Imaging follow-up at 6-12 months.
A type of malignant uncommon renal tumor.
Flank pain, hematuria, weight loss, fever, and night sweats.
It is considered in select patients with solitary or limited metastases.
Massive retroperitoneal hemorrhage from AML, seen in 10% of patients.
Massive retroperitoneal hemorrhage (Wunderlich's syndrome).
Advanced disease.
Renal leiomyoma, fibroma, lipoma, hemangioma, and reninoma.
Approximately 8%.
A type of malignant uncommon renal tumor.
13-15%.
It has limited value.
Flank mass, hypertension, varicocele, and paraneoplastic syndrome.
Tumor invades the adrenal gland or perinephric fat but not beyond Gerota's fascia.
They are reversible.
Because tumors are often detected incidentally at a low stage.
Increased renin.
To differentiate RCC from metastatic malignant disease or renal lymphoma.
Patients with multiple, recurrent non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma (NMIUC) of the urinary bladder.
To differentiate solid tissue from cystic lesions.
High risk of dialysis.
From remnants of true immature kidney.
As adjuvant treatment after radical nephrectomy and for metastatic lesions.
Tumor is greater than 7 cm and confined to the kidney.
A mass in the flank.
Lung.
Flank mass, hematuria, and pain.
A light brown homogeneous mass with no true capsule, often with a central scar on CT scan.
Release of PTH-like substance or osteolytic metastasis to the bone.
60%.
Radical nephrectomy.
Normocytic anemia, usually not related to blood loss.
Round or oval in shape with a smooth outline and no internal echoes, septations, calcifications, thick wall, or irregular margins.
Lung, liver, and bone.
Tobacco use, asbestos exposure, heavy metal exposure, analgesic phenacetin abuse, renal transplantation, renal cystic disease from dialysis, long-standing obesity, western diet.
Lung, bone (most commonly spine), regional lymph nodes, liver, adrenal gland, contralateral kidney, and brain.
Fever.
Elevated alkaline phosphatase.
Usually normal.
Tumors that spread to the kidney from other parts of the body.
In palliation for severe bleeding, pain, or paraneoplastic symptoms.
58 years.
Tumor extends into the vena cava above the diaphragm.
By wedge resection or other ablative therapies.
By partial nephrectomy.
Spread of the tumor.
Surgical excision.
6%.
Local recurrence after previous NSS and hereditary renal cancers with multifocal lesions.
Approximately 20-30%.
70-80%.
Younger than 50 years.
Polycystic kidney disease, VHL syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, positive family history.
Increased erythropoietin.
Less than 5%.
Hypercalcemia, elevated LFTs, or erythrocytosis.
For patients with allergy to intravenous contrast, renal insufficiency, or for evaluation and staging of IVC tumor thrombus.
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
Tumor is less than 4 cm and confined to the kidney.
Males are affected twice as commonly as females.
Only if symptomatic.
If the syndrome persists after tumor resection, metastasis is likely present.
Weight loss associated with paraneoplastic syndrome.
Selective embolization, partial nephrectomy, or total nephrectomy.
Extensive comorbid disease or other contraindications to surgery.
For patients with limited life expectancy or those who are unfit for or do not desire intervention.
Renal mass, extension into perinephric fat, enlarged lymph nodes, and other visceral lesions.
50%.
Tumor is between 4-7 cm and confined to the kidney.
Hypercalcemia, polycythemia, hypertension, or nonmetastatic hepatic dysfunction.
3-5%.
A rare type of renal cell carcinoma.
Anemia.
Perirenal bleeding.
When the renal mass is less than 3 cm.
30%.
Chest radiography and chest CT scan.
Cryoablation and laser coagulation.
A rare multi-system genetic disease that causes benign tumors to grow in various organs.
10-15%.
Aspiration with sclerosing agent injection, unroofing cyst if it causes obstruction or hypertension, and surgical excision.
Small solid cortical lesions.
Elevated alkaline phosphatase, calcium, or liver function tests (LFTs).
In patients with disseminated metastases or unresectable primary tumors.
Surgical excision.
Total nephrectomy.
The most common primary malignant renal tumor of childhood.
Yellow or brown tumor with fibrotic, necrotic, or hemorrhagic areas.
Invasion to the collecting system, renal capsule, or involvement of the inferior vena cava (IVC), with spread to adjacent organs limited by Gerota's fascia.
Approximately 20-30%.
Excludes the diagnosis of RCC and is considered diagnostic of AML.
Unrecognized or micrometastatic disease.
A reversible hepatitis associated with RCC that has not metastasized to the liver.
Intervention is required, such as NSS or selective embolization.
Up to 70%.
Because of its low overall response rate to chemotherapy.
Approximately 85%.
More likely to be bilateral and multicentric, with accelerated growth rate and symptomatic presentation.
Tumor extends into the renal vein or vena cava below the diaphragm.
By lymphatic and hematogenous spread with equal frequency.
Tumor invades beyond Gerota's fascia.
Often a spoke-wheel appearance.
High incidence of false-positive results.
Nonsurgical management or nephron-sparing surgery.
In bilateral RCC or RCC involving a solitary functioning kidney, and in single small renal masses < 3cm with a normal opposite kidney.
About 3%.
Adenocarcinoma.
Common to hilar and retroperitoneal lymph nodes.
<1%.
Elevated ESR.
A tumor composed of fat, blood vessels, and smooth muscle.
When there is a suspected renal abscess or infected cyst.
