p.102
Accessory Structures: Hair
What can cause hirsutism?
An adrenal gland or ovarian tumor.
p.54
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
p.39
Dermis Structure and Function
What are cleavage lines in the skin?
Collagen fibers oriented in specific directions that indicate where the skin is most resistant to stretch.
p.78
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is the hair root?
The part of the hair that is below the skin and enclosed in the hair follicle.
p.50
Functions of the Skin
What is the purpose of an injection?
To deliver substances, such as medicines, to the body by puncturing the skin.
p.41
Dermis Structure and Function
What is the function of dermal papillae?
They increase the strength of the connection between the epidermis and dermis.
p.84
Accessory Structures: Hair
What does the hair papilla contain?
A knot of capillaries that supplies nutrients to the growing hair.
p.10
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is keratinization?
The process where cells change shape and chemical composition, becoming filled with the protein keratin.
p.48
Integumentary System Overview
How is total body fat estimated using the skin?
By pinching the skin and subcutaneous tissue at selected locations and measuring the thickness of the fold.
p.77
Accessory Structures: Hair
Where does hair formation occur?
In the matrix of the hair bulb at the deep end of the follicle.
p.82
Accessory Structures: Hair
What causes split ends in hair?
Wearing away of the cuticle at the tip of the shaft, allowing keratin fibrils to frizz out.
p.62
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What is melanin?
A pigment that determines skin color.
p.29
Epidermis Structure and Function
What type of cells arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis?
Dendritic (Langerhans) Cells.
p.64
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What areas of the body darken due to increased melanin during pregnancy?
Nipples, pigmented circular areas around the nipples, and genitalia.
p.29
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the primary function of Dendritic (Langerhans) Cells?
To ingest foreign substances.
p.62
Skin Color and Pigmentation
Which areas of the body contain less melanin?
Lips, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet.
p.16
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is a callus?
A thickened area of skin produced by friction, resulting in an increase in the number of layers in the stratum corneum.
p.75
Accessory Structures: Hair
What type of structure is hair classified as?
Hair is a flexible epithelial structure.
p.18
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
p.12
Epidermis Structure and Function
What type of system do the cells in the stratum spinosum contain?
A weblike system of intermediate filaments.
Where is the stratum lucidum located?
Between the stratum corneum and the stratum granulosum.
p.69
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What determines skin color?
The amount and type of melanin produced by melanocytes.
p.104
Accessory Structures: Hair
What determines whether hair is straight or curly?
The shape of the hair shaft.
p.20
Epidermis Structure and Function
What are the main characteristics of epithelial tissue?
It is composed of closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix, has polarity, and is anchored to the underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane.
p.58
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What determines a person's skin color?
The amount and type of melanin.
p.70
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What is carotene?
An orange-yellow pigment found in some vegetables.
p.50
Functions of the Skin
How does the depth of an injection affect substance delivery?
Substances are administered at different depths depending on how quickly they need to enter the blood.
p.43
Integumentary System Overview
What are fingerprints?
Identifying films of sweat formed by the ridges of the fingertip.
p.41
Dermis Structure and Function
How does the folding of dermal papillae affect the connection between the epidermis and dermis?
The greater the folding, the stronger the connections made.
p.70
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What happens to the skin when large amounts of carotene are consumed?
The skin can become quite yellowish.
p.28
Epidermis Structure and Function
What are melanocytes?
Spider-shaped epithelial cells that synthesize melanin pigment.
p.76
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is the hair follicle?
The structure where each hair rises, surrounded by dermal and epidermal sheaths.
How does the skin contribute to temperature regulation?
By controlling blood flow and sweating.
p.57
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What is melanin?
A group of pigments primarily responsible for skin, hair, and eye color.
What role does the skin play in sensation?
It contains sensory receptors for touch, pain, and temperature.
p.16
Epidermis Structure and Function
What does the term 'kalyo' refer to?
It refers to a callus, a thickened area of skin.
p.76
Accessory Structures: Hair
What surrounds the hair root?
Dermal and epidermal sheaths.
p.27
Epidermis Structure and Function
Where do keratinocytes arise in the epidermis?
In the deepest part of the epidermis, known as the stratum basale.
p.78
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is the function of the hair bulb?
It is the site of hair cell formation and the growth zone.
p.70
Skin Color and Pigmentation
Where does carotene accumulate in the body?
In the stratum corneum and in fatty tissue of the hypodermis.
p.83
Accessory Structures: Hair
What produces hair pigment?
Melanocytes in the hair bulb.
p.66
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What are birthmarks?
Congenital disorders of the blood vessels in the dermis.
p.82
Accessory Structures: Hair
What are keratin fibrils?
Protein structures in the inner regions of hair.
p.66
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What causes cyanosis?
A decrease in the blood O2 content.
p.37
Dermis Structure and Function
What type of tissue is the reticular layer made of?
Dense fibrous connective tissue.
How are the epidermis and dermis connected?
They are firmly connected.
p.12
Epidermis Structure and Function
What do the cells in the stratum spinosum accumulate?
Lipid-filled vesicles called lamellar bodies.
p.57
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What protection does melanin provide?
Protection against ultraviolet light from the sun.
p.108
Accessory Structures: Glands
What are the major glands of the skin?
Sebaceous glands and sweat glands.
p.72
Accessory Structures: Hair
What are accessory skin structures?
Structures such as hair, nails, and glands that are associated with the skin.
p.94
Accessory Structures: Hair
How long do eyelashes grow before resting?
Eyelashes grow for about 30 days and then rest for 105 days.
p.14
Epidermis Structure and Function
Where is the stratum lucidum found?
Only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hands and soles of feet.
p.29
Epidermis Structure and Function
What role do Dendritic (Langerhans) Cells play in the immune system?
They are key activators of our immune system.
p.34
Functions of the Skin
What is one of the main functions of the skin?
To bind the body together.
p.51
Dermis Structure and Function
How is an intradermal injection administered?
By drawing the skin taut and inserting a small needle at a shallow angle into the dermis.
p.9
Epidermis Structure and Function
Is the epidermis vascular or avascular?
Avascular (does not have any blood vessels).
p.70
Skin Color and Pigmentation
Is carotene soluble in lipids?
Yes, carotene is lipid-soluble.
p.12
Epidermis Structure and Function
How many cell layers thick is the stratum spinosum?
Several cell layers thick.
p.18
Epidermis Structure and Function
What are the main characteristics of epithelial tissue?
It is composed of closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix, has polarity, and is anchored to the underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane.
p.57
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What colors can melanin be?
Yellow, brown, or black pigments.
p.17
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is a corn?
A cone-shaped structure formed by the thickening of the stratum corneum.
p.8
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
p.20
Epidermis Structure and Function
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Based on the number of layers (simple or stratified) and the shape of the cells (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar).
p.40
Dermis Structure and Function
What property of the dermis contributes to its durability?
It is fairly tear resistant.
p.27
Epidermis Structure and Function
What do keratinocytes produce?
Keratin, a fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties.
p.39
Dermis Structure and Function
What happens when the skin is overstretched?
Stretch marks occur, leaving visible lines.
p.63
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What stimulates melanocytes to increase melanin production?
Exposure to ultraviolet light.
p.9
Epidermis Structure and Function
What type of epithelium composes the epidermis?
Stratified squamous epithelium.
p.77
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is the hair shaft?
The part of the hair that projects above the skin's surface.
p.75
Accessory Structures: Hair
What hormones influence the development of hairy regions?
Hormones account for the development of hairy regions such as the scalp, pubic, and axillary areas.
Where is thick skin found?
On the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.
p.31
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
p.99
Accessory Structures: Hair
What do chemotherapeutic agents affect in the integumentary system?
They interrupt the life cycle of rapidly dividing cancer cells, including hair matrix cells.
p.83
Accessory Structures: Hair
What are the extremes of hair color mentioned?
From pale blond to red to pitch black.
p.75
Accessory Structures: Hair
What are the main components of hair?
Hair consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells.
p.20
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
p.33
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
p.75
Accessory Structures: Hair
What role do melanocytes play in hair?
Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color.
p.133
Nail Structure and Function
What is the nail root?
The part of the nail covered by skin and embedded in skin.
p.32
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
p.38
Epidermis Structure and Function
What are the main characteristics of epithelial tissue?
It is composed of closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix, has polarity, and is anchored to the underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane.
p.18
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the role of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It provides support and anchorage for the epithelial cells and acts as a barrier to regulate the movement of substances.
p.14
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the stratum lucidum?
A clear layer formed from dead cells of the deeper strata.
p.4
Integumentary System Overview
What does the integumentary system consist of?
Skin and its accessory structures, including hair, nails, and glands.
p.71
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What gives skin its red coloring?
Hemoglobin from blood cells in dermal capillaries.
p.41
Dermis Structure and Function
What is a dermal papilla?
A finger-like projection or fold found in the superficial portion of the dermis.
p.4
Accessory Structures: Hair
What are the accessory structures of the integumentary system?
Hair, nails, and several types of glands.
p.84
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is the function of the hair papilla?
It supplies nutrients to the growing hair and signals it to grow.
What is one primary function of the skin?
Protection against environmental hazards.
p.10
Epidermis Structure and Function
What happens to the cells in the stratum basale during keratinization?
They transform into dead squamous cells of the stratum corneum.
p.48
Integumentary System Overview
What does a thicker skin fold indicate?
A greater amount of total body fat.
p.31
Epidermis Structure and Function
What are the main types of epithelial tissue?
Simple, stratified, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional.
What are the two main layers of the skin?
The epidermis and dermis.
p.31
Epidermis Structure and Function
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Based on the number of layers and the shape of the cells.
p.19
Epidermis Structure and Function
What are the main characteristics of epithelial tissue?
It is composed of closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix, has polarity, and is anchored to the underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane.
p.53
Functions of the Skin
What is the primary advantage of intramuscular injections?
They deliver material to the blood faster than intradermal or subcutaneous injections.
p.37
Dermis Structure and Function
What are cleavage (tension) lines important for?
They are important to surgeons.
What are the strata or layers of the epidermis?
Different layers that make up the epidermis, including the stratum corneum.
p.31
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the significance of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It provides support and anchors the epithelium to underlying tissues.
What do the terms thick skin and thin skin refer to?
The number of epidermal strata.
p.42
Dermis Structure and Function
What are dermal papillae?
Structures in the skin that form parallel, curving ridges.
p.59
Skin Color and Pigmentation
Why do pale-skinned individuals tend to suffer sunburns initially?
Because melanin synthesis takes time to peak after sun exposure.
p.34
Dermis Structure and Function
What characteristic of the skin allows it to be strong and stretchy?
Its dense connective tissue structure.
p.42
Dermis Structure and Function
Where are dermal papillae specifically arranged in the body?
In the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and tips of the digits.
p.28
Epidermis Structure and Function
Where are melanocytes located in the epidermis?
In the deepest part of the epidermis, known as the stratum basale.
p.17
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the stratum corneum?
The outermost layer of the epidermis, also known as the horny layer.
p.77
Accessory Structures: Hair
What type of cells divide to form hair?
Well-nourished stratum basale epithelial cells.
p.52
Accessory Structures: Glands
What is a subcutaneous injection?
A method of injecting medication into the adipose tissue of the subcutaneous layer.
p.98
Accessory Structures: Hair
What are terminal hairs?
Thicker, longer hairs found on the head, face, and body.
p.98
Accessory Structures: Hair
Can you name examples of terminal hairs?
Hair on your head, facial hair, eyelashes, eyebrows, pubic hair, chest hair, and belly hair.
p.73
Accessory Structures: Hair
Where is hair found on the human body?
Everywhere on the skin except on the palms, soles, lips, nipples, parts of the genitalia, and distal segments of fingers and toes.
p.74
Accessory Structures: Hair
What are hairs among in the body?
Hairs are among the fastest growing tissues.
What are the main layers of the skin?
Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.
How does the skin help in maintaining body temperature?
Through temperature regulation.
p.32
Epidermis Structure and Function
What are the main characteristics of epithelial tissue?
It is composed of closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix, has polarity, and is anchored to the underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane.
p.20
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the role of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It provides support and anchors the epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue.
p.18
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the significance of polarity in epithelial cells?
Polarity allows epithelial cells to have distinct apical (top) and basal (bottom) surfaces, which is crucial for their function.
p.64
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What hormone increases melanin production during pregnancy?
Estrogen and melanocyte-stimulating hormone.
p.71
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What determines the extent of red coloring in the skin?
The oxygen content of hemoglobin.
p.16
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the stratum corneum?
The outermost layer of the skin, also known as the horny layer.
p.43
Integumentary System Overview
What contributes to the formation of fingerprints?
Ridges of the fingertip that are well provided with sweat pores.
p.83
Accessory Structures: Hair
What determines the variety of hair color?
Varying amounts of different types of melanin.
p.59
Skin Color and Pigmentation
Can dark-skinned individuals get sunburns?
Yes, but they are more protected than pale-skinned individuals.
p.42
Epidermis Structure and Function
What do the patterns formed by dermal papillae in the epidermis called?
Friction ridges (fingerprints and footprints).
How does the skin assist in vitamin D synthesis?
It converts UV radiation into vitamin D.
p.42
Functions of the Skin
What is the function of friction ridges?
To increase friction and enhance the grasping or gripping ability.
What is the primary function of the skin?
To protect the body from external damage and pathogens.
p.35
Dermis Structure and Function
What role do blood vessels in the skin play?
They help maintain body temperature homeostasis.
p.26
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
p.33
Epidermis Structure and Function
Where can you find simple squamous epithelium?
In areas where diffusion and filtration occur, such as the alveoli of the lungs.
p.55
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
p.85
Accessory Structures: Hair
What happens when the arrector pili contract?
The hair stands on end and produces goose bumps.
p.93
Accessory Structures: Hair
What happens during the resting stage of hair growth?
Growth stops and hair is held in the hair follicle.
p.114
Accessory Structures: Glands
What are sebaceous glands?
Glands in the skin that produce oil.
p.79
Accessory Structures: Hair
How is the cuticle of hair structured?
Formed by a single layer of cells that overlap like shingles on a roof.
p.36
Dermis Structure and Function
What type of tissue is found in the papillary layer of the dermis?
Areolar connective tissue.
p.15
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the outermost layer of the epidermis called?
Stratum corneum (horny layer).
p.30
Epidermis Structure and Function
Where are Tactile (Merkel) Cells located?
At the epidermal-dermal junction.
What is the primary function of the integument?
To serve as a protective covering.
p.30
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the function of Tactile (Merkel) Cells?
They function as sensory receptors for touch.
p.62
Skin Color and Pigmentation
In which areas of the body are darkened areas due to melanin commonly found?
Genitalia, nipples, and circular areas around the nipples.
p.58
Skin Color and Pigmentation
Does the number of melanocytes affect skin color?
No, it is determined by the amount and type of melanin.
p.64
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What is the role of melanin in the skin?
It contributes to skin color and pigmentation.
Is the subcutaneous tissue considered part of the skin?
No, it is not part of the skin.
p.51
Dermis Structure and Function
What is an example of an intradermal injection?
The tuberculin skin test.
p.11
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the deepest layer of the epidermis called?
Stratum basale (stratum germinativum).
p.19
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
p.22
Epidermis Structure and Function
What are the main characteristics of epithelial tissue?
It is composed of closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix, has polarity, and is anchored to the underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane.
p.18
Epidermis Structure and Function
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Based on the number of layers (simple or stratified) and the shape of the cells (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar).
p.69
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What are the two main types of melanin?
Eumelanin and pheomelanin.
p.22
Epidermis Structure and Function
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Based on the number of layers (simple or stratified) and the shape of the cells (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar).
p.95
Accessory Structures: Hair
What does the loss of hair typically indicate?
That the hair is being replaced.
p.68
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What causes redness (erythema) in the skin?
Due to embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy.
p.37
Dermis Structure and Function
What are flexure lines?
Dermal folds that occur at or near joints.
p.38
Epidermis Structure and Function
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Based on the number of layers (simple or stratified) and the shape of the cells (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar).
p.19
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the role of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It provides support and anchors the epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue.
p.60
Skin Cancer Types and Risks
What severe consequence can result from too much sun exposure?
Sufficient DNA damage that can lead to skin cancer.
p.54
Epidermis Structure and Function
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Based on the number of layers (simple or stratified) and the shape of the cells (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar).
p.23
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the characteristic feature of epithelial tissue?
It has closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix.
p.51
Dermis Structure and Function
What is an intradermal injection?
A method that delivers material to the blood slowly by injecting into the dermis.
p.82
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is the cuticle in hair?
The outer layer that protects the inner hair regions.
What does the subcutaneous tissue connect the skin to?
Underlying muscle or bone.
p.76
Accessory Structures: Hair
What supplies the hair follicle with nutrients?
A rich nerve and blood supply.
p.22
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
p.38
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
What is the skin's role in excretion?
It helps eliminate waste products through sweat.
p.11
Epidermis Structure and Function
What type of border exists between the stratum basale and the dermis?
A wavy borderline that anchors the two together.
p.23
Epidermis Structure and Function
What are the main types of epithelial tissue?
Simple, stratified, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional.
p.60
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What can excessive sun exposure lead to?
Wrinkling and destruction of the cellular structure of the skin.
p.138
Nail Structure and Function
What is the nail bed?
The area beneath the nail where the stratum basale of the epidermis extends.
p.23
Integumentary System Overview
Where is epithelial tissue commonly found?
On surfaces such as skin, lining of cavities, and organs.
p.72
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is the primary function of hair?
To provide protection, regulate body temperature, and facilitate sensation.
p.74
Accessory Structures: Hair
How can hair contribute to social interactions?
Hair may help to attract sexual partners.
p.146
Functions of the Skin
What types of sensations do sensory receptors in the integumentary system detect?
Pain, touch, hot, cold, and pressure.
p.61
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What role does melanin play in skin color?
Melanin provides pigmentation and protects against UV radiation.
p.33
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the significance of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It provides support and anchors the epithelium to underlying connective tissue.
p.26
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the characteristic feature of epithelial tissue?
It has closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix.
p.125
Accessory Structures: Glands
What causes body odor related to apocrine glands?
The organic secretion is broken down by bacteria into substances responsible for body odor.
p.8
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the significance of epithelial tissue's polarity?
It allows for the differentiation of functions between the apical (top) and basal (bottom) surfaces of the tissue.
p.36
Dermis Structure and Function
What are dermal papillae?
Projections in the papillary layer of the dermis.
p.140
Nail Structure and Function
What causes nails to grow?
Cell production within the nail matrix.
p.115
Accessory Structures: Glands
What is a blackhead?
A clogged pore where accumulated sebum oxidizes and dries.
p.152
Functions of the Skin
What is one of the functions of the integumentary system related to waste?
Excretion of limited amounts of nitrogen-containing waste (ammonia, urea, and uric acid) in sweat.
p.17
Epidermis Structure and Function
What causes the formation of a corn?
Thickening of the stratum corneum over bony prominences.
p.31
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the role of cilia in certain epithelial tissues?
To help move substances across the epithelial surface.
p.52
Accessory Structures: Glands
How is a subcutaneous injection performed?
By pinching the skin to form a 'tent' and inserting a short needle.
p.19
Epidermis Structure and Function
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Based on the number of layers (simple or stratified) and the shape of the cells (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar).
p.53
Functions of the Skin
What angle is used to insert the needle for an intramuscular injection?
90-degree angle to the skin.
p.26
Epidermis Structure and Function
What are the main types of epithelial tissue?
Simple, stratified, cuboidal, columnar, and squamous.
p.117
Accessory Structures: Glands
What is seborrhea?
An overactive sebaceous gland.
p.45
Integumentary System Overview
Where can epithelial tissue be found in the body?
In skin, lining of cavities, and organs.
p.81
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is the function of the cuticle in hair?
It provides strength and helps keep the inner layers tightly compacted.
p.32
Epidermis Structure and Function
What are the different shapes of epithelial cells?
Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.
p.116
Accessory Structures: Glands
What causes acne?
Bacterial infection, specifically by Staphylococcus.
p.13
Epidermis Structure and Function
How many layers thick is the stratum granulosum?
Four to six layers thick.
p.45
Epidermis Structure and Function
How does epithelial tissue receive nutrients?
Through diffusion from underlying connective tissues.
p.23
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the role of cilia in certain epithelial tissues?
To help move substances across the epithelial surface.
p.61
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What is the relationship between skin color and UV exposure?
Darker skin provides more protection against UV radiation.
p.72
Accessory Structures: Hair
How does hair contribute to thermoregulation?
By trapping air and providing insulation.
p.80
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is the medulla in hair structure?
The soft central core of the hair, consisting of large cells and air spaces.
p.61
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What are the two main types of melanin?
Eumelanin (brown/black) and pheomelanin (red/yellow).
p.103
Hair Color and Texture
What type of melanin is found in darker hair?
A greater concentration of eumelanin.
p.44
Epidermis Structure and Function
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Based on the number of layers (simple or stratified) and the shape of the cells (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar).
p.128
Accessory Structures: Glands
What are ceruminous glands?
Modified apocrine glands found in the lining of the external ear canal.
p.126
Accessory Structures: Glands
What is the primary function of apocrine glands?
Their precise function is not yet known, but they are scent glands.
p.80
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is the composition of the medulla?
Large cells and air spaces.
p.154
Functions of the Skin
What does cyanosis indicate in the integumentary system?
A decrease in oxygen level and impaired circulatory and respiratory function.
p.88
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is the primary function of hair in the integumentary system?
To provide protection, regulate body temperature, and facilitate sensation.
p.23
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
p.60
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What is the role of melanin in skin color?
Melanin is responsible for the pigmentation of the skin.
p.33
Epidermis Structure and Function
What are the main types of epithelial tissue?
Simple, stratified, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional.
p.45
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
p.85
Accessory Structures: Hair
What are arrector pili?
Small bands of smooth muscle cells that connect each side of the hair follicle to the dermal tissue.
p.69
Skin Color and Pigmentation
How does UV exposure affect skin color?
It stimulates melanin production, leading to tanning.
p.22
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the role of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It provides support and anchorage for the epithelial cells and separates them from the underlying connective tissue.
What are the two main layers of the skin?
The epidermis and the dermis.
p.125
Accessory Structures: Glands
When do apocrine glands become active?
At puberty due to the influence of reproductive hormones.
p.53
Functions of the Skin
What type of tissue is penetrated during an intramuscular injection?
Muscle deep to the subcutaneous tissue.
p.55
Epidermis Structure and Function
What are the main types of epithelial tissue?
Simple, stratified, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional.
p.179
Integumentary System Overview
What is the Rule of Nines used for?
To determine the extent of burns.
p.55
Epidermis Structure and Function
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Based on the number of layers and the shape of the cells.
p.67
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What determines skin color?
Skin color is primarily determined by the amount and type of melanin produced by melanocytes.
p.61
Skin Color and Pigmentation
How does skin color vary among individuals?
Due to genetic factors, environmental influences, and exposure to sunlight.
p.72
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is the role of hair follicles?
To anchor each hair into the skin and provide nutrients.
p.55
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the role of ciliated epithelial tissue?
To move substances across the surface, such as mucus in the respiratory tract.
How does the skin regulate body temperature?
Through sweat production and blood vessel dilation.
p.26
Epidermis Structure and Function
How does epithelial tissue receive nutrients?
Through diffusion from underlying connective tissue.
p.155
Nail Structure and Function
What diagnostic method is used to detect lead poisoning?
Measuring levels of lead in hair.
p.140
Nail Structure and Function
How do nails grow compared to hair?
Nails grow continuously and do not have a resting stage.
p.122
Functions of the Skin
What do eccrine glands do when body temperature rises?
They produce sweat, which evaporates to cool the body.
p.162
Integumentary System Overview
How do second-degree burns differ from first-degree burns?
Second-degree burns penetrate deeper into the skin layers than first-degree burns, which only affect the epidermis.
p.32
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the regenerative capacity of epithelial tissue?
Epithelial tissue has a high regenerative capacity, allowing it to heal quickly.
What layers of the skin are destroyed in a third-degree burn?
Epidermis, dermis, and underlying tissues.
p.92
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is the resting stage in hair growth?
A phase after which hair falls out and is replaced.
p.44
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the significance of the polarity of epithelial cells?
Polarity allows epithelial cells to perform specialized functions, with distinct apical and basal surfaces.
p.46
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
p.35
Dermis Structure and Function
What structures are contained within the dermis?
Blood and lymph vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
p.8
Epidermis Structure and Function
What are the main characteristics of epithelial tissue?
It is composed of closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix, has polarity, and is anchored to the underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane.
p.81
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is the cuticle in hair structure?
The outer layer of the cortex that is heavily keratinized.
p.138
Nail Structure and Function
What role does the nail bed play?
It contributes to nail formation.
p.11
Epidermis Structure and Function
What happens to daughter cells produced in the stratum basale?
They are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers over 40 - 56 days.
p.196
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary focus of the study by Mariella P. Trance?
Aging on the integumentary system.
p.116
Accessory Structures: Glands
What is acne?
An active inflammation of sebaceous glands accompanied by pimples.
p.96
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is vellus hair?
Short, fine, almost invisible hair that grows on much of your body, also known as peach fuzz or baby hair.
p.8
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the role of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It provides support and anchorage for the epithelial cells and acts as a barrier to regulate the exchange of materials.
p.101
Accessory Structures: Hair
Who is most likely to experience male pattern baldness?
Typically occurs in men due to inherited genes and high testosterone levels.
p.96
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is terminal hair?
Thicker and longer hair that grows in places like your scalp and armpits.
p.13
Epidermis Structure and Function
What are the two types of granules accumulated in the stratum granulosum?
Keratohyaline granules and lamellar granules.
p.55
Epidermis Structure and Function
Where can you find stratified squamous epithelium?
In areas subject to abrasion, like the skin and the lining of the mouth.
p.6
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What is the significance of skin pigmentation?
It protects against UV radiation and affects vitamin D synthesis.
p.150
Functions of the Skin
How does the skin help regulate body temperature?
Through dilation and constriction of blood vessels.
p.126
Accessory Structures: Glands
What activates apocrine glands?
Nerve fibers during pain, stress, and sexual arousal.
p.190
Skin Cancer Types and Risks
What happens to the cells in squamous cell carcinoma?
They continue to divide and grow rapidly as they produce keratin.
p.44
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the role of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It provides support and anchorage for the epithelial cells and separates them from the underlying connective tissue.
p.162
Integumentary System Overview
What is the typical healing time for second-degree burns?
They usually heal within 2 to 3 weeks, depending on severity.
p.122
Functions of the Skin
What is hyperhidrosis?
Excessive sweating that's not always related to heat or exercise.
p.173
Integumentary System Overview
What areas of the body are critical when affected by third- or fourth-degree burns?
The face, hands, feet, or genitals.
p.128
Accessory Structures: Glands
What is the function of cerumen?
It helps keep the ear canal from drying out.
p.173
Integumentary System Overview
How do burns affect the body?
They can affect the airway.
p.73
Accessory Structures: Hair
What are the exceptions where hair is not found on the human body?
Palms, soles, lips, nipples, parts of the genitalia, and distal segments of fingers and toes.
p.45
Epidermis Structure and Function
What are the main types of epithelial tissue?
Simple, stratified, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional.
p.116
Accessory Structures: Glands
What are sebaceous glands?
Glands in the skin that produce oil.
p.35
Dermis Structure and Function
What are the two main components of the dermis?
Connective tissue layers composed of elastin and collagenous fibers.
p.22
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the significance of cell polarity in epithelial tissue?
Cell polarity allows for the differentiation of functions between the apical (top) and basal (bottom) surfaces of the cells.
p.101
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is male pattern baldness?
A type of hair loss that occurs in individuals with a specific inherited gene and high levels of testosterone.
p.45
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the characteristic feature of epithelial tissue?
It has closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix.
p.109
Accessory Structures: Glands
What type of gland are sebaceous glands?
Simple, branched acinar (sac-like) glands.
p.44
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?
To cover and protect surfaces, both inside and outside the body.
p.199
Functions of the Skin
How does sun exposure affect the aging of skin?
Skin exposed to sunlight shows signs of aging more rapidly.
p.45
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the role of cilia in certain epithelial tissues?
To help move substances across the epithelial surface.
p.67
Skin Color and Pigmentation
How does UV exposure affect skin color?
UV exposure stimulates melanin production, leading to a darker skin tone as a protective response.
p.26
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the role of cilia in certain epithelial tissues?
To move substances across the epithelial surface.
p.56
Skin Color and Pigmentation
How does the thickness of the stratum corneum influence skin color?
It can affect the overall appearance and tone of the skin.
p.150
Functions of the Skin
What role do sweat glands play in temperature regulation?
They produce sweat, which evaporates and lowers body temperature.
p.105
Hair Color and Texture
What is gray hair composed of?
A mixture of unfaded, faded, and white hairs.
p.148
Functions of the Skin
Why do many people need to ingest vitamin D?
Because clothing and indoor living reduce their exposure to ultraviolet light.
p.90
Accessory Structures: Hair
What causes hair to lengthen?
Older cells being pushed toward the surface as more new cells are formed beneath them.
What is a characteristic of the region affected by a third-degree burn?
It is painless because sensory receptors have been destroyed.
p.160
Integumentary System Overview
What are the common symptoms of first-degree burns?
Redness, minor swelling, and pain.
p.169
Integumentary System Overview
What nourishes the graft in a split skin graft procedure?
Interstitial fluid from the burn.
p.143
Integumentary System Overview
What are the main components of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
p.54
Epidermis Structure and Function
What are the main characteristics of epithelial tissue?
It is composed of closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix, has polarity, and is anchored to the underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane.
p.95
Accessory Structures: Hair
What happens to old hair when new hair begins to grow?
The old hair falls out of the hair follicle.
p.137
Nail Structure and Function
What is the nail matrix?
The part of the nail that is thicker than the nail bed and produces most of the nail.
p.33
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the role of ciliated epithelial tissue?
To move substances across the surface, such as in the respiratory tract.
p.94
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is the growth duration of scalp hairs?
Scalp hairs grow for 3 years and then rest for 1 to 2 years.
p.19
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the significance of cell polarity in epithelial tissue?
Cell polarity allows for the differentiation of the apical (top) and basal (bottom) surfaces, which is crucial for its functions.
p.93
Accessory Structures: Hair
What occurs in the next growth stage of hair?
A new hair is formed and the old hair falls out.
p.53
Functions of the Skin
What are intramuscular injections commonly used for?
Most vaccines and certain antibiotics.
p.23
Epidermis Structure and Function
How does epithelial tissue receive nutrients?
Through diffusion from underlying connective tissues.
p.194
Skin Cancer Types and Risks
What does the 'E' in the ABCDE rule for skin cancer indicate?
Evolution; one or more characteristics is evolving or changing.
p.33
Epidermis Structure and Function
How does epithelial tissue receive nutrients?
Through diffusion from underlying connective tissues, as it is avascular.
p.155
Nail Structure and Function
How can iron deficiency anemia be detected?
Through the presence of flat or concave nails.
p.101
Accessory Structures: Hair
What factors contribute to male pattern baldness?
Inheritance of a specific gene and high levels of testosterone.
p.96
Accessory Structures: Hair
What are the two main types of hair in the integumentary system?
Vellus hair and terminal hair.
p.168
Integumentary System Overview
What can result from the healing of deep partial-thickness and full-thickness burns?
Disfiguring and debilitating wound contracture.
p.13
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the function of keratohyaline granules?
They help to form keratin in the upper layer.
p.72
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is the composition of hair?
Primarily made of a protein called keratin.
p.92
Accessory Structures: Hair
What happens to hair after its lifespan ends?
It falls out and is replaced by new hair after a resting phase.
p.122
Functions of the Skin
Where can emotional sweating occur?
In the palms, soles, armpits, and other places.
p.174
Functions of the Skin
Why are facial burns particularly dangerous?
They can cause burns in respiratory passageways, leading to swelling and suffocation.
p.172
Integumentary System Overview
What is used when it is not practical to move skin from one part of the body to a burn site?
Artificial skin or grafts from human cadavers.
How does recovery occur from a third-degree burn?
From the edges of the burn wound.
p.80
Accessory Structures: Hair
How many layers compose the cortex of hair?
Several layers of flattened cells.
p.148
Functions of the Skin
What happens if humans are exposed to sufficient ultraviolet light?
They can produce all the vitamin D they need.
p.120
Accessory Structures: Glands
What is the primary composition of the secretion produced by eccrine glands?
Mostly water with a few salts.
p.188
Skin Cancer Types and Risks
What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors?
Benign tumors do not spread, while malignant tumors spread through blood and lymph vessels.
p.128
Accessory Structures: Glands
What can happen if there is excess cerumen in the ear canal?
It can accumulate and harden, diminishing hearing.
p.191
Skin Cancer Types and Risks
Why is malignant melanoma often considered deadly?
Because it can spread and is aggressive.
p.74
Accessory Structures: Hair
What protective functions do hairs serve?
They guard the head against bumps, shield the eyes via eyelashes, and help keep foreign particles out of the respiratory tract via nose hairs.
p.46
Epidermis Structure and Function
What are the main types of epithelial tissue?
Simple, stratified, cuboidal, columnar, and transitional.
p.61
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What determines skin color?
The amount and type of melanin produced by melanocytes.
p.8
Epidermis Structure and Function
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Based on the number of layers (simple or stratified) and the shape of the cells (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar).
p.20
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the significance of polarity in epithelial cells?
Polarity allows epithelial cells to have distinct apical (top) and basal (bottom) surfaces, which is crucial for their function.
p.46
Integumentary System Overview
Where can epithelial tissue be found in the body?
On the surfaces of organs, lining cavities, and forming glands.
p.113
Accessory Structures: Glands
What can happen when excess sebum accumulates in the gland ducts?
Pimples and blackheads can form.
p.54
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the role of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It provides support and anchors the epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue.
p.38
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the significance of epithelial tissue having a high rate of regeneration?
It allows for quick healing and replacement of damaged cells, which is crucial for maintaining protective barriers.
What are the two major tissue layers of the skin?
The epidermis and the dermis.
p.32
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the significance of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It provides support and anchors the epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue.
p.67
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What are the two main types of melanin?
Eumelanin (dark brown to black) and pheomelanin (yellow to red).
p.44
Epidermis Structure and Function
What are the main characteristics of epithelial tissue?
It is composed of closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix, has polarity, and is anchored to the underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane.
p.112
Accessory Structures: Glands
What is the primary function of sebum?
To lubricate the hair and surface of the skin.
p.193
Skin Cancer Types and Risks
What does asymmetry indicate in skin cancer?
Any two sides of the pigmented spot or mole do not match.
p.32
Functions of the Skin
What role does epithelial tissue play in absorption?
It facilitates the absorption of nutrients and substances in organs like the intestines.
p.124
Accessory Structures: Glands
What type of glands are apocrine glands?
Simple, coiled, tubular glands.
p.80
Accessory Structures: Hair
What surrounds the medulla in hair?
A bulky cortex layer composed of several layers of flattened cells.
p.135
Nail Structure and Function
What is the nail matrix?
The thickened proximal area responsible for nail growth.
p.87
Accessory Structures: Hair
What are the components of the hair root and shaft?
Columns of dead, keratinized, epithelial cells.
p.107
Accessory Structures: Glands
What is the primary function of skin glands?
To secrete substances such as sweat and oils.
p.103
Hair Color and Texture
What causes red hair?
A mixture of eumelanin and pheomelanin.
p.174
Functions of the Skin
What is a significant concern with joint injuries?
Scar tissue that forms can severely limit joint mobility.
p.131
Nail Structure and Function
Why are nails colorless?
Due to a lack of pigment.
p.130
Accessory Structures: Nails
What is the primary function of nails?
To protect the tips of fingers and toes.
p.174
Functions of the Skin
What are circumferential burns and their potential impact?
They can restrict movement and interfere with normal breathing, depending on their location.
p.173
Integumentary System Overview
What are circumferential burns?
Burns that occur around the body or limb.
p.169
Integumentary System Overview
What happens after a split skin graft is placed over a burn?
Blood vessels grow into the graft to supply it with nutrients.
p.113
Accessory Structures: Glands
What is the function of sebum produced by sebaceous glands?
It has a mild antibacterial and antifungal effect.
p.69
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What role do genetics play in skin color?
Genetics determine the number and activity of melanocytes.
p.38
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the role of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It provides support and anchorage for the epithelial cells and separates them from underlying tissues.
p.6
Dermis Structure and Function
What is the role of the dermis?
To provide strength and elasticity to the skin.
p.86
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is the origin of each hair?
Each hair arises from a hair follicle.
p.72
Accessory Structures: Hair
What are the main parts of a hair?
The hair shaft, hair root, and hair follicle.
p.196
Integumentary System Overview
What system is affected by aging according to the study?
The integumentary system.
p.146
Functions of the Skin
Do hair follicles have a direct nerve supply?
No, hair does not have a nerve supply.
p.156
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary focus of the course 'Anatomy and Physiology'?
To study the structure and function of the human body.
p.97
Accessory Structures: Hair
Where can vellus hair be commonly found?
In areas like ear lobes or face.
p.146
Functions of the Skin
How can the movement of hair be detected?
Through sensory receptors around the hair follicle.
p.86
Accessory Structures: Hair
How can hair follicles contribute to skin repair?
Epithelial cells within the follicle can divide and become a source of new cells if the surface epidermis is damaged.
p.56
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What role does blood circulation play in skin color?
It affects the hue and tone of the skin.
p.162
Integumentary System Overview
What are the characteristics of second-degree burns?
They cause pain, redness, swelling, and blistering.
p.110
Accessory Structures: Glands
Where are sebaceous glands located?
All over the skin, except on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.
p.55
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the significance of the basement membrane in epithelial tissue?
It anchors the epithelium to the underlying connective tissue.
p.148
Functions of the Skin
What is the role of ultraviolet light in vitamin D production?
Humans can produce all the vitamin D they need when exposed to enough ultraviolet light.
p.111
Functions of the Skin
What effect do increased androgen levels have on the skin during adolescence?
The skin tends to become oilier.
p.67
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What is the function of melanin in the skin?
Melanin protects the skin from UV radiation and contributes to skin color.
p.91
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is the primary function of hair in the integumentary system?
To provide protection, regulate body temperature, and facilitate sensation.
p.169
Integumentary System Overview
What is a split skin graft?
A procedure where the epidermis and part of the dermis are removed from another part of the body and placed over a burn.
p.192
Skin Cancer Types and Risks
Who suggests that people who sunbathe frequently examine their skin?
The American Cancer Society.
p.121
Functions of the Skin
What substances are typically found in sweat?
Potassium, ammonia, lactic acid, uric acid, and other wastes.
p.188
Skin Cancer Types and Risks
What are the risk factors for skin cancer?
Overexposure to UVR, infrared light, frequent irritation of the skin by infections, chemicals, and physical trauma.
p.88
Accessory Structures: Hair
What happens during the Catagen phase?
Hair growth slows and the hair follicle shrinks.
p.186
Skin Cancer Types and Risks
What are the main types of skin cancer?
Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
p.178
Integumentary System Overview
What is the integumentary system primarily composed of?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
p.68
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What is pallor (blanching) and what causes it?
Pallor is a pale appearance due to emotional stress such as fear, anemia, low blood pressure, or impaired blood flow to an area.
p.32
Epidermis Structure and Function
How is epithelial tissue classified?
Based on the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells.
p.26
Integumentary System Overview
Where can you find epithelial tissue in the body?
In skin, lining of organs, and cavities.
p.125
Accessory Structures: Glands
What is the nature of the secretion from apocrine glands when released?
It is essentially odorless.
p.168
Integumentary System Overview
What are the types of burns that take a long time to heal?
Deep partial-thickness and full-thickness burns.
p.118
Accessory Structures: Glands
What are sebaceous glands?
Glands in the skin that secrete oil (sebum).
p.15
Epidermis Structure and Function
What type of cells primarily make up the stratum corneum?
Shingle-like dead cells filled with keratin.
p.56
Skin Color and Pigmentation
How do pigments affect skin color?
They contribute to the coloration of the skin.
p.162
Integumentary System Overview
What type of burns are classified as second-degree burns?
Burns that affect both the epidermis and part of the dermis.
p.150
Functions of the Skin
What are some factors that can raise body temperature?
Exercise, fever, and increase in environmental temperature.
p.100
Accessory Structures: Hair
What are some causes of alopecia?
Disease, poor nutrition, chemotherapy, emotional distress, and aging.
p.100
Accessory Structures: Hair
How does aging relate to hair loss?
Aging is a common cause of alopecia.
p.112
Accessory Structures: Glands
How does sebum benefit the skin and hair?
It prevents drying and protects against some bacteria, as well as preventing brittle hair.
p.140
Nail Structure and Function
What happens to nail beds when the supply of oxygen in the blood is low?
They take on a cyanotic (blue) cast.
p.72
Accessory Structures: Hair
What factors can affect hair growth?
Genetics, hormones, and overall health.
p.193
Skin Cancer Types and Risks
What does the presence of different colors in a pigmented spot suggest?
It indicates potential skin cancer, as the spot may contain areas of black, brown, tan, and sometimes blue or red.
p.126
Accessory Structures: Glands
What type of stimulation do apocrine glands respond to?
Stress and sexual stimulation.
p.107
Accessory Structures: Glands
What types of glands are found in the skin?
Sweat glands and sebaceous (oil) glands.
p.167
Integumentary System Overview
How do fourth-degree burns differ from first, second, and third-degree burns?
Fourth-degree burns are the most severe, affecting deeper tissues, while the others affect only the outer layers of skin.
p.88
Accessory Structures: Hair
What occurs during the Anagen phase of hair growth?
Hair follicles are actively producing hair.
p.160
Integumentary System Overview
How does the skin appear after a first-degree burn?
It appears red and dry without blisters.
p.145
Functions of the Skin
What do the skin's natural antibiotics, defensins, do?
They help protect the skin by fighting off infections.
p.188
Skin Cancer Types and Risks
What does malignant mean in the context of cancer?
It refers to cancerous cells that spread throughout the body.
p.88
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is the Telogen phase?
The resting phase where hair is shed and new hair begins to grow.
p.157
Integumentary System Overview
What are some associated dangers of burns?
Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and circulatory shock.
p.194
Skin Cancer Types and Risks
What does the 'D' in the ABCD rule for skin cancer refer to?
Diameter; the lesion is larger than 6 millimeters.
p.114
Accessory Structures: Glands
What causes whiteheads?
Blockage of sebaceous glands.
p.115
Accessory Structures: Glands
What happens to sebum when it accumulates and is exposed to air?
It darkens, leading to the formation of blackheads.
What is the hypodermis primarily composed of?
Fat and connective tissue.
p.199
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What happens to melanin production as a person ages?
Increased melanin production leads to freckles and gray/white hair.
p.54
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the significance of the polarity in epithelial cells?
Polarity allows epithelial cells to have distinct functional regions, with an apical surface facing the body cavity or external environment and a basal surface attached to the basement membrane.
p.15
Functions of the Skin
What is the function of keratin in the stratum corneum?
It is a protective protein that prevents water loss from the skin.
p.103
Hair Color and Texture
What are the two types of melanin?
Eumelanin and pheomelanin.
p.105
Hair Color and Texture
What happens to melanin in hair as a person ages?
The amount of melanin can decrease, causing hair color to fade.
p.46
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the role of cilia in certain types of epithelial tissue?
To help move substances across the epithelial surface.
p.167
Integumentary System Overview
What is a fourth-degree burn?
A severe burn that extends through the skin and underlying tissues, potentially affecting muscles and bones.
p.193
Skin Cancer Types and Risks
What is meant by border irregularity in skin cancer?
The borders of the lesion are not smooth but exhibit indentations.
p.13
Epidermis Structure and Function
What do lamellar granules contain?
Water-resistant glycolipid for slowing water loss across the epidermis.
p.124
Accessory Structures: Glands
What do apocrine glands secrete?
A thick secretion rich in organic substances.
p.190
Skin Cancer Types and Risks
What is a potential risk if squamous cell carcinoma is not removed?
It can metastasize to lymph nodes.
p.131
Nail Structure and Function
What type of cells make up nails?
Densely packed, heavily keratinized epithelial cells.
p.151
Functions of the Skin
What are the three methods by which heat is lost in the integumentary system?
Radiation, convection, and conduction.
p.139
Nail Structure and Function
What is the lunula in relation to nails?
It is the region over the thickened nail matrix that appears as a white crescent.
p.135
Nail Structure and Function
What happens to the nail cells produced by the matrix?
They become heavily keratinized and die.
p.130
Accessory Structures: Nails
What are the main components of nails?
Keratin, a tough protein.
p.192
Skin Cancer Types and Risks
What should people look for when examining their skin?
New moles or pigmented spots.
p.191
Skin Cancer Types and Risks
What are the common appearances of malignant melanoma?
A large, flat, spreading lesion or a deeply pigmented module.
p.180
Integumentary System Overview
What is the Rule of Nines used for?
To estimate the total body surface area affected by burns.
p.106
Functions of the Skin
What role does skin play in sensation?
It contains sensory receptors that detect touch, temperature, and pain.
p.157
Integumentary System Overview
What can dehydration lead to in burn victims?
It can lead to serious complications and worsen the patient's condition.
p.153
Integumentary System Overview
Why is skin examination important in medical diagnostics?
It can reveal information about a patient's overall health.
p.170
Functions of the Skin
How does the integumentary system contribute to homeostasis?
By regulating temperature and protecting against pathogens.
p.69
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What is the relationship between skin color and vitamin D synthesis?
Darker skin may require more sunlight for adequate vitamin D synthesis.
p.56
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What are the three main factors that influence skin color?
Pigments in the skin, blood circulation through the skin, and the thickness of the stratum corneum.
p.46
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the characteristic feature of epithelial tissue regarding cell arrangement?
Epithelial tissue is composed of closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix.
p.86
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is a hair follicle?
An extension of the epidermis that originates deep in the dermis.
p.46
Epidermis Structure and Function
How does epithelial tissue receive nutrients?
Through diffusion from underlying connective tissues, as it is avascular.
p.90
Accessory Structures: Hair
Where does hair growth originate?
From the base, specifically in an area above the papilla.
p.131
Nail Structure and Function
What are nails primarily composed of?
A thin plate consisting of dead, stratum corneum cells containing a hard type of keratin.
p.111
Accessory Structures: Glands
What hormones increase the activity of sebaceous glands during adolescence?
Androgens (male sex hormones).
p.87
Accessory Structures: Hair
What do blood vessels in the hair papilla provide?
Nourishment needed to produce hair.
p.67
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What role does genetics play in skin color?
Genetics largely determines the baseline level of melanin and the type of melanin produced.
p.131
Nail Structure and Function
What are the main parts of a nail?
Each nail has a free edge, a body, and a root.
What layers of the skin are affected by fourth-degree burns?
They affect all layers of the skin, including the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue.
p.145
Functions of the Skin
What is one of the primary functions of nails in the integumentary system?
To protect the ends of the fingers and toes from damage.
p.121
Functions of the Skin
How does the acidity of sweat benefit the skin?
It inhibits the growth of certain bacteria.
p.191
Skin Cancer Types and Risks
What is malignant melanoma?
Cancer of the melanocytes.
p.121
Accessory Structures: Glands
How does sweat reach the skin surface?
Via a duct that opens externally as a funnel-shaped sweat pore.
p.171
Integumentary System Overview
From where does the new epidermis originate in full-thickness burns?
From epithelial tissue in the hair follicles and sweat glands.
p.120
Accessory Structures: Glands
What is the structure of eccrine glands?
Simple, coiled, tubular glands.
p.107
Accessory Structures: Glands
What is the role of sebaceous glands?
To produce oil that lubricates the skin and hair.
p.120
Accessory Structures: Glands
Where do the ducts of eccrine sweat glands open?
Onto the surface of the skin through sweat pores.
p.89
Accessory Structures: Hair
What process do epithelial cells undergo to form hair?
Division and keratinization.
p.153
Integumentary System Overview
How can the integumentary system serve as a diagnostic aid?
It provides visible signs of underlying health conditions.
p.143
Functions of the Skin
What role do sensory receptors in the skin play?
They detect changes in the environment, such as temperature and pressure.
p.136
Nail Structure and Function
Why do nails appear pink?
Due to the rich blood supply in the underlying dermis.
p.184
Integumentary System Overview
What are the main components of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
p.178
Dermis Structure and Function
What is the primary function of the dermis?
To provide strength and elasticity to the skin.
p.155
Nail Structure and Function
What indicates a vitamin A deficiency?
Excess keratin production and a 'sand paper' texture.
p.36
Dermis Structure and Function
What types of receptors are housed in some dermal papillae?
Pain receptors and touch receptors called tactile or Meissner’s corpuscles.
p.149
Functions of the Skin
Why is temperature regulation important for the body?
The body works best when temperature remains within homeostatic limits.
p.149
Functions of the Skin
How does body temperature affect chemical reactions?
The rate of chemical reactions can increase or decrease based on body temperature.
p.167
Integumentary System Overview
What are the potential complications of fourth-degree burns?
Complications can include infection, loss of function, and amputation.
p.88
Accessory Structures: Hair
What are the phases of hair growth?
Anagen (growth), Catagen (transitional), and Telogen (resting).
p.90
Accessory Structures: Hair
What type of cells make up the majority of the hair structure?
Dead, flattened cells filled with keratin.
p.91
Accessory Structures: Hair
What are the phases of hair growth?
Anagen (growth phase), Catagen (transitional phase), and Telogen (resting phase).
p.106
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary focus of the integumentary system?
To protect the body and regulate various functions.
p.89
Accessory Structures: Hair
What forms hair in the growth stage?
Epithelial cells within the hair bulb.
How long does it typically take for a third-degree burn to heal?
It takes a long time to heal.
p.91
Accessory Structures: Hair
What happens during the Catagen phase?
Hair growth slows and the hair follicle shrinks.
p.170
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary focus of the integumentary system?
To protect the body and regulate various functions.
p.147
Vitamin D Production
Where is cholecalciferol modified to produce active vitamin D?
In the liver and then in the kidneys.
p.141
Functions of the Skin
How does the integumentary system contribute to homeostasis?
By regulating temperature and protecting against pathogens.
How does aging affect collagen in the dermis?
The amount of collagen decreases.
p.189
Skin Cancer Types and Risks
What is a common result of basal cell carcinoma?
It produces an open ulcer.
p.161
Dermis Structure and Function
What happens if second-degree burns damage deep within the dermis?
They may appear red, tan, or white, take several months to heal, and may scar after healing.
p.170
Dermis Structure and Function
What is the primary function of the dermis?
To provide strength and elasticity to the skin.
p.142
Functions of the Skin
What role does skin play in sensation?
It contains sensory receptors that detect touch, temperature, and pain.
p.119
Accessory Structures: Glands
How do sweat glands release sweat?
Into hair follicles or onto the skin surface through pores.
p.183
Integumentary System Overview
How is the Rule of Nines modified for children?
The proportions are adjusted, with the head representing a larger percentage.
p.195
Integumentary System Overview
What are the main components of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
p.127
Dermis Structure and Function
What is the primary function of the dermis?
To provide strength and elasticity to the skin.
p.195
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is the role of accessory structures in the integumentary system?
They assist in protection, sensation, and thermoregulation.
p.110
Accessory Structures: Glands
Do some sebaceous glands open directly onto the skin surface?
Yes, some open directly onto the skin surface.
p.154
Functions of the Skin
What condition is indicated by jaundice?
Liver damage, such as viral hepatitis, characterized by a yellow color.
p.139
Nail Structure and Function
What does the lunula represent?
It is part of the nail matrix visible through the nail body.
p.145
Functions of the Skin
What is the role of sebum in the integumentary system?
It has bactericidal properties that kill bacteria.
p.158
Functions of the Skin
How does regeneration of the epidermis occur in partial-thickness burns?
From within the burn area and from the edges of the burn.
p.106
Integumentary System Overview
What are the main components of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
p.165
Functions of the Skin
What is a key characteristic of third-degree burns?
They can appear white, charred, or leathery and may not be painful due to nerve damage.
p.136
Nail Structure and Function
What is the nail matrix primarily composed of?
Mostly nonliving material.
p.186
Skin Cancer Types and Risks
What are common risk factors for skin cancer?
Excessive sun exposure, fair skin, and a history of sunburns.
p.170
Integumentary System Overview
What are the main components of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
p.189
Skin Cancer Types and Risks
Where does basal cell carcinoma begin?
With cells in the stratum basale.
p.153
Integumentary System Overview
What role does the integumentary system play in detecting infections?
It shows signs like redness, swelling, and pus.
p.170
Functions of the Skin
What role does skin play in sensation?
It contains sensory receptors that detect touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.
p.184
Functions of the Skin
What role does skin play in sensation?
It contains receptors that detect touch, temperature, and pain.
p.185
Integumentary System Overview
What are the main components of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
p.183
Integumentary System Overview
How is the body divided in the Rule of Nines for adults?
The body is divided into sections, each representing approximately 9% of total body surface area.
p.142
Integumentary System Overview
What are the main components of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
p.198
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What are age spots?
Areas where the number of melanocytes increases with age.
p.184
Nail Structure and Function
What is the role of nails in the integumentary system?
To protect the tips of fingers and toes.
p.175
Accessory Structures: Glands
How do glands in the integumentary system function?
They secrete substances like sweat and oil to maintain skin health.
p.127
Functions of the Skin
What role does skin play in sensation?
It contains sensory receptors that detect touch, temperature, and pain.
p.176
Functions of the Skin
What is the significance of vitamin D synthesis in the integumentary system?
It helps in calcium absorption and bone health.
p.127
Nail Structure and Function
What is the role of nails in the integumentary system?
To protect the tips of fingers and toes.
p.160
Integumentary System Overview
What type of burns are classified as first-degree burns?
Burns that affect only the outer layer of skin (epidermis).
p.143
Functions of the Skin
What is the primary function of the integumentary system?
To protect the body from external damage and pathogens.
p.124
Accessory Structures: Glands
Where do apocrine glands open?
Into hair follicles, specifically in the armpits and genitalia.
p.186
Skin Cancer Types and Risks
What is skin cancer?
A type of cancer that forms in the skin cells.
p.164
Integumentary System Overview
Why are skin grafts used in treating third-degree burns?
To prevent complications and to speed healing.
p.160
Integumentary System Overview
What is the typical healing time for first-degree burns?
Usually heals within 3 to 6 days.
p.141
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary focus of the integumentary system?
To protect the body and regulate various functions.
p.91
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is the Telogen phase?
The resting phase where hair is shed and new hair begins to grow.
p.178
Functions of the Skin
What are the main functions of the integumentary system?
Protection, regulation of body temperature, and sensation.
p.165
Functions of the Skin
How do third-degree burns affect skin function?
They impair the skin's ability to protect against infection and regulate temperature.
p.186
Skin Cancer Types and Risks
How can skin cancer be prevented?
By using sunscreen, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding tanning beds.
p.123
Accessory Structures: Glands
What role do eccrine glands play in the body?
They are a highly efficient part of the body's heat-regulating equipment.
p.157
Integumentary System Overview
What is circulatory shock in the context of burns?
A condition where the body does not get enough blood flow, potentially leading to organ failure.
p.147
Vitamin D Production
What does active vitamin D stimulate in the small intestine?
The absorption of calcium and phosphate.
p.106
Accessory Structures: Glands
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
To produce oil that lubricates the skin and hair.
p.175
Integumentary System Overview
What are the main components of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
p.144
Functions of the Skin
What is the protective function of hair in the nose and ears?
It prevents the entry of dust.
p.142
Functions of the Skin
How does the integumentary system contribute to homeostasis?
By regulating temperature and protecting against pathogens.
p.184
Accessory Structures: Glands
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
To produce oil that lubricates the skin and hair.
What are the three main layers of the skin?
Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.
p.142
Nail Structure and Function
What is the role of nails in the integumentary system?
To protect the tips of fingers and toes.
p.195
Accessory Structures: Glands
What is the function of sweat glands?
To regulate body temperature through perspiration.
p.166
Integumentary System Overview
What is often required due to the severity of fourth-degree burns?
Amputation or complete removal of the damaged tissue.
What are the possible colors of a third-degree burn?
White, tan, brown, black, deep cherry red.
p.165
Functions of the Skin
What type of burns are classified as third-degree burns?
Burns that damage all layers of the skin, including the epidermis, dermis, and underlying tissue.
p.159
Partial Thickness Burns
What are the characteristics of first-degree burns?
Red and painful with slight edema or swelling.
p.157
Integumentary System Overview
What is a burn?
Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals.
p.106
Functions of the Skin
How does the integumentary system contribute to homeostasis?
By regulating temperature and protecting against pathogens.
p.165
Functions of the Skin
What is the primary concern with third-degree burns?
They can lead to severe complications, including infection and fluid loss.
p.130
Accessory Structures: Nails
What is the purpose of the cuticle?
To protect the nail matrix from infection.
p.91
Accessory Structures: Hair
What factors can influence hair growth?
Genetics, hormones, nutrition, and overall health.
p.134
Nail Structure and Function
What is the cuticle or eponychium?
It is the stratum corneum that extends onto the nail body.
p.106
Dermis Structure and Function
What is the primary function of the dermis?
To provide strength and elasticity to the skin.
p.182
Integumentary System Overview
What is the Rule of Nines used for?
To estimate the total body surface area affected by burns.
What is a common risk associated with aging skin?
Increased likelihood of skin infections.
p.144
Functions of the Skin
What is the function of eyelashes in the integumentary system?
They protect the eyes from foreign objects.
p.198
Skin Color and Pigmentation
What happens to the number of melanocytes as a person ages?
The number of melanocytes decreases.
p.185
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is the significance of hair in the integumentary system?
It provides protection, insulation, and sensory input.
p.185
Accessory Structures: Glands
What are the functions of glands in the integumentary system?
They secrete substances like sweat and oil for regulation and protection.
p.127
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary focus of the integumentary system?
To protect the body and regulate various functions.
p.142
Accessory Structures: Hair
What are the accessory structures of the skin?
Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
p.177
Nail Structure and Function
What is the primary function of nails?
To protect the tips of fingers and toes.
p.166
Integumentary System Overview
What are fourth-degree burns?
Extremely severe burns that affect tissues deeper than the subcutaneous tissue, damaging muscle, bone, and other associated tissues.
p.91
Accessory Structures: Hair
What occurs during the Anagen phase of hair growth?
Hair follicles are actively producing hair.
p.151
Functions of the Skin
What is conduction in terms of heat loss?
Heat loss through direct contact.
p.192
Skin Cancer Types and Risks
Why is it important for frequent sunbathers to examine their skin?
To detect potential skin cancer early.
p.89
Accessory Structures: Hair
What constitutes the hair structure?
Hair root + shaft = columns of dead keratinized epithelial cells.
p.159
Partial Thickness Burns
How long does it typically take for first-degree burns to heal?
About a week without scarring.
p.180
Integumentary System Overview
How is the body divided in the Rule of Nines for adults?
The body is divided into sections, each representing approximately 9% of total body surface area.
p.123
Accessory Structures: Glands
How are eccrine glands activated?
They are supplied with nerve endings that trigger sweat secretion when external or body temperature is too high.
p.144
Functions of the Skin
How does the integumentary system reduce water loss?
By providing a barrier that prevents excessive evaporation.
p.186
Skin Cancer Types and Risks
What are the signs of skin cancer?
Changes in moles, new growths, or sores that do not heal.
p.185
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary focus of the integumentary system?
To protect the body and regulate various functions.
p.144
Functions of the Skin
How do eyebrows contribute to protection?
They keep sweat out of the eyes.
p.147
Vitamin D Production
Why is vitamin D important for the body?
It is essential for normal bone growth and normal muscle function.
p.185
Functions of the Skin
How does the integumentary system contribute to homeostasis?
By regulating temperature, hydration, and sensation.
p.175
Functions of the Skin
How does the integumentary system contribute to homeostasis?
By regulating temperature and protecting against pathogens.
p.144
Functions of the Skin
What microorganisms does the integumentary system help prevent from entering the body?
Various harmful microorganisms.
p.176
Functions of the Skin
What are the main functions of the integumentary system?
Protection, regulation of body temperature, sensation, and vitamin D synthesis.
p.195
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary focus of the integumentary system?
To protect the body and regulate various functions.
p.195
Functions of the Skin
How does the integumentary system contribute to homeostasis?
By regulating temperature and water loss.
p.127
Accessory Structures: Hair
What are the accessory structures of the skin?
Hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.
p.195
Nail Structure and Function
What is the significance of nails in the integumentary system?
They protect the tips of fingers and toes and enhance sensation.
p.171
Integumentary System Overview
How does the process of new epidermis formation in full-thickness burns compare to another type of burn?
It occurs in the same manner as in superficial second-degree burns.
p.130
Accessory Structures: Nails
How do nails grow?
From the nail matrix located under the cuticle.
p.159
Partial Thickness Burns
What can cause first-degree burns?
Sunburn or brief exposure to hot/cold objects.
p.141
Integumentary System Overview
What are the main components of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
p.189
Skin Cancer Types and Risks
How malignant is basal cell carcinoma compared to other types of skin cancer?
It is the least malignant of the three types.
p.136
Nail Structure and Function
Are nails living or nonliving structures?
Nails are mostly nonliving material.
p.134
Nail Structure and Function
Where is the cuticle located?
At the edge of the thick proximal nail fold.
p.106
Accessory Structures: Hair
What are the accessory structures of the integumentary system?
Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
p.181
Integumentary System Overview
What is the Rule of Nines used for?
To estimate the total body surface area affected by burns.
p.106
Nail Structure and Function
What is the role of nails in the integumentary system?
To protect the tips of fingers and toes.
p.170
Accessory Structures: Hair
What are the accessory structures of the skin?
Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
p.175
Dermis Structure and Function
What is the primary function of the dermis?
To provide strength and elasticity to the skin.
p.127
Functions of the Skin
How does the integumentary system contribute to homeostasis?
By regulating temperature and protecting against pathogens.
p.177
Dermis Structure and Function
What is the role of the dermis in the integumentary system?
Provides strength, elasticity, and houses blood vessels and nerves.
p.176
Accessory Structures: Hair
What accessory structures are part of the integumentary system?
Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
p.143
Functions of the Skin
How does the integumentary system contribute to thermoregulation?
By regulating sweat production and blood flow to the skin.
p.88
Accessory Structures: Hair
How does hair growth vary among individuals?
It can be influenced by genetics, hormones, and health conditions.
p.184
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary focus of the integumentary system?
To protect the body and regulate various functions.
p.157
Integumentary System Overview
How can burns cause electrolyte imbalance?
Through fluid loss and damage to the skin, affecting the body's ability to maintain electrolyte levels.
p.182
Integumentary System Overview
How is the body divided in the Rule of Nines for adults?
The body is divided into sections, each representing approximately 9% of total body surface area.
p.144
Functions of the Skin
How does the integumentary system protect underlying structures?
By guarding against abrasion.
p.175
Accessory Structures: Hair
What is the significance of accessory structures in the integumentary system?
They play roles in protection, sensation, and thermoregulation.
p.177
Functions of the Skin
What are the main functions of the integumentary system?
Protection, regulation of body temperature, sensation, and vitamin D synthesis.
p.176
Dermis Structure and Function
What is the role of the dermis in the integumentary system?
To provide strength and elasticity to the skin.
p.177
Skin Cancer Types and Risks
What are the common types of skin cancer?
Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
p.123
Accessory Structures: Glands
What is the primary function of eccrine glands?
They are important for regulating body temperature by secreting sweat.
p.161
Functions of the Skin
What are the symptoms of second-degree burns?
Redness, pain, edema, and blisters.
p.153
Integumentary System Overview
How can changes in skin color be significant in diagnostics?
They can indicate conditions like jaundice or cyanosis.
p.175
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary focus of the integumentary system?
To protect the body and regulate various functions.
p.184
Dermis Structure and Function
What is the primary function of the dermis?
To provide strength and elasticity to the skin.
p.141
Accessory Structures: Glands
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
To produce oil that lubricates the skin and hair.
What physical changes occur in the skin due to loss of fat with aging?
Sagging of skin and wrinkles.
p.170
Nail Structure and Function
What is the role of nails in the integumentary system?
To protect the tips of fingers and toes and assist in grasping.
p.119
Accessory Structures: Glands
What is the primary composition of sweat?
Water, salts, and vitamin C.
p.175
Nail Structure and Function
What is the function of nails in the integumentary system?
To protect the tips of fingers and toes and assist in grasping.
p.195
Functions of the Skin
What role does skin play in sensation?
It contains sensory receptors that detect touch, temperature, and pain.
p.127
Accessory Structures: Glands
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
To produce oil that lubricates the skin and hair.
p.153
Integumentary System Overview
What are some common skin conditions that can indicate systemic diseases?
Rashes, discoloration, and lesions.
p.143
Functions of the Skin
What is the significance of the skin's barrier function?
It prevents water loss and protects against environmental hazards.
p.147
Vitamin D Production
What are the best sources of vitamin D?
Fatty fish and vitamin D fortified milk.
p.141
Functions of the Skin
What role does skin play in sensation?
It contains sensory receptors that detect touch, temperature, and pain.
p.161
Functions of the Skin
Do second-degree burns usually result in scarring?
No, there is no scarring.
p.142
Integumentary System Overview
What is the primary focus of the integumentary system?
To protect the body and regulate various functions.
p.185
Functions of the Skin
What role does skin play in the integumentary system?
It acts as a barrier to protect underlying tissues.
p.170
Accessory Structures: Glands
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
To produce oil that lubricates the skin and hair.
p.176
Integumentary System Overview
What is the integumentary system primarily composed of?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
p.127
Integumentary System Overview
What are the main components of the integumentary system?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
p.142
Accessory Structures: Glands
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
To produce oil that lubricates the skin and hair.
p.176
Functions of the Skin
How does the integumentary system contribute to body temperature regulation?
Through sweat production and blood flow to the skin.
p.177
Accessory Structures: Glands
What type of gland is responsible for producing sweat?
Sweat glands (sudoriferous glands).
p.184
Functions of the Skin
How does the integumentary system contribute to homeostasis?
By regulating temperature and preventing water loss.
p.178
Accessory Structures: Hair
What role do accessory structures like hair and nails play in the integumentary system?
They provide protection and enhance sensory functions.
p.183
Integumentary System Overview
What is the Rule of Nines used for?
To estimate the total body surface area affected by burns.
p.198
Functions of the Skin
How does aging affect sebaceous gland activity?
Sebaceous gland activity decreases, causing the skin to become drier.
p.141
Accessory Structures: Hair
What are the accessory structures of the skin?
Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
What happens to elastic fibers in the dermis as one ages?
The number of elastic fibers decreases.
p.175
Functions of the Skin
What role does skin play in sensation?
It contains sensory receptors that detect touch, temperature, and pain.
p.185
Nail Structure and Function
What is the structure of nails in the integumentary system?
Nails are composed of keratin and protect the tips of fingers and toes.
p.177
Integumentary System Overview
What is the integumentary system primarily composed of?
Skin, hair, nails, and glands.
p.119
Accessory Structures: Glands
What additional substances may be found in sweat?
Traces of metabolic wastes and lactic acid.
p.195
Dermis Structure and Function
What is the primary function of the dermis?
To provide strength and elasticity to the skin.
p.136
Nail Structure and Function
What is the transparency of nails?
Nails are transparent and nearly colorless.
p.198
Functions of the Skin
What happens to sweat gland activity with aging?
It decreases, leading to reduced ability to regulate body temperature.
p.141
Dermis Structure and Function
What is the primary function of the dermis?
To provide strength and elasticity to the skin.
p.181
Integumentary System Overview
How is the body divided in the Rule of Nines?
The body is divided into sections, each representing approximately 9% of total body surface area.
p.184
Accessory Structures: Hair
What are the accessory structures of the skin?
Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
p.141
Nail Structure and Function
What is the role of nails in the integumentary system?
To protect the tips of fingers and toes.
p.142
Dermis Structure and Function
What is the primary function of the dermis?
To provide strength and elasticity to the skin.
p.176
Epidermis Structure and Function
What is the primary function of the epidermis?
To provide a protective barrier.
p.176
Nail Structure and Function
What is the primary purpose of nails in the integumentary system?
To protect the tips of fingers and toes.
