p.1
Evolution of States in Ethiopia and the Horn
What significant changes occurred in Ethiopia and the Horn from ancient times to the end of the thirteenth century?
Political, economic, social, and cultural changes.
p.1
Religious Influences on Society and Politics
How did religion influence the states in Ethiopia and the Horn?
It shaped the socio-cultural setup of the states.
p.1
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
What are some socio-cultural achievements of the period?
Architecture, writing, calendar, and numerals.
p.4
Ancient States: Punt and Aksum
What significant archaeological findings were discovered at Hawulti Melazo?
Stone tablets inscribed in a rectangular temple surrounded by a wall decorated with paintings.
p.10
Evolution of States in Ethiopia and the Horn
What were some of the mutually independent states mentioned?
Arababani, Biqulzar, Dera, Fadise, Gidaya, Hargaya, Harla, Kwilgora, Qadise, Sharkah, and Sim.
p.22
Consolidation and Territorial Expansion of the Christian Kingdom
Which areas paid tribute to the Christian Kingdom during Amde-Tsion's reign?
Muslim sultanates in the southeast.
p.17
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
How does the Geʽez numeral system compare to other numeral systems?
It is comparable to Hebrew, Arabic, and Greek numerals but lacks individual characters for multiples of 100.
p.4
Ancient States: Punt and Aksum
What regions did the Aksumite territories extend to at its height?
From the Red Sea coast in the East to the western edge of the Ethiopian plateau and possibly as far south as northern parts of Shewa.
p.18
Trade and Economic Interactions
What commonalities existed between the states of Punt and Aksum?
Both engaged in trade and had cultural exchanges.
p.18
Evolution of States in Ethiopia and the Horn
What was the significance of the legend of the Queen of Sheba in Ethiopian politics?
It symbolized national identity and legitimacy of rulers.
p.18
External Relations and Cultural Exchanges
What was the impact of external contact on Ethiopian societies?
Ethiopian societies were influenced by external cultures while also influencing them.
p.18
Religious Influences on Society and Politics
How did Christianity and Islam expand in Ethiopia?
Their expansion significantly influenced the political and cultural life of ancient states.
p.6
Factors Influencing State Formation
What challenges led to the decline of Aksum's political and military power?
Local rebellions and the rise of Arab Muslims controlling trade.
p.18
Evolution of States in Ethiopia and the Horn
What was the origin and growth of the Aksumite state?
Aksumite state originated from trade and agricultural development, growing into a powerful entity.
p.18
Factors Influencing State Formation
What factors contributed to the decline of the Aksumite kingdom?
Internal and external factors, including economic challenges and invasions.
p.18
Factors Influencing State Formation
What factors led to the end of the Zagwe dynasty?
Political instability and external pressures.
p.18
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
What were the outstanding achievements of the Aksumite state?
Political and cultural advancements, including trade networks and architectural innovations.
p.18
Religious Influences on Society and Politics
Why did King Lalibela construct rock-hewn churches?
To create a Christian pilgrimage site and symbolize religious devotion.
p.18
Trade and Economic Interactions
How did trade routes influence interactions between peoples and states in Ethiopia?
They facilitated economic exchanges and cultural interactions, leading to mutual influences.
p.2
Factors Influencing State Formation
What was a key factor in the emergence of states?
The beginning of sedentary agriculture.
p.14
Trade and Economic Interactions
What role did trade centers play in the earliest states?
They were major socio-economic and political centers.
p.9
Evolution of States in Ethiopia and the Horn
What was the role of Mikretcho in Enarya?
Mikretcho was the council that held real power, including the king's spokesman and royal treasurer.
p.3
Ancient States: Punt and Aksum
What was Punt known for in ancient history?
It was the earliest recorded state in Ethiopia and the Horn.
p.5
Trade and Economic Interactions
What was the major port of Aksum according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea?
Adulis on the western coast of the Red Sea.
p.2
Trade and Economic Interactions
How did the growth of trade contribute to state formation?
It facilitated the development of states through the exchange of surplus produce.
p.16
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
What is a peculiar feature of Sabean inscriptions?
The absence of vowels; most words are written in consonants.
p.11
External Relations and Cultural Exchanges
When did Ethiopia and the Horn have contacts with Egypt?
Since at least 3,000 B.C.
p.5
Trade and Economic Interactions
What were the main export items of the Aksumite state?
Natural products such as ivory, myrrh, emerald, frankincense, spices, gold, rhinoceros horns, hippopotamus hides, tortoise shells, and exotic animals.
p.10
Factors Influencing State Formation
Who established the Makhzumite Sultanate and when?
Khalid ibn al-Walid established it in 896 A.D. (283 A.H.).
p.15
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
What type of writing system did the Sabean language use?
Boustrophedon writing type.
p.9
Muslim Sultanates and Their Impact
What happened after the spread of Islam in the eighth century?
Viable Muslim communities and states were established along main trade routes.
p.13
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
What types of handicrafts existed in ancient states?
Metal work, pottery, tannery, carpentry, masonry, weaving, jewelry, and basketry.
p.12
External Relations and Cultural Exchanges
Why did Europeans associate the Ethiopian Christian Kingdom with Prester John?
It was the only Christian kingdom between the Red Sea and the Indian subcontinent.
p.10
Agricultural Development and Sedentary Lifestyle
What was the primary agricultural output of Fatagar?
Wheat, barley, fruits, and extensive grazing grounds.
p.22
Consolidation and Territorial Expansion of the Christian Kingdom
What was the capital of the Christian Kingdom from 1270 until 1636?
There was no permanent capital during this period.
p.11
External Relations and Cultural Exchanges
Which empire did Aksum establish a close relationship with after adopting Christianity?
The East Roman or Byzantine Empire.
p.5
Trade and Economic Interactions
What types of products were imported by Aksum?
Manufactured products like garments and textiles, glassware, jewelry, metallic sheets, tools, oil, and wine.
p.7
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
What are some achievements of the Aksum civilization?
Indigenous script, calendar, EOC hymns, diversified tools, urbanization, and sophisticated building traditions.
p.16
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
What is the Geʽez alphabet classified as?
An abjad with 26 consonant letters only.
p.11
External Relations and Cultural Exchanges
What led to the deterioration of relations between Aksum and the Byzantine Empire in the seventh century?
The rapid expansion of Muslim Arabs and the decline of Aksumite land routes.
p.9
Evolution of States in Ethiopia and the Horn
What was Bizamo?
A kingdom located on the southern bend of the Abay River, founded in the eighth century.
p.14
Trade and Economic Interactions
What was a significant economic activity of ancient states?
Trade, both internal and international.
p.9
Evolution of States in Ethiopia and the Horn
What was unique about the kingship in Enarya?
It was a divine kingship, with the king considered sacred and secluded.
p.13
Factors Influencing State Formation
What are rist rights?
A communal birthright to land inherited by families and clans whose ancestors settled in an area.
p.12
External Relations and Cultural Exchanges
What event led to the circulation of the myth about Prester John?
The balance of the crusade war was in favor of the Muslims.
p.13
Factors Influencing State Formation
What is the gult right?
The right to levy tribute on rist owners’ produce.
p.15
Zagwe Dynasty and Architectural Achievements
What is a notable feature of the construction of Zagwe churches?
They were cut and shaped into a variety of delicately decorated churches.
p.3
Ancient States: Punt and Aksum
What type of evidence do we have about Punt?
Egyptian hieroglyphic writings and vivid paintings.
p.12
External Relations and Cultural Exchanges
What was the significance of the letter sent in 1165 regarding Prester John?
It mentioned the enormous power of Prester John and was addressed to European kings.
p.2
Factors Influencing State Formation
What defines a state?
An autonomous political unit with a population, defined territory, sovereignty, and government.
p.8
Zagwe Dynasty and Architectural Achievements
What types of churches are associated with the Zagwe rulers?
Cave, semi-hewn, and monolithic churches.
p.11
External Relations and Cultural Exchanges
What significant change occurred in Aksum's relations with Egypt?
The introduction of Christianity established a new pattern of relations.
p.5
Trade and Economic Interactions
Which ports were mentioned in relation to the Aksumite trade?
Ports of Aden (Eudaemon) Gulf like Avalites (Zayla) and Malao (Berbera), and Indian Ocean Benadir Coasts like Serapion (Moqadishu), Nicon (Brava), and Merca.
p.15
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
How does boustrophedon writing work?
It alternates writing from left to right and right to left.
p.3
Ancient States: Punt and Aksum
Who led the famous expedition to Punt under Queen Hatshepsut?
Black Nubian Captain Nehasi.
p.13
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
What did metal workers produce?
Weapons and tools such as spears, swords, javelins, and hoes.
p.21
Evolution of States in Ethiopia and the Horn
Why are the terms 'Restoration' and 'Solomonic' placed in quotation marks?
Because the claims of historical legitimacy and descent from King Solomon are not supported by historical evidence.
p.10
Factors Influencing State Formation
Where is Dawaro located?
South of Fatagar, between the upper waters of Awash and Wabi-Shebelle.
p.3
Ancient States: Punt and Aksum
What items were collected during Hatshepsut's expedition to Punt?
Frank incense, cinnamon, spices, ivory, rhinoceros horn, live monkeys, and more.
p.1
Evolution of States in Ethiopia and the Horn
Can you name some of the earliest states in Ethiopia and the Horn?
The unit encourages identification of prominent ancient states.
p.9
Evolution of States in Ethiopia and the Horn
What region did Enarya belong to?
The Gibe region in southwestern Ethiopia.
p.15
Zagwe Dynasty and Architectural Achievements
What are the Zagwe churches known for?
They are regarded as some of the finest architecture and artistic achievements of the Christian world.
p.12
External Relations and Cultural Exchanges
What did Europeans perceive about the Ethiopian Christian Kingdom?
They considered it a very powerful and wealthy state in the Horn of Africa.
p.2
Factors Influencing State Formation
Why did families prefer to live together in larger communities?
For better security and to help each other in hard work.
p.12
External Relations and Cultural Exchanges
Who was Prester John?
A legendary rich and powerful Christian ruler believed to exist in Ethiopia.
p.14
Trade and Economic Interactions
What was crucial for the protection of trade routes?
Ensuring safety from robbers.
p.9
Evolution of States in Ethiopia and the Horn
What is known about the Gafat territory?
It lies south of the Abay River and was inhabited by a Semitic-speaking population.
p.6
Trade and Economic Interactions
What types of coins did Aksumite kings mint and issue?
Gold, silver, and bronze coins for both overseas and local transactions.
p.8
Zagwe Dynasty and Architectural Achievements
What was a significant cultural achievement during the Zagwe period in Ethiopia?
The translation of religious works from Arabic into Ge'ez.
p.9
Evolution of States in Ethiopia and the Horn
What tribute did Gafat pay to the Christian Kingdom?
Mainly in cattle, coming from six districts.
p.13
Factors Influencing State Formation
What is Riste-Gult?
A hereditary gult right transferred to offspring by well-placed officials.
p.6
Trade and Economic Interactions
Which four great powers existed during the time of Aksum?
Roman Empire, Persia, China, and Aksum.
p.1
External Relations and Cultural Exchanges
What role did external relations play in the history of the region?
They had a significant role in shaping the history of the region.
p.21
Evolution of States in Ethiopia and the Horn
What claim did the rulers of the 'Solomonic' Dynasty make regarding their legitimacy?
They claimed descent from the last king of Aksum to take over state power from the Zagwe dynasty.
p.17
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
What is the structure of the Sidama calendar?
It has 13 months, 12 of which have 28 days and the thirteenth month has 29 days.
p.1
Factors Influencing State Formation
What does the term 'state' refer to in the context of this unit?
A political entity with organized governance.
p.14
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
What symbols are found at the top of the longest stele?
A disc and a crescent (half moon).
p.22
Consolidation and Territorial Expansion of the Christian Kingdom
Where was the initial center of the restored dynasty located?
In medieval Amhara, around Lake Haiq.
p.13
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
How were artisans viewed in society?
They were mostly despised and marginalized.
p.21
Religious Influences on Society and Politics
What is the Kibre Negest?
A text that claims the Ethiopian ruling class descended from Menilek I, linking Ethiopia to the Judeo-Christian tradition.
p.7
Evolution of States in Ethiopia and the Horn
What significant shift occurred after the decline of Aksum?
The center of the Aksumite state shifted southwards to Kubar rural highland.
p.20
Evolution of States in Ethiopia and the Horn
What period does Unit Four cover in Ethiopian history?
From the late thirteenth to the beginning of the sixteenth centuries.
p.5
Trade and Economic Interactions
What language did Zoscales, the king of Aksum, use for communication?
Greek, the Lingua Franca of the Greco-Roman world.
p.2
Factors Influencing State Formation
What replaced priests as production became market-oriented?
Chiefs, who collected regular and compulsory tributes.
p.3
Ancient States: Punt and Aksum
What were the Puntites also known as due to the ritual importance of their exports?
Khebis of the Ta Netjeru (divine or ghosts land).
p.11
External Relations and Cultural Exchanges
How did Egyptian Muslim rulers use the consecration of bishops?
As an instrument to further their foreign policy objectives.
p.4
Ancient States: Punt and Aksum
Where was the center of the Da'amat state located?
A little to the south of Aksum.
p.21
Religious Influences on Society and Politics
Who is Menilek I in the context of Ethiopian history?
He is claimed to be the son of the Queen of Sheba and King Solomon of Israel, from whom Ethiopian monarchs claim descent.
p.12
Agricultural Development and Sedentary Lifestyle
What is the communal land tenure system?
A system where land rights are held collectively by families, clans, or lineage groups.
p.22
Consolidation and Territorial Expansion of the Christian Kingdom
What were the main motives for Amde-Tsion's territorial expansion?
Economic and political reasons, including control of trade routes.
p.8
Factors Influencing State Formation
What led to the end of the Zagwe Dynasty?
Internal problems of royal succession and opposition from groups claiming descent from ancient Aksum rulers.
p.1
Religious Influences on Society and Politics
In what ways did religion facilitate people's relations in Ethiopia and the Horn?
By providing a common cultural and social framework.
p.6
Religious Influences on Society and Politics
What significant event occurred involving Dhu-Nuwas?
He converted to Judaism and killed many Christians.
p.10
Trade and Economic Interactions
What was the economic activity in Bali based on?
Barter, exchanging cattle, sheep, cloth, etc.
p.12
Agricultural Development and Sedentary Lifestyle
What strategies did people use to enhance soil fertility?
Manuring, composting, spreading ashes, fallowing, crop rotation, intercropping, and contour plowing.
p.22
Consolidation and Territorial Expansion of the Christian Kingdom
Which regions did Amde-Tsion expand into during his reign?
Agaw (Awi), Bizamo, Damot, Bete-Israel, and the Red Sea Coast.
p.3
Ancient States: Punt and Aksum
What items did Punt import from Egypt?
Axes, daggers, swords, clothes, and trinkets.
p.14
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
What is unique about the third longest stele?
It is smooth at the back and without any decoration.
p.10
Factors Influencing State Formation
Who established the state of Ifat and when?
Umar Walasma established it between 1271 and 1285.
p.22
Consolidation and Territorial Expansion of the Christian Kingdom
What title was given to the governor appointed by Amde-Tsion in the Eritrean region?
Ma'ekale-Bahir, later changed to Bahire-Negash.
p.16
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
How does the Oromo calendar determine the length of a month?
Based on astronomical observations of the moon and specific guiding stars.
p.4
Ancient States: Punt and Aksum
What was Yeha known for?
It was the oldest cultural center and an emporium for South Arabian merchants.
p.10
Agricultural Development and Sedentary Lifestyle
What crops were cultivated in the sultanate of Ifat?
Wheat, sorghum, millet, teff, and various fruits.
p.20
Trade and Economic Interactions
How did trade influence the expansion of Islam in the region?
Trade facilitated interactions that contributed to the spread of Islam.
p.11
External Relations and Cultural Exchanges
What role did Ethiopian Christian communities play in relation to Europe?
They served as an important link or bridge between the Ethiopian Christian Kingdom and Europe.
p.3
Ancient States: Punt and Aksum
What geographical challenges might have affected Egyptian expeditions to Punt?
Egyptian sailboats may not have been strong enough to pass through the Strait of Bab-el Mandeb.
p.17
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
What do AH and BH stand for in the Islamic calendar?
AH stands for 'After Hijra' and BH stands for 'Before Hijra'.
p.10
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
What was notable about the consumption of chat in Ifat?
It was described for the first time as being consumed as a stimulant.
p.22
Consolidation and Territorial Expansion of the Christian Kingdom
What was the significance of the trade routes during Amde-Tsion's reign?
They facilitated the flow of commodities to the coast.
p.16
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
Who left the first completely vocalized texts known?
Ezana, with trilingual inscriptions in Greek, Sabean, and Ge'ez around 330 AD.
p.13
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
What was the general public attitude towards artisans?
Not encouraging, leading to little improvement in locally produced goods.
p.5
Trade and Economic Interactions
What was the nature of trade between Aksum and the region called Sasu?
It involved silent trade, where merchants exchanged goods without direct communication.
p.10
Muslim Sultanates and Their Impact
What characterized the kingdom of Bali?
It occupied a high plateau and was one of the largest Muslim provinces in Ethiopia.
p.3
Ancient States: Punt and Aksum
What types of goods were exported from Punt to Egypt?
Iron, bronze, cattle, medicinal plants, and more.
p.17
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
How does the Ethiopic solar calendar differ from the Gregorian calendar?
It has 12 months of 30 days plus 5 or 6 Epagomenal days, resulting in a gap of 7-8 years.
p.14
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
What does the second longest obelisk represent?
A ten-storied building with many windows and a false door.
p.7
Zagwe Dynasty and Architectural Achievements
What time period is believed to encompass the Zagwe Dynasty's rule?
From approximately 1150 to 1270.
p.20
Factors Influencing State Formation
What were some key developments that shaped modern Ethiopia?
Territorial expansion, evangelization, and flourishing trade.
p.8
Factors Influencing State Formation
Who was Yekuno-Amlak and what did he claim?
He claimed descent from the last Aksumite king and sought to restore the 'Solomonic' Dynasty.
p.5
Trade and Economic Interactions
What was the significance of the Adulis inscription?
It describes the commercial activities of the Red Sea areas and was published in Cosmas Indicopleustes’ book, the Christian Topography.
p.7
Zagwe Dynasty and Architectural Achievements
What was the center of the Zagwe Dynasty?
Bugna District within Wag and Lasta, near Roha (Lalibela).
p.12
Agricultural Development and Sedentary Lifestyle
What role did teamwork play in ancient farming?
It was developed during times of labor shortage.
p.11
External Relations and Cultural Exchanges
How did Ethiopian Christian pilgrims reach the Holy Land?
They used the land route to Egypt and then to the Holy Land.
p.8
Religious Influences on Society and Politics
What is the Kebra-Negest?
A book that contains the legend of the Queen of Sheba and was translated into Ge'ez.
p.7
Trade and Economic Interactions
What were the main export items of the Zagwe Dynasty?
Slaves, ivory, and rare spices.
p.6
Trade and Economic Interactions
What event cut the international lifeline of the Aksumite state?
The destruction of the port of Adulis by the Arabs around 702.
p.16
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
How many days are in a month and a year according to the Oromo calendar?
29.5 days in a month and 354 days in a year.
p.7
Trade and Economic Interactions
What did the Zagwe rulers renew with the eastern Mediterranean region?
Cultural and trade contact.
p.20
Muslim Sultanates and Their Impact
What characterized inter-state relations during this period?
Rivalries between the Christian Kingdom and Muslim Sultanates.
p.11
External Relations and Cultural Exchanges
What information did Ethiopian pilgrims transmit to their European counterparts?
Information about the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and its exceptional liturgical practices.
p.7
Evolution of States in Ethiopia and the Horn
What did the Agaw maintain from the Aksumite traditions?
The ancient Aksumite traditions almost intact.
p.20
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
What factors contributed to the interaction of different peoples in the region?
Territorial expansion and socio-cultural exchanges.
p.4
Ancient States: Punt and Aksum
What is significant about Addi-Seglemeni?
It is where the oldest Ethiopian monumental inscription was discovered.
p.20
External Relations and Cultural Exchanges
What was the nature of Ethiopia's relations with the outside world during this period?
Complex interactions influenced by trade and territorial dynamics.
p.18
Ancient States: Punt and Aksum
What differences exist between Aksumite stele and Egyptian pyramids?
Distinct architectural styles and cultural significance.
p.8
Zagwe Dynasty and Architectural Achievements
What was the purpose of constructing churches in Lalibela?
To establish a second Jerusalem and ease the journey for Ethiopian Christians to Holy Lands.
p.17
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
What is the significance of Fiche Chambalala?
It is a New Year ritual where the nominated Mote (King) is presented.
p.1
Trade and Economic Interactions
How did Ethiopian people maintain relationships across different geographical locations?
Through trade, cultural exchanges, and shared religious practices.
p.7
Zagwe Dynasty and Architectural Achievements
Who was Merra Teklehaimanot?
An Agaw prince who married the daughter of the last Aksumite king and later took control of power.
p.16
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
What influenced the development of vocalized letters in the Geʽez script?
Christian scripture, by adding vocalic diacritics for vowels.
p.11
External Relations and Cultural Exchanges
What barrier did the Mamluk present to Ethiopia?
A barrier to contacts between Christian Ethiopia and European states.
p.5
Trade and Economic Interactions
What conflict is recorded between Aksum and the Southern Arabian Peninsula?
Aksumite king Gadarat's army had difficulties in defending against the peoples in present-day Yemen around 200 A.D.
p.21
Factors Influencing State Formation
What political instability occurred after the reign of Yikuno-Amlak?
Constant power struggles among his sons and grandsons for succession.
p.2
Evolution of States in Ethiopia and the Horn
What geographical features favored the development of powerful kingdoms in Ethiopia and the Horn?
Proximity to international water bodies like the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Indian Ocean.
p.16
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
What was the purpose of developing calendars in ancient Ethiopia?
To understand and remember vital climatic cycles, such as the timing of rains.
p.11
External Relations and Cultural Exchanges
What tradition began at the end of the first millennium AD among Ethiopian Christians?
The tradition to visit Jerusalem and other Holy places.
p.17
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
When does the first day of the Ethiopic year usually fall in the Gregorian calendar?
September 11, except September 12 in years before the Gregorian leap year.
p.6
Factors Influencing State Formation
What led to the decline of the Aksumite state in the late seventh century?
Environmental degradation, decline in agricultural productivity, and possibly plague infestation.
p.21
Factors Influencing State Formation
What was established at Amba Gishen to address the succession problem?
A 'royal prison' where all male members of the royal family were confined.
p.20
Factors Influencing State Formation
What role did Amba Gishen play in the Christian Kingdom?
It was significant in the succession problems.
p.3
Ancient States: Punt and Aksum
What is the debate among scholars regarding the location of Punt?
Some suggest northern or northeastern Somalia, while others lean towards Northern Ethiopia.
p.17
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
What is the basis of the Muslim (Islamic) calendar?
It is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days, based on the Hijra year of 622 AD.
p.21
Factors Influencing State Formation
How did the royal prison at Amba Gishen function during succession?
Loyal soldiers guarded the prison, and upon the monarch's death, an army would escort the designated successor to the throne.
p.22
Consolidation and Territorial Expansion of the Christian Kingdom
What challenges did Amde-Tsion face in consolidating his power?
Stiff resistance from Ifat and Shewa, and rebellions in Enderta.
p.18
Evolution of States in Ethiopia and the Horn
What should be addressed in the research on ancient states of Ethiopia and the Horn?
The what, where, when, why, how, and by whom questions.
p.21
Factors Influencing State Formation
What event led to the destruction of Amba Gishen?
It was destroyed by Imam Ahmad Ibrahim Al-Ghazi's forces in 1540.
p.18
Factors Influencing State Formation
What role did agriculture and trade play in ancient states of Ethiopia and the Horn?
They were crucial for formation and consolidation, illustrated by specific examples.
p.17
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
When did numerals first appear in Ethiopia and the Horn?
At the beginning of the fourth century AD.
p.6
Socio-Cultural Achievements: Writing, Calendar, and Numerals
What cultural development occurred during the reign of Gabra Masqal?
Yared developed Ethiopian Orthodox Church liturgical songs and hymns.
