B) Theodor Schwann

Explanation: Theodor Schwann, a zoologist, is credited with the conclusion that all animals are made of cells, a significant contribution to the development of cell theory and our understanding of the structure of living organisms.

B) Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Explanation: Anton van Leeuwenhoek is credited with creating a powerful microscope, which significantly advanced the field of microscopy and our understanding of the microscopic world.

C) A biologist known for his study of cancer cells

Explanation: Rudolph Virchow was a physician who conducted research on cancer cells and is renowned for his conclusion 'Omnis cellula e cellula' which means 'All cells are from pre-existing cells', a fundamental principle in cell biology.

C) Matthias Schleiden

Explanation: Matthias Schleiden, a botanist, is credited with the conclusion that all plants are made of cells, which is a fundamental principle of cell theory.

B) Transmission Electron Microscope

Explanation: TEM stands for Transmission Electron Microscope, which is a type of microscope that uses electrons to create an image of the specimen's ultrastructure.

B) Robert Brown

Explanation: Robert Brown noticed the 'Brownian motion' of pollen grains in water, which refers to the random movement of particles in a fluid, a phenomenon that has significant implications in various scientific fields.

C) Blood cells, yeast, and insects

Explanation: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek examined blood cells, yeast, and insects using his single lens microscope, demonstrating the wide range of biological specimens he studied and the capabilities of his innovative microscopy techniques.

B) Nucleus

Explanation: Robert Brown discovered the nucleus in a human cheek cell, a pivotal finding that contributed to the understanding of cell structure and function.

B) Robert Hooke

Explanation: Robert Hooke is credited with observing cells in cork and coining the term 'cells', marking a significant milestone in the development of cell theory and the understanding of cellular structure.

B) Plant cells are polygonal while animal cells are oval

Explanation: The shape of a plant cell is distinct from that of an animal cell, with plant cells being polygonal and animal cells being oval, highlighting the variability in cell shape across different organisms.

C) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Explanation: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe living cells using his own single lens microscope in 1676, marking a significant milestone in the field of microscopy and cell biology.

B) Amoeba

Explanation: Unicellular organisms, such as amoeba, are composed of a single cell, distinguishing them from multicellular organisms. This characteristic allows them to carry out all necessary life functions within a single cell.

D) Rose

Explanation: Multicellular organisms, like plants such as the rose, are composed of millions of cells, enabling them to perform complex functions and exhibit specialized structures that unicellular organisms cannot achieve.

D) Columnar or flat plate like and spherical

Explanation: Cells may exhibit various shapes including columnar or flat plate like, spherical, polygonal, elliptical, spindle shaped, and cuboidal, showcasing the diverse range of cell shapes found in different organisms.

C) Robert Hooke

Explanation: Robert Hooke is credited with proposing the Cell Theory, as he first coined the term 'cell' while observing cork under a microscope, laying the foundation for the development of the Cell Theory.

A) Galileo Galilei

Explanation: Galileo Galilei is credited with inventing a compound microscope using convex and concave lenses, which represented a crucial milestone in the historical development of the microscope.

D) It is a hollow tube through which light passes from the objective to the eyepiece

Explanation: The body tube in a light microscope functions as a hollow tube through which light passes from the objective to the eyepiece, facilitating the visualization of the specimen.

C) Cells

Explanation: According to the Cell Theory, cells are the basic unit of life, representing the smallest structural and functional unit of living organisms, and the foundation of all life processes.

A) Nerve cell

Explanation: The nerve cell is recognized as the longest cell, underscoring its unique characteristic in terms of length compared to other types of cells.

B) Ostrich egg

Explanation: The ostrich egg is identified as the largest cell, highlighting its exceptional size in the realm of cellular structures.

B) Ocular lens x Objective lens

Explanation: The formula for calculating total magnification in a microscope is by multiplying the magnification of the ocular lens by the magnification of the objective lens, resulting in the total magnification. This formula is essential for understanding the overall magnification of the microscope.

C) 40x

Explanation: The highest power lens in a common compound microscope can magnify forty times, offering a significant level of magnification for observing fine details of specimens at a higher power.

B) 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x

Explanation: The main lenses, or objectives, in a microscope typically have magnifying powers of 4x, 10x, 40x, and even 100x, allowing for different levels of magnification to observe specimens with varying details and resolutions.

C) Cells are the basic unit of organization of all organisms

Explanation: The cell theory emphasizes that cells are the basic unit of organization of all organisms, highlighting their fundamental role in the structure and function of living entities.

A) Giovanni Faber

Explanation: In 1625, Giovanni Faber was the first to use the term 'microscope' to refer to the compound microscope of Galilei, marking an important milestone in the historical development of microscopy.

D) Simple and compound

Explanation: The two main types of microscopes are the simple microscope and the compound microscope, each with its own distinct features and applications in scientific observation and analysis.

B) Through the use of glass lenses

Explanation: A microscope magnifies objects using glass lenses, allowing for the visualization of minute details that are otherwise imperceptible to the naked eye, making it an essential tool for scientific investigation and research.

A) It holds the objectives

Explanation: The revolving nosepiece in a light microscope is responsible for holding the objectives and can be rotated to select the appropriate objectives, allowing for the adjustment of magnification levels for viewing specimens.

C) Ernst Ruska

Explanation: Ernst Ruska, along with Max Knoll, designed and built the first transmission electron microscope, which revolutionized microscopy by visualizing objects as small as the diameter of an atom, marking a significant milestone in the field of microscopy.

D) To hold the slide in place

Explanation: The stage clip in a microscope is responsible for holding the slide in place, ensuring that the specimen remains secure during observation.

C) Below the stage

Explanation: The iris diaphragm, which regulates the amount of light that reaches the specimen, is attached beneath the condenser in a microscope, allowing for precise control over the illumination of the specimen.

D) To tilt the microscope

Explanation: The inclination joint in a microscope is used for tilting the microscope, allowing for flexibility in viewing and examination of the specimen from different angles.

B) 10x

Explanation: The eyepiece or ocular usually has a magnification of 10x, although variations with 5x to 30x magnification are also available, contributing to the overall magnification of the microscope.

C) Three

Explanation: Modern microscopes typically have three objectives, although some may house four or even five objectives, each with different magnifying powers to provide various levels of magnification for observing specimens.

D) They come only from pre-existing cells

Explanation: The cell theory states that cells come only from pre-existing cells, refuting the concept of spontaneous generation and highlighting the principle of cell reproduction.

C) Cells are relatively the same in terms of chemical composition and metabolic activity

Explanation: The modern cell theory states that all cells are relatively the same in terms of chemical composition and metabolic activity, underscoring the uniformity of cells in their fundamental characteristics.

B) To view very small objects

Explanation: A microscope is primarily used for viewing very small objects, such as mineral samples or animal or plant cells, typically magnified several hundred times, making it an essential tool for scientific research and analysis.

C) 1839

Explanation: The Cell Theory was formally established in 1839 by Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden, marking a significant milestone in the field of biology.

C) Theodor Schwann and Rudolph Virchow

Explanation: The Cell Theory was formulated by the 3 German scientists Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, and Rudolph Virchow, emphasizing their collective contribution to this fundamental principle of biology.

B) The use of a microscope

Explanation: Microscopy refers to the use of a microscope, which employs glass lenses to magnify objects that are not visible to the naked eye, enabling detailed investigation and observation of tiny structures.

A) Joseph Lister

Explanation: Joseph Lister is credited with reducing spherical aberrations in microscopes by using several weak lenses together at certain distances, which allowed for good magnification without blurring.

E) The theory that all living organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells

Explanation: The Cell Theory states that all living organisms are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells, forming the fundamental principles of modern biology.

B) Ernst Abbe

Explanation: Ernst Abbe introduced a mathematical formula that correlates resolving power to the wavelength of light, enabling the calculation of the theoretical maximum resolution of a microscope, a significant advancement in microscopy.

B) It reflects light from the surroundings to the specimen on the stage

Explanation: The mirror in a microscope reflects light from the surroundings to the specimen on the stage, playing a crucial role in providing illumination for the specimen.

C) It serves as a handle for carrying the microscope

Explanation: The arm in a light microscope connects the base and the body tube together and serves as a handle for carrying the microscope, providing support and portability for the instrument.

B) Magnifying glass

Explanation: A simple microscope is also referred to as a magnifying glass, highlighting its common usage and association with everyday objects for magnification purposes.

D) At the bottom of the microscope

Explanation: The base of the microscope is situated at the bottom, providing firm anchorage and support to the entire microscope, and serving as the attachment point for illuminators.

C) To view the specimen

Explanation: The eyepiece or ocular is the part through which an observer looks to view a specimen, providing the visual access to the magnified image of the specimen.

B) Objectives

Explanation: The objectives are the main lenses that magnify the specimen being observed in a microscope, and modern microscopes can house three, four, or even five objectives with varying magnifying powers, such as 4x, 10x, 40x, and 100x.

B) Robert Hooke

Explanation: In 1665, Robert Hooke, an English physicist, coined the term 'cell' and was the first to see a plant cell under a single microscope, earning him the title of the English Father of Microscopy.

B) Hans Janssen

Explanation: Hans Janssen, along with his son Zacharias Janssen, discovered that objects appear greatly enlarged through a tube with multiple lenses, marking a significant advancement in the development of the microscope.

D) Micrometers or microns

Explanation: Cells are typically measured in micrometers or microns, highlighting their extremely small size and the need for specialized equipment such as microscopes to observe them.

C) Mycoplasma

Explanation: Mycoplasma is known as the smallest cell, emphasizing the remarkable minuteness of this particular type of cell in comparison to others.

C) To hold the slide or specimen to be examined

Explanation: The stage in a microscope serves the purpose of holding the slide or specimen to be examined, allowing light to pass from below the specimen for observation.

C) It concentrates light from the light source onto the object of specimen being studied

Explanation: The condenser in a microscope concentrates the light from the light source or the mirror onto the object of specimen being studied, contributing to the clarity of the specimen under observation.

B) Between the lens and the focus

Explanation: In a simple microscope, the object to be viewed is placed between the optic center and the focus, indicating the specific positioning required for optimal viewing.

D) Erect, virtual, and magnified

Explanation: The image formed in a simple microscope is erect, virtual, and magnified, illustrating the characteristics of the visual output produced by this type of microscope.

D) 10x

Explanation: The low power lens in a common compound microscope magnifies ten times and is marked as 10x, providing an initial level of magnification for observing specimens at a lower power.

C) Cells are the smallest unit of life

Explanation: The cell theory asserts that cells are the smallest unit of life, and all living things are composed of one or more cells, emphasizing the fundamental nature of cells in the structure of living organisms.

C) The darkness of the background with reference to the specimen

Explanation: Contrast in the context of a microscope refers to the darkness of the background with reference to the specimen, influencing the visibility and distinction of the specimen from its background.

B) The ability to show the details of an object being examined

Explanation: Resolution in the context of a microscope refers to the ability of the microscope to show the details of an object being examined, indicating the level of clarity and detail that can be observed.

E) Cells carry and pass on hereditary units during cell division

Explanation: The modern cell theory introduces the concept that cells carry and pass on hereditary units during cell division, emphasizing the role of cells in genetic inheritance and reproduction.