They prevent the backward flow of blood and help maintain flow toward the heart.
Histamine is released, making the blood more viscous due to plasma loss from edema.
Compensatory mechanisms begin to fail, sodium ions accumulate, and potassium ions leak out due to abnormal kidney permeability.
Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, often associated with conditions like cirrhosis of the liver.
A decrease in blood volume in the circulatory system, often due to hemorrhage.
A final stage common to various potentially fatal processes such as trauma, burns, infarctions, sepsis, and hemorrhage.
Contraction of skeletal muscles during physical activity that squeezes nearby veins, pushing blood toward the heart.
Blood pressure reduction and potentially shock.
Hypovolemia.
Accumulation of fluid in the joint cavity.
Cardiogenic, Obstructive, Hypovolemic, and Distributive Shock.
Cancerous tumors, removal of lymphatic vessels, or parasitic infections.
An increase in blood volume in the circulatory system due to excess fluid retention.
Increased blood pressure, which can result in hypertension and edema.
Deoxygenated blood.
Veins have thinner walls, lower pressure, and higher elasticity.
Conditions that affect the normal flow of blood within the vascular system.
The introduction of gas bubbles into the bloodstream due to sudden changes in atmospheric pressure.
It stimulates the reabsorption of sodium and water by the kidneys, which can lead to sodium retention.
An increase in blood flow to a specific tissue due to arteriolar dilation, often seen during exercise.
Severe bone fractures that allow fat from the bone marrow to enter the bloodstream.
Responses include hyperventilation, hypertension, and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Every vital organ fails one after the other, leading to an irreversible condition.
Generalized edema that affects the entire body, often associated with heart failure, renal disease, or severe malnutrition.
Elevated hydrostatic pressure within blood vessels due to conditions like hyperemia or congestion.
A decrease in plasma proteins, such as albumin, leads to reduced osmotic pressure and hypoproteinemia.
Accumulation of fluid in the layer of tissue just beneath the skin, often resulting in pitting edema.
Amniotic fluid containing proteins enters the maternal bloodstream during childbirth, leading to abnormal blood clotting.
Bilirubin and hemosiderin.
A decrease in blood flow due to closure or constriction of venules, leading to blood accumulation in tissues.
Endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts grow into the thrombus, stabilizing it and sometimes forming new vascular channels.
Formation of a blood clot (thrombus) within a non-traumatized blood vessel.
It continues to increase due to low oxygen levels and low hydrostatic pressure.
The body attempts to counter the injury by producing pus in response to superimposed infections.
A mechanism where changes in thoracic pressure during breathing assist in moving blood through veins toward the heart.
Propagation, where a thrombus can grow or enlarge over time.
Physical thrombotic obstruction such as cardiac tamponade or pulmonary embolism.
Loss of blood or plasma volume due to coagulative issues, anemia, or extensive burns.
A characteristic appearance of the liver due to congestion within its parenchyma, creating yellowish biliary islets.
Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity, potentially affecting heart function.
Insufficient blood reaching all body tissues due to compromised circulatory system function.
A condition that occurs when there is an obstruction of the lymphatic vessels, impairing normal lymphatic fluid flow.
Thrombi can become dislodged and travel through the bloodstream as emboli.
It is caused by external agents or autoimmune system disease attacks, such as septic or anaphylactic shock.
A condition characterized by the accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues, leading to swelling.
Hypoperfusion leads to tissue hypoxia and lactic acidosis due to anaerobic metabolism.
Weakness, low blood pressure, and in severe cases, shock.
Thrombi that can form in the popliteal area due to altered blood flow, which may embolize to the lungs, heart, or brain.
To pump blood throughout the body.
The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation.
Occurs when there is venous circulation occlusion, leading to congestion and necrosis in loose tissues.
By preventing excess fluid accumulation in tissues.
Accumulation of blood that produces a localized swelling.
Failure in cardiac output due to dysrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, or congestive heart failure.
A thrombus from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the legs travels to the lungs, obstructing smaller blood vessels.
A condition where pits form when pressure is applied to the affected area, often seen in distal areas.
Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity, which can lead to breathing difficulties.
The process where thrombi can be dissolved by factors like plasmin, which breaks down the fibrin network.
Endothelial injury, altered blood flow, and hypercoagulability state.
Vasoconstriction occurs to decrease blood flow, and the damaged endothelium exposes collagen fibers.
Plasmin breaks down fibrin into soluble fibrinogen, allowing the clot to dissolve.
Hematomas that appear beneath the skin or mucous membranes, visually assessed by their characteristic appearance.
A blood clot that forms within blood vessels, potentially obstructing blood flow.
It can travel through the bloodstream and become stuck in a narrow vessel, causing hypoxia and ischemia.
Lines of Zahn.
It causes compression of brain structures, flattening of gyri, and narrowing of sulci.
Accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity.
A condition characterized by the accumulation of excess fluid in the lungs.
They contain immune cells that participate in the body's immune response.
Uncontrolled bleeding from an injured vessel that results in blood loss outside the vessel.
Iron.
It leads to water and sodium retention, potentially causing edema.
The exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the bloodstream and surrounding tissues.
To collect excess interstitial fluid and return it to circulation, and to support immune function.
Accumulation of excess fluid within the brain tissue leading to increased intracranial pressure (ICP).
Accumulation of fluid in the brain tissue, which can be life-threatening if it leads to increased intracranial pressure.
A temporal or permanent decrease of blood supply in an area due to thrombus occlusion, mainly in arteries.
It can increase the size of the lungs by 2 to 3 times and cause respiratory distress (dyspnea).
Ischemic necrosis due to occlusion of a blood vessel, resulting in systemic necrosis from lack of circulation.
Forces that control the exchange of fluids in capillaries, balancing hydrostatic and oncotic pressures.
Embolisms in other parts of the body, such as the brain.
A series of biochemical reactions involving clotting factors that lead to the formation of a fibrin network.
Formation of a blood clot (thrombus) to limit bleeding.
They occur in solid parenchymal organs due to arterial occlusion, leading to coagulative necrosis.
To carry high volumes of blood away from the heart to various parts of the body.
Compromised heart pumping function leads to increased pressure in pulmonary circulation, causing fluid to leak into the lungs.
Red, due to a high concentration of red blood cells.
Arterial thrombi are usually white or pale and associated with atherosclerosis.
Activated platelets form a platelet plug at the site of injury.
Bruises typically start as reddish or purplish and gradually change to green or yellow as the body reabsorbs the blood.
