p.21
Viewing and Interpreting CT Images
What plane does letter B represent?
Specify the plane and its representation.
p.8
Image Reconstruction Techniques
What are X-ray attenuation coefficients measured in?
Slices of the patient’s anatomy.
p.3
Image Reconstruction Techniques
What should you understand about algorithms and windowing in CT imaging?
How they affect image presentation.
p.27
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
Why is previous anaphylaxis a concern when using contrast media?
It increases the risk of severe allergic reactions.
p.8
Image Reconstruction Techniques
What factors determine the thickness of the slice in X-ray scanning?
Scanner capacity and acquisition thickness.
p.8
Image Reconstruction Techniques
How are attenuation coefficients computed?
By measuring the patient’s X-ray absorption along narrow X-ray beams in multiple directions within the scan plane.
p.26
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
What condition is depicted in Image A?
A subarachnoid haemorrhage.
p.8
Image Reconstruction Techniques
What do detectors record during an X-ray scan?
The attenuated intensity of each transmitted X-ray beam after it has passed through the patient’s body.
p.6
Clinical Applications of CT Imaging
What is the role of a small group in understanding CT?
To collaboratively share knowledge and insights about CT functioning and image acquisition.
p.6
Introduction to CT Methods
What is the primary function of a CT scan?
To acquire detailed images of the body's internal structures.
p.6
CT Scan Procedures and Patient Positioning
How does a CT scanner acquire images?
By rotating around the patient and taking multiple X-ray images from different angles.
p.21
Viewing and Interpreting CT Images
What plane does letter A represent?
Specify the plane and its representation.
p.11
CT Scan Procedures and Patient Positioning
What are the two patient positions mentioned for CT scanning?
Head/Feet First and Supine/Prone.
p.17
Sequential vs. Helical Scanning
What does helical scanning enable?
Faster acquisitions and seamless reformats.
p.20
Viewing and Interpreting CT Images
How are coronal images viewed?
Like a general radiography image, with the patient in the 'anatomical position'.
p.20
Viewing and Interpreting CT Images
What perspective do axial CT images follow?
The perspective of the sonographer.
p.4
Key Acronyms in CT Imaging
What is the focus of Seeram's book?
Computed Tomography: Physical Principles, Clinical Applications, and Quality Control.
p.11
CT Scan Procedures and Patient Positioning
What is the purpose of the Patient Information/Demographics Screen on the Philips Console?
To input patient information and demographics into the CT scanner.
p.6
Image Reconstruction Techniques
What technology is used to display images in a CT scan?
Digital imaging technology that reconstructs the X-ray data into cross-sectional images.
p.13
CT Scan Procedures and Patient Positioning
What is the purpose of the planning scan?
To consider the range, FOV, tube parameters, pitch, and reconstruction algorithms.
p.19
Sequential vs. Helical Scanning
What is Helical Scanning?
A method where images are acquired continuously as the patient moves through the scanner.
What is the purpose of taking a Lateral PA Scout?
To present the lateral view in a posteroanterior format.
p.31
Image Reconstruction Techniques
Can the reconstruction algorithm be adjusted after volume reconstruction?
No, the algorithm cannot be adjusted.
p.11
CT Scan Procedures and Patient Positioning
What must you know for each specific examination in CT scanning?
The correct patient position and the reason for it.
p.6
Viewing and Interpreting CT Images
What is a key aspect of how CT images are displayed?
They are typically displayed as slices or cross-sections of the body.
p.9
Key Acronyms in CT Imaging
Why was the term 'Axial' removed from CAT Scan?
Because coronal, sagittal, and oblique planes are routinely reconstructed, not just acquired.
p.32
Image Reconstruction Techniques
What does Window Level (WL) indicate?
The central CT number of all the numbers within the window width.
What is the role of the 'scout' in CT imaging?
To provide a preliminary image for planning the scan.
p.18
Sequential vs. Helical Scanning
What is a key characteristic of helical scanning?
It takes one large continuous volume, resulting in a seamless patient volume.
p.9
Key Acronyms in CT Imaging
What was the initial name used for CAT Scan?
Computed-Axial Tomography.
p.26
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
Why must a non-contrast scan be performed first when imaging the brain?
Because fresh blood mimics IV contrast media.
p.8
Image Reconstruction Techniques
How are the recorded X-ray intensities displayed?
They are translated into grey-scale values.
p.24
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
What are the types of contrast media used in CT scans?
Non-Contrast CT, Arterial Phase CT, Portal Venous Phase CT.
p.31
Image Reconstruction Techniques
What are the two types of algorithms mentioned for image reconstruction?
Bone Algorithm and Standard Algorithm.
p.31
Image Reconstruction Techniques
What do Images A and B represent?
The same data processed with two different algorithms and window settings.
p.29
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
What factors should be considered regarding the injection of contrast media?
Rate and volume of injection.
p.24
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
What is the significance of Portal Venous Phase CT?
It provides detailed images of the portal venous system and abdominal organs after contrast administration.
p.13
CT Scan Procedures and Patient Positioning
What is taken after positioning the patient on the table?
A planning scan (Scanogram, Scout, Topogram, etc.).
p.17
Sequential vs. Helical Scanning
What is a disadvantage of helical scanning?
Some loss of image quality in the x/y-plane.
p.18
Sequential vs. Helical Scanning
What is the main feature of sequential scanning?
Contiguous slices are collected and then placed together to represent the structure of interest.
p.34
Post-Processing Techniques in CT
What can the Radiographer do once the volume of data is acquired and reconstructed?
Manipulate the images to suit the clinical indication.
p.9
Key Acronyms in CT Imaging
What is the current term used for CAT Scan?
CT (Computed Tomography).
p.19
Scanning Modes and MPRs
What are MPRs in CT imaging?
Multi-Planar Reconstructions that allow viewing images in different planes.
p.24
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
What does Arterial Phase CT focus on?
It captures images shortly after IV contrast is injected, highlighting arterial structures.
p.28
Clinical Applications of CT Imaging
What is the significance of Hounsfield Units in clinical scenarios?
They help differentiate between various types of tissues and abnormalities.
p.10
CT Scan Procedures and Patient Positioning
What type of CT scanner is mentioned?
64 Slice VCT – GE Lightspeed.
p.7
Introduction to CT Methods
Who invented the CT scanner?
British engineer Godfrey Hounsfield.
p.7
Introduction to CT Methods
What term is used to describe the advancements in CT technology?
Generations of CT scanners.
p.13
CT Scan Procedures and Patient Positioning
What is the first step in the scan procedure?
Planning in the control room.
p.2
Key Acronyms in CT Imaging
What may further reproduction of the material be subject to?
Copyright protection under the Act.
p.14
CT Scan Procedures and Patient Positioning
What is the first step in the scan procedure?
Planning in the control room.
p.19
Sequential vs. Helical Scanning
What is Sequential Scanning in CT?
A method where images are acquired one slice at a time.
p.18
Sequential vs. Helical Scanning
How does helical scanning affect image quality?
It leads to improved image quality in the z-plane.
p.3
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
Why is contrast media (CM) used in CT scanning?
To enhance the visibility of internal structures.
p.19
Sequential vs. Helical Scanning
What advantage does Helical Scanning provide?
Seamless MPRs (Multi-Planar Reconstructions).
p.33
Image Reconstruction Techniques
What is applied to each volume of data in image reconstruction?
A reconstruction algorithm (kernel).
p.12
CT Scan Procedures and Patient Positioning
How does patient positioning affect CT imaging?
It influences both the radiation dose and the quality of the images obtained.
p.34
Post-Processing Techniques in CT
What does MIP stand for in CT image post-processing?
Maximum Intensity Projections.
p.10
CT Scan Procedures and Patient Positioning
What is the purpose of the scan room in CT procedures?
To house the CT scanner and facilitate the scanning process.
p.30
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
What is set over a vessel to monitor contrast arrival?
A threshold HU (Hounsfield Unit).
p.15
CT Scan Procedures and Patient Positioning
What is the first step in the scan procedure?
Planning in the control room.
p.29
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
What is the second step in using contrast media effectively?
Order the anatomical areas from least to most amount of contrast media.
p.23
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
What are the primary uses of contrast media in CT?
To distinguish & define anatomical structures, detect pathologies or abnormalities, and classify and characterize pathologies.
p.3
Sequential vs. Helical Scanning
What is the difference between Sequential and Helical scanning?
Sequential scanning captures images one slice at a time, while Helical scanning captures images continuously as the scanner moves.
p.13
CT Scan Procedures and Patient Positioning
What parameters are considered during the planning scan?
Range, FOV, tube parameters (kV, mA, rotation time), pitch, and reconstruction algorithms.
p.27
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
What are some contraindications for using contrast media (CM)?
Kidney function issues, allergies, previous anaphylaxis (especially to CM), and certain health conditions.
p.21
Viewing and Interpreting CT Images
What plane does letter E represent?
Specify the plane and its representation.
p.22
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
What is Non-Contrast CT?
A CT scan performed without the use of contrast media.
p.33
Image Reconstruction Techniques
What is the significance of using different algorithms on the same data?
They can produce different visual outputs while using the same window width and levels.
p.23
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
What specific questions can be answered using contrast media?
When does the lesion enhance? What part enhances?
p.20
Viewing and Interpreting CT Images
How are axial CT images viewed?
As if standing at the patient's feet and looking towards their head.
p.20
Viewing and Interpreting CT Images
What orientation do sonographers use when scanning a patient?
The same orientation as axial CT images.
p.21
Viewing and Interpreting CT Images
What plane does letter C represent?
Specify the plane and its representation.
p.29
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
What is a key understanding required for using contrast media?
When and when not to use it.
p.29
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
Why is timing important in the use of contrast media?
To understand blood flow pathways.
p.10
CT Scan Procedures and Patient Positioning
What is the function of the Scanner Display Panel?
To provide visual feedback and control options for the operator during the scan.
p.23
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
What is a type of intravenous contrast media used in CT?
Iodinated contrast media.
p.10
CT Scan Procedures and Patient Positioning
What role does the Patient Table play in a CT scan?
It supports the patient and allows for positioning during the scan.
p.16
Sequential vs. Helical Scanning
What is a limitation of reformats in Sequential Scanning?
Reformats in planes other than the scanned plane may have poor quality.
What are the types of scout images taken?
PA/AP and Lateral PA Scout.
p.33
Image Reconstruction Techniques
What cannot be adjusted after reconstruction?
The reconstruction algorithm (kernel).
p.32
Image Reconstruction Techniques
What is the significance of the values -175 (black) and 275 (white) in the context of Soft Tissue?
They represent the range of CT numbers within the Soft Tissue window.
p.22
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
What is Portal Venous Phase CT?
A CT scan performed after the arterial phase, focusing on the portal venous system.
p.16
Sequential vs. Helical Scanning
What is the primary use of Slice by Slice Scanning today?
It is now primarily used for high-resolution images.
What are the two types of scouts mentioned?
AP Scout and Lateral Scout.
p.3
CT Scan Procedures and Patient Positioning
What will you learn about scan procedures in CT?
How to outline the scan procedure, including patient positioning for common CT scans.
p.31
Image Reconstruction Techniques
What is applied to each volume of data in image reconstruction?
A reconstruction algorithm (kernel).
p.25
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
What are the two types of contrast media mentioned?
Oral and Rectal Contrast.
p.24
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
How is IV contrast used in a CT scan of the abdomen?
It enhances the visibility of blood vessels and organs.
p.21
Viewing and Interpreting CT Images
What plane does letter F represent?
Specify the plane and its representation.
p.28
Key Acronyms in CT Imaging
What are Hounsfield Units used for in CT imaging?
To measure the radiodensity of tissues.
p.28
Clinical Applications of CT Imaging
How do Hounsfield Units differ between the right vertebral artery and an acute bleed?
The right vertebral artery will have lower Hounsfield Units compared to the higher values of an acute bleed.
p.26
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
What are the key understandings required for using contrast media?
When and when not to use it, timing (understand blood flow pathways), and rate and volume of injection.
p.32
Image Reconstruction Techniques
What does Window Width (WW) represent in CT imaging?
The number or range of CT numbers (in Hounsfield Units) displayed in an image.
p.12
CT Scan Procedures and Patient Positioning
What should be considered when selecting a patient position on the console?
The position must match the specific requirements for the scan.
p.22
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
Why is contrast media called 'contrast'?
Because it enhances the difference in density between various tissues in imaging.
p.16
Sequential vs. Helical Scanning
What does Sequential Scanning suggest about data acquisition?
It suggests that data is collected slice by slice.
p.12
CT Scan Procedures and Patient Positioning
Why is patient positioning important in CT scanning?
It is as important as in General Radiography, affecting dose and image quality.
p.21
Viewing and Interpreting CT Images
What plane does letter D represent?
Specify the plane and its representation.
p.12
CT Scan Procedures and Patient Positioning
What is the significance of stating how patients 'A' and 'B' are positioned?
It helps in understanding the specific requirements for the scan and ensuring proper technique.
p.29
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
What is the first step in using contrast media effectively?
Identify the anatomy that the red letters correspond to.
p.16
Sequential vs. Helical Scanning
How does Slice by Slice Scanning work?
The x-ray tube rotates around the patient, collecting data from a single slice, then the patient table moves to the next slice position.
p.18
Sequential vs. Helical Scanning
How does image quality in the z-plane compare between helical and sequential scanning?
Helical scanning provides better image quality in the z-plane than sequential scanning.
p.17
Sequential vs. Helical Scanning
How does continuous volume scanning work?
The x-ray tube continuously moves and emits radiation as the patient moves through the gantry.
p.24
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
What is the purpose of Non-Contrast CT?
To evaluate structures without the influence of contrast media.
p.33
Image Reconstruction Techniques
What do Images A and B represent in the context of image reconstruction?
Exactly the same data with two different algorithms applied.
p.10
CT Scan Procedures and Patient Positioning
What are Operator Controls used for in a CT scan?
To manage the scanning process and adjust settings as needed.
p.10
CT Scan Procedures and Patient Positioning
What is the Gantry in a CT scanner?
The part of the scanner that houses the X-ray tube and detectors.
p.16
Sequential vs. Helical Scanning
What is a benefit of Sequential Scanning in terms of image quality?
It provides superior image quality in the x/y-plane as no interpolation occurs.
p.19
Scanning Modes and MPRs
What is the significance of scanning modes in CT?
They determine how images are acquired and processed.
p.30
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
What is the purpose of monitoring contrast arrival in CT imaging?
To assess the timing of contrast arrival due to varying cardiac outputs.
p.16
Sequential vs. Helical Scanning
What is a disadvantage of Sequential Scanning?
It has slower data collection compared to modern scanners.
p.22
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
What is Arterial Phase CT?
A CT scan performed shortly after contrast media is injected, highlighting arterial structures.
p.15
CT Scan Procedures and Patient Positioning
What do the scouts demonstrate in the planning phase?
Different planning perspectives and the impact of patient positioning/scanner capabilities on patient dose.
p.15
CT Scan Procedures and Patient Positioning
How do patient positioning and scanner capabilities affect the scan?
They impact patient dose.
p.30
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
What type of scans can be performed to monitor contrast arrival?
Low dose cine scans over the same ROI.
p.10
Contrast Media in CT Scanning
What is the purpose of the Ceiling Mounted Remote Contrast Injector?
To administer contrast media to the patient during the scan.
p.10
CT Scan Procedures and Patient Positioning
What is the significance of the Gantry Opening?
It is the opening through which the patient is positioned for scanning.
p.28
Key Acronyms in CT Imaging
What does a higher Hounsfield Unit indicate?
Greater radiodensity, often associated with blood or tumors.
p.36
Image Reconstruction Techniques
What type of image manipulation will be performed in year 3?
Manipulation of raw data (MPRs etc on Syngo Via).
p.36
CT Scan Procedures and Patient Positioning
What should participants keep an eye on the week before year 3 starts?
Their emails for preparatory activities.
p.36
Clinical Applications of CT Imaging
What additional activities will be included in year 3?
Other methods and clinical scenario tutorials.
p.36
Clinical Applications of CT Imaging
What will be scanned at MBI in year 3?
Mr. Kyoto using a research scanner.
