What are the main types of research methods used in psychology?
Descriptive, correlational, and experimental methods.
p.14
Correlational Research and Its Limitations
What do correlation scatter plots review?
The strength and direction of the correlation.
p.14
Correlational Research and Its Limitations
What indicates a positive correlation in a scatter plot?
A positive (+) correlation.
p.17
Hypothesis Formation and Testing
What is a hypothesis in the context of an experiment?
An educated guess about the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable.
p.8
Descriptive Research Methods
What is the purpose of descriptive methods in research?
They may lead to the formation of testable hypotheses.
p.19
Operational Definitions in Research
Which option describes stress as a feeling and thinking?
a) one’s feeling and thinking.
p.11
Research Evaluation and Flaws
What makes a sample representative?
Its demographic makeup is similar to that of the population.
What should be included in the conclusion of a research study?
A summary of findings and implications for future research.
p.4
Hypothesis Formation and Testing
What is a hypothesis?
A testable prediction about the relationship between variables.
p.5
The Scientific Method in Psychology
What should be done after analyzing data and drawing conclusions?
Support, Revise, Discard, or Construct a Theory.
p.20
Experimental Research Design
What is an experimental group?
Subjects in an experiment who receive some special treatment regarding the independent variable (IV).
p.25
Research Evaluation and Flaws
How can confounding variables be controlled in research?
By using random assignment.
p.25
Research Evaluation and Flaws
What type of bias occurs when the observer's expectations influence the results?
Observer bias or experimenter bias.
p.8
Descriptive Research Methods
What is naturalistic observation?
Un-intrusively watching and recording animals or humans behave in their normal environment.
p.6
Research Evaluation and Flaws
What is the purpose of research evaluation?
To assess the validity and reliability of research findings.
p.16
Correlational Research and Its Limitations
What does a correlation coefficient of 1.37 indicate?
It is not a valid correlation coefficient, as it exceeds the range of -1 to 1.
What are the main types of research methods used in psychology?
Descriptive, correlational, and experimental methods.
p.22
Hypothesis Formation and Testing
What is the hypothesis of the experiment conducted by the Industrial/Organizational psychologist?
The new training program will lead to a decrease in the number of passengers' complaints.
p.14
Correlational Research and Its Limitations
What indicates a negative correlation in a scatter plot?
A negative (–) correlation.
p.4
Research Evaluation and Flaws
What is the importance of analyzing data in the scientific method?
To determine whether the hypothesis is supported or refuted.
p.18
Experimental Research Design
What does the dependent variable (DV) represent in an experiment?
The measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment.
p.20
Experimental Research Design
What is an example of a control group in the context of watching TV?
Participants who watch nonviolent TV.
p.23
Independent and Dependent Variables
What is a dependent variable (DV)?
The variable that is measured or observed in response to changes in the independent variable.
p.2
Research Evaluation and Flaws
What is the purpose of research evaluation?
To assess the validity and reliability of research findings.
p.12
Correlational Research and Its Limitations
What does correlational research describe?
Patterns of behavior and relationships or associations between two variables from a single sample.
p.25
Research Evaluation and Flaws
What issue arises from confounding or extraneous variables?
They can affect the validity of the research results.
p.15
Correlational Research and Its Limitations
What is the difference between correlation and causation?
Correlation indicates a relationship between two variables, while causation implies that one variable directly affects the other.
p.22
Independent and Dependent Variables
What is the independent variable (IV) in this experiment?
The new training program for flight attendants.
p.11
Research Evaluation and Flaws
What is the relationship between population and sample in research?
Inferences about a population are drawn based on a sample.
p.4
The Scientific Method in Psychology
What is the final step of the scientific method?
Drawing conclusions and reporting results.
p.18
Operational Definitions in Research
What is an operational definition?
A definition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured and/or observed.
p.25
Research Evaluation and Flaws
What bias occurs when participants provide socially acceptable answers?
Social desirability bias.
p.19
Operational Definitions in Research
What is an operational definition of stress in a scientific study?
c) one’s heart rate and blood pressure.
p.26
Ethical Considerations in Psychological Research
What is a general principle of the code of ethics in research?
Do NOT harm participants.
p.22
Independent and Dependent Variables
What is the dependent variable (DV) in this experiment?
The number of passengers' complaints.
p.7
Descriptive Research Methods
What are the three main types of descriptive research methods?
Observation, case study, and survey.
p.3
The Scientific Method in Psychology
Why is psychology considered a science?
Because it uses the scientific method to gather data and minimize bias and errors in measurement.
p.3
The Scientific Method in Psychology
What is the scientific method?
A system of gathering data to minimize bias and errors in measurement.
p.3
Hypothesis Formation and Testing
What is a theory in psychology?
A theory explains, organizes, and predicts observable behaviors or events.
p.13
Correlational Research and Its Limitations
What does a correlation coefficient of +/- 1.00 indicate?
A perfect positive or negative relationship.
p.10
Descriptive Research Methods
What are descriptive methods in research?
Methods that involve asking standardized questions about a topic to a sample of the population.
p.20
Research Evaluation and Flaws
What are extraneous variables?
Any variables other than the IV that seem likely to influence the dependent variable (DV).
p.23
Operational Definitions in Research
What is an operational definition of a dependent variable?
A clear and precise description of how the dependent variable will be measured in the study.
What should be included in the conclusion of a research study?
A summary of findings and their implications.
p.11
Research Evaluation and Flaws
What can happen if certain groups are over-represented or under-represented in a sample?
Inferences about the population may be skewed or inaccurate.
p.17
Experimental Research Design
What is the primary purpose of an experiment in research?
To determine cause-and-effect relationships.
p.3
Hypothesis Formation and Testing
How is a hypothesis formed?
It is derived from observations, existing theories, and hypotheses, serving as an educated guess of possible relations.
p.21
Experimental Research Design
What does manipulation refer to in the context of an experiment?
Changing one variable to observe its effect on another.
p.10
Descriptive Research Methods
What is the population of interest in research?
The entire group of people or animals that the researcher is interested in studying.
p.6
The Scientific Method in Psychology
What is the first step in a scientific investigation?
Identifying a research question or problem.
p.15
Correlational Research and Its Limitations
What are three possible causes of relationships in correlations?
1. Coincidence, 2. A third variable influencing both, 3. Reverse causation.
p.12
Independent and Dependent Variables
What is a variable?
Anything that can change or vary (e.g., IQ, Height).
p.12
Correlational Research and Its Limitations
What does it mean when two variables are correlated?
It means they are related to each other.
p.13
Correlational Research and Its Limitations
What does a correlation coefficient of 0 indicate?
No relationship between the variables.
p.18
Experimental Research Design
What is the independent variable (IV) in an experiment?
The variable that is manipulated by the experimenter.
p.10
Descriptive Research Methods
What is a sample in research?
A subset of individuals from a target population.
p.11
Research Evaluation and Flaws
What is the importance of a representative sample in research?
It allows for accurate inferences about the population.
p.15
Correlational Research and Its Limitations
Can correlation imply causation?
No, correlation does not imply causation.
p.4
The Scientific Method in Psychology
What follows after making an observation in the scientific method?
Formulating a hypothesis.
p.16
Correlational Research and Its Limitations
What does a negative correlation coefficient indicate in this context?
As Facebook checking increases, grades decrease.
p.20
Experimental Research Design
What is an example of an experimental group in the context of watching TV?
Participants who watch violent TV.
p.23
Independent and Dependent Variables
What is an independent variable (IV)?
The variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment.
What are the main types of research methods used in psychology?
Descriptive, correlational, and experimental methods.
p.24
Research Evaluation and Flaws
What is the purpose of research evaluation?
To assess the validity and reliability of research findings.
p.16
Correlational Research and Its Limitations
What was the relationship found between frequent Facebook checking and student grades?
Students who checked Facebook frequently achieved lower grades.
p.20
Experimental Research Design
What is a control group?
A condition identical to the experimental one, with similar subjects who do not receive the special treatment or may receive a placebo.
p.24
The Scientific Method in Psychology
What is the first step in a scientific investigation?
Identifying a research question or problem.
p.19
Operational Definitions in Research
What does option b) describe in relation to stress?
Any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well-being and require one’s coping abilities.
p.5
The Scientific Method in Psychology
What is the second step in a scientific investigation?
Design a Study to test the hypothesis.
p.5
The Scientific Method in Psychology
What comes after collecting data in a scientific investigation?
Analyze the Data & Draw Conclusions.
p.3
Hypothesis Formation and Testing
What is a hypothesis?
A tentative and testable explanation of a phenomenon derived from observations and existing theories.
p.20
Experimental Research Design
What is the purpose of random assignment in experiments?
To control extraneous or confounding variables.
p.25
Research Evaluation and Flaws
What method can be used to mitigate placebo effects?
Placebo treatment or a single-blind procedure.
p.2
The Scientific Method in Psychology
What is the first step in a scientific investigation?
Identifying a research question or problem.
What should be included in the conclusion of a research study?
A summary of findings and their implications.
p.13
Correlational Research and Its Limitations
What do the values of the correlation coefficient indicate?
The direction (positive or negative) and strength of the relationship.
p.13
Correlational Research and Its Limitations
What can correlational research help with?
Making predictions based on the relationship between variables.
