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Acute Inflammation Phases
What are the two phases of acute inflammation?
1. Bleeding/Vascular 2. Inflammatory/Cellular.
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Stages of Inflammation
What is the focus of the lectures on acute inflammation?
To discuss the broad stages of inflammation, healing, and repair.
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Stages of Inflammation
What will be discussed regarding the stages of inflammation?
The average timeframes of each stage.
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Bleeding/Vascular Phase
What is the primary characteristic of the Bleeding or Vascular Phase?
It involves the initial response to injury, where blood vessels constrict to reduce blood loss.
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Chemical Mediators in Inflammation
What does a higher than normal level of LDH indicate?
It usually means there is some type of tissue damage from an injury, disease, or infection.
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Macrophages and Phagocytosis
What role do macrophages play in the Cellular/Inflammatory Phase?
They engulf and digest cellular debris and pathogens.
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Bleeding/Vascular Phase
What happens to blood vessels during the Bleeding or Vascular Phase?
They constrict initially and then dilate to allow increased blood flow.
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Inflammatory/Cellular Phase
What is the primary focus of the Cellular/Inflammatory Phase?
The recruitment and activation of immune cells to the site of injury.
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Role of White Blood Cells
Which cells are primarily involved in the Cellular/Inflammatory Phase?
White blood cells, including neutrophils and macrophages.
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Chemical Mediators in Inflammation
What is the significance of cytokines in the Cellular/Inflammatory Phase?
Cytokines are signaling molecules that mediate and regulate immunity and inflammation.
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Bleeding/Vascular Phase
What is the role of platelets in the Bleeding or Vascular Phase?
Platelets aggregate to form a temporary plug at the site of injury.
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Signs of Inflammation
What are the five signs of inflammation?
Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.
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Bleeding/Vascular Phase
What causes bleeding in the bleeding/vascular phase?
Damaged tissues lead to damaged blood vessels.
What is the difference between transudate and exudate?
Transudate is protein poor, while exudate is protein rich.
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Signs of Inflammation
What is the result of increased local cell metabolism during inflammation?
It contributes to heat in the affected area.
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Chemical Mediators in Inflammation
What role does the complement system play in inflammation?
It involves protein cells such as antibodies and other white blood cells.
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Inflammatory/Cellular Phase
What happens after debris is cleared in the cellular phase?
The area is prepared for repair.
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Bleeding/Vascular Phase
What are the initial responses to tissue damage?
Bleeding and the release of chemicals causing vasodilation, margination, and diapedesis.
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Acute Inflammation Phases
What is the function of platelets in the area of tissue damage?
They produce fibrin to stop bleeding and initiate repair.
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Chemical Mediators in Inflammation
What is the significance of LDH in medical diagnosis?
It is used to assess tissue damage, whether chronic or acute.
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Bleeding/Vascular Phase
What is the significance of vasodilation in the Bleeding or Vascular Phase?
Vasodilation increases blood flow to the injured area, facilitating healing.
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Inflammatory/Cellular Phase
Why is debris clearance important in the healing process?
Healing cannot start until all debris is cleared.
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Vasodilation and Increased Permeability
What effect do these chemicals have on capillaries?
They cause vasodilation and increased permeability.
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Bleeding/Vascular Phase
What occurs during the bleeding/vascular phase of inflammation?
Tissues are damaged and blood vessels are torn, leading to bleeding.
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Bleeding/Vascular Phase
What factors influence the amount of bleeding?
Type of tissue, amount of injury, underlying disease, and medications.
What does swelling indicate in the context of pleural effusions?
It indicates the presence of either transudate or exudate.
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Vasodilation and Increased Permeability
What effect does vasodilation have on blood flow during inflammation?
It causes slowing of blood flow, allowing WBCs to marginate.
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Chemical Mediators in Inflammation
Which chemical mediators are released from mast cells?
Histamine and Serotonin (5 HT).
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Bleeding/Vascular Phase
What is the first response of the body to a vascular injury?
Vasoconstriction to minimize blood loss.
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Acute Inflammation Phases
What is the duration of the acute inflammatory phase?
Approximately 0 to 72 hours.
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Role of White Blood Cells
How do neutrophils contribute during the Cellular/Inflammatory Phase?
They are among the first responders to the site of inflammation, helping to fight infection.
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Chemical Mediators in Inflammation
What systemic effect does interleukin 1 have?
It causes an increase in temperature, leading to fever.
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Vasodilation and Increased Permeability
How does increased capillary permeability affect osmotic pressure?
It alters osmotic pressure, drawing more fluid out of intact capillaries into interstitial fluid.
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Inflammatory/Cellular Phase
What do platelets produce to help localize damage?
Fibrin, which plugs torn blood vessels and creates a barrier.
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Inflammatory/Cellular Phase
What is diapedesis in the context of inflammation?
The movement of WBCs and other substances through the capillary membrane into interstitial fluid.
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Inflammatory/Cellular Phase
What role do neutrophils play in the exudate during inflammation?
They dilute the concentration of bacteria and fight infection.
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Chemical Mediators in Inflammation
What are prostaglandins and kinins involved in during inflammation?
They are chemical mediators that contribute to the inflammatory response.
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Role of White Blood Cells
What is the role of neutrophils in inflammation?
They are the first white blood cells to respond and destroy bacteria, which may lead to pus formation.
What happens to blood during inflammation?
Blood is drawn into surrounding tissue, resulting in a red appearance.
What is the effect of oedema on nerve endings?
It causes pressure on nerve endings, resulting in pain.
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Inflammatory/Cellular Phase
Is oedema considered a good thing during inflammation?
Yes, it helps in fighting infection and stopping bleeding.
What is exudate?
A collection of fluid containing leaked blood and other substances.
What is one consequence of pain caused by oedema?
Loss of function due to stopping movement.
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Signs of Inflammation
What are the four main signs of inflammation?
Swelling (oedema), heat, redness (erythema), and pain.
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Role of White Blood Cells
What is chemotaxis in the context of inflammation?
The process that attracts white blood cells, particularly neutrophils, to the area.
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Macrophages and Phagocytosis
What do macrophages do during the inflammatory response?
They increase temperature and clear debris.
