p.1
Formation of Lymph from Circulating Blood
What components are found in tissue fluid?
Ions, nutrients, gases, and water.
p.1
Formation of Lymph from Circulating Blood
What prevents backflow in lymphatic capillaries?
Interstitial fluid pressure pushes the flaps together.
p.6
Function of Tonsils and Lymphatic Nodules
Where are the Lingual Tonsils found?
On the posterior surface of the tongue.
p.6
Function of Tonsils and Lymphatic Nodules
Where are lymphatic nodules commonly found?
In mucous membranes in vulnerable areas of the body, such as the digestive tract.
p.1
Formation of Lymph from Circulating Blood
What are lymphatic capillaries?
Small, closed-ended vessels made of endothelial cells that form minivalves.
p.6
Function of Tonsils and Lymphatic Nodules
What are the Palatine Tonsils known for?
They are located on the lateral walls of the pharynx, behind the mouth and palate, and are the largest and most frequently infected during childhood.
p.6
Function of Tonsils and Lymphatic Nodules
What are lymphatic nodules?
Clusters of lymphocytes in the connective tissue of easily infected mucous membranes.
p.1
Formation of Lymph from Circulating Blood
How does tissue fluid enter lymphatic capillaries?
It opens under pressure from accumulated tissue fluid.
p.2
Lymphatic Circulation and Flow
What is the pressure condition in lymphatic vessels?
Lymphatic vessels operate under low pressure and are not influenced by the heart.
p.2
Lymphatic Ducts: Location and Function
What is the location of the Right Lymphatic Duct?
A short, 1 cm duct in the upper right thorax.
p.1
Formation of Lymph from Circulating Blood
How is tissue fluid formed?
Blood flows into capillaries from arterioles, and plasma exits capillaries into tissues.
p.2
Structure and Function of Lymphatic Vessels
How do the walls of lymphatic vessels compare to blood veins?
Lymphatic vessels have thinner walls than blood veins.
p.2
Lymphatic Ducts: Location and Function
What are the two main lymphatic ducts?
Right Lymphatic Duct and Thoracic Duct.
p.1
Formation of Lymph from Circulating Blood
What happens to excess tissue fluid that doesn't re-enter the bloodstream?
It drains into lymphatic capillaries.
p.2
Structure and Function of Lymphatic Vessels
What type of valves do lymphatic vessels have?
Valves consist of two semilunar flaps.
p.2
Association of Lymph Flow with the Cardiovascular System
Where does lymph from the lymphatic ducts drain into the venous system?
At the junction of the internal jugular veins and subclavian veins.
p.6
Function of Tonsils and Lymphatic Nodules
What is the function of lymphatic nodules?
To kill harmful bacteria and generate memory lymphocytes for long-term immune response.
p.5
Role of Lymph Nodes in Immune Response
What happens when macrophages detect antigens in lymph?
They engulf and digest antigens, transforming into antigen-presenting cells.
p.3
Primary and Secondary Lymphatic Organs
What are the primary lymphatic organs?
Red bone marrow and thymus.
p.1
Formation of Lymph from Circulating Blood
What is lymph?
The interstitial fluid contained inside lymphatic vessels.
p.2
Lymphatic Circulation and Flow
What is the progression of lymph flow in the lymphatic system?
Lymph moves from lymphatic capillaries to larger lymphatic collecting vessels.
p.6
Function of Tonsils and Lymphatic Nodules
What is the primary function of the tonsils?
To form a ring of lymphoid tissue that collects and removes pathogens from inhaled air and swallowed food.
p.5
Structure and Function of Lymphatic Vessels
What are the two layers of the outer cortex of lymph nodes?
The paracortical layer and the superficial layer.
p.4
Structure and Function of the Thymus
Where is the thymus located?
Between the sternum and the upper heart.
p.4
Structure and Function of the Spleen
What is the function of the white pulp in the spleen?
To trigger immune responses.
p.3
Structure and Function of Lymphatic Vessels
What is the function of lacteals?
Absorb and transport lipids and chylomicrons, emptying them into the lymph nodes.
p.1
Formation of Lymph from Circulating Blood
What is the role of minivalves in lymphatic capillaries?
They allow tissue fluid to enter while preventing backflow.
p.2
Lymphatic Circulation and Flow
What aids in the propulsion of lymph through lymphatic vessels?
Squeezing from nearby skeletal muscle contractions and pulsations of neighboring arteries.
p.5
Structure and Function of Lymphatic Vessels
What is the structure of lymph nodes?
Small, encapsulated, bean-shaped organs ranging from 1 mm to 2 cm in length, distributed along lymphatic vessels.
p.4
Structure and Function of the Thymus
What is the structure of the thymus?
A bi-lobed organ with a lumpy surface, consisting of an outer cortex densely packed with immature T-cells and an inner medulla containing mature T-cells and Hassall’s corpuscles.
p.4
Structure and Function of the Spleen
What are the two main tissues of the spleen?
White pulp (lymphoid tissue) and red pulp (blood-filled sinuses and cords).
p.3
Structure and Function of Lymphatic Vessels
What are lacteals and where are they located?
Single lacteals surrounded by capillaries, located in the small intestine’s intestinal villus.
p.6
Function of Tonsils and Lymphatic Nodules
Where are the Tubal Tonsils located?
Behind the openings of the Eustachian tubes, slightly below the adenoid.
p.6
Function of Tonsils and Lymphatic Nodules
What role do tonsillar crypts play?
They trap bacteria and help migrate pathogens into lymphoid tissue.
p.4
Structure and Function of the Thymus
What is the primary function of the thymus?
To mature T-cells which are then distributed to other lymphatic organs to trigger immune responses.
p.4
Structure and Function of the Spleen
Where is the spleen located?
In the upper left abdomen, near the diaphragm.
p.6
Function of Tonsils and Lymphatic Nodules
What are Peyer's Patches?
Aggregations of lymphatic nodules in the ileum of the small intestine.
p.5
Role of Lymph Nodes in Immune Response
What is the primary function of lymph nodes?
To kill pathogens in lymph.
p.4
Structure and Function of the Spleen
What does the red pulp in the spleen do?
Breaks down old, abnormal, and damaged red blood cells and serves as a blood reservoir, releasing blood in emergencies.
p.3
Lymphatic Ducts: Location and Function
What is the function of the thoracic duct?
Drains lymph from the entire left side of the body and the right lower body.
p.5
Role of Lymph Nodes in Immune Response
What is the function of germinal centers in lymph nodes?
They form when B-cells are actively proliferating.
p.4
Structure and Function of the Thymus
When is the thymus most active?
During youth, and it degenerates after puberty.
p.3
Primary and Secondary Lymphatic Organs
What is the function of red bone marrow?
Maturation of B-lymphocytes (B-cells).
p.5
Role of Lymph Nodes in Immune Response
What do plasma cells produce in response to activated B-cells?
Antibodies that bind to the antigen.
p.3
Lymphatic Ducts: Location and Function
What is the function of the right lymphatic duct?
Drains lymph from the right upper quadrant of the body (right arm, right side of head, and neck).
p.3
Primary and Secondary Lymphatic Organs
What is the function of the thymus?
Maturation of T-lymphocytes (T-cells).
p.5
Lymphatic Circulation and Flow
What is the lymph flow pathway through a lymph node?
Afferent lymphatic vein to subcapsular sinus to trabecular sinus to medullary sinus to efferent lymphatic vein at the hilem.
p.5
Function of Tonsils and Lymphatic Nodules
Where are the pharyngeal tonsils located?
On the roof of the pharynx, posterior to the nasal cavity.
p.3
Primary and Secondary Lymphatic Organs
What are the secondary lymphatic organs?
Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and lymphatic nodules.
