?
It indicates the ability to differentiate into specialized cell types.
p.9
Descriptive Terms in Embryology
What does the term 'sagittal plane' refer to?
A plane that divides the body into right and left sections.
p.7
Genetics and Human Development
What technique did Keith L. Moore develop related to sex chromatin?
A buccal smear sex chromatin test used clinically.
