p.15
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What is the first step in preparing a patient for a clinical physical examination?
Explain the procedure to the patient and obtain consent.
p.15
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What position should the patient be in to enhance lung volumes during examination?
Upright position, if possible.
p.37
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What should you do if SpO2 is 95% or below on two occasions?
Seek medical attention ASAP.
p.52
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What can be evaluated through a CXR?
Lung zones and anatomical structures.
p.30
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What technique should be used during chest auscultation?
Listen to all lung fields during full inspiration and expiration.
p.15
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
How should privacy and dignity be maintained during a physical examination?
By covering areas not being assessed.
p.20
Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System
What is the significance of the shape of the thoracic cage?
The shape of the thoracic cage is important for protecting vital organs and facilitating respiratory mechanics.
p.54
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What technology does a CT scan use to create images?
X-rays that pass through body organs at a 360-degree angle.
p.20
Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System
What are the primary shapes of the thoracic cage?
The thoracic cage can be classified into two primary shapes: conical and cylindrical.
p.2
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What is an important technique to use during a respiratory assessment?
Auscultation of lung sounds.
p.21
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What should be checked for chest symmetry during inspection?
Both sides should expand equally; asymmetry may indicate underlying respiratory issues.
p.54
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What is injected intravenously during a CT scan?
Iodine-containing contrast dye.
p.27
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
How is tactile fremitus assessed?
By placing the flat palm of the hand on the chest and asking the patient to say '99' repeatedly while palpating both sides of the posterior chest.
p.17
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What signs of respiratory distress should be looked for on the face?
Grimacing, gasping, nasal flaring, and lip puckering.
p.5
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
How does smoking or vaping history affect post-operative risks?
It increases the risk of respiratory complications.
p.2
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What should be observed during a respiratory assessment?
Respiratory rate, rhythm, and effort.
p.30
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What is the purpose of auscultation of the chest?
To evaluate the presence and quality of normal breath sounds and identify respiratory problems.
p.33
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What is the primary purpose of respiratory investigations?
To assess lung function and diagnose respiratory conditions.
p.54
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What are common procedures performed using a CT scan?
CT brain, chest, abdomen/pelvis, extremities, and spine.
p.21
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What is assessed to determine the depth of chest movement?
Whether the chest expands fully to the bottom of the lungs; inadequate expansion may indicate impaired ventilation.
p.4
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
How can motor neuron disease affect respiratory function?
It can lead to a weak cough.
p.26
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What indicates normal findings during chest expansion assessment?
Thumbs symmetrically spread apart.
p.1
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
How can medical histories be evaluated in relation to respiratory symptoms?
To identify potential causes and determine nursing interventions.
p.52
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What is the significance of CXR in respiratory assessment?
It shows important anatomy and lung zones.
p.3
Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System
What do nurses need to understand for effective respiratory assessment?
The anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system.
p.38
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What are important indicators of respiratory function?
Heart rate and blood pressure.
p.26
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
Where should hands be placed to assess chest expansion?
On the chest wall at the 10th rib.
p.3
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What are the three key stages in respiratory assessment?
Clinical examination (Objective), Patient questioning (Subjective), and checking the medical notes.
p.40
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What does the Culture & Sensitivity (C/ST) test for a throat swab determine?
The appropriate antibiotic treatment if needed.
p.32
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What are crackles (rales) and when are they heard?
Coarse, low-pitched sounds heard during inspiration and expiration, associated with serous secretions; clinical examples include pulmonary edema and pneumonia.
p.7
Communication Techniques in Patient Interactions
What is an important aspect of patient questioning?
Encouraging patient expression.
p.38
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What is the purpose of the Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS)?
To assess illness severity and risk of deterioration for timely management of deteriorating patients.
p.11
Types of Dyspnea and Their Characteristics
What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)?
Sudden, acute dyspnea during sleep, common in patients with congestive heart failure.
p.63
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What is thoracentesis?
A medical procedure to remove fluid or air from the pleural space.
p.10
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What do classifications 1 and 2 on the Bronkotest chart represent?
White to light yellow sputum color.
p.37
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What action is required if pulse oximetry readings are consistently 92% or below?
Go to the Accident & Emergency Department.
p.10
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What is sputum?
Mucoid discharge from the respiratory tract.
p.30
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What should be compared during auscultation?
Left and right lung fields.
p.45
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What is the significance of having the lowest risk of causing a transfusion reaction?
To ensure patient safety during surgery.
p.30
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What is the recommended patient positioning for auscultation?
Sitting position if possible.
p.17
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What does cyanosis around the lips and mouth indicate?
A low O2 level requiring immediate oxygen therapy.
p.10
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What does the Bronkotest 5-point chart assess?
Sputum characteristics and inflammation.
p.26
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What does asymmetric expansion during the assessment indicate?
A possible chest wall deformity or pneumonia.
p.18
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What does it indicate if the AP diameter equals the transverse diameter?
It indicates a 'barrel chest'.
p.45
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What is the purpose of the blood type and screen test?
To determine the patient's blood type, screen for antibodies, and check the Rhesus factor.
p.40
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What is the purpose of testing respiratory samples?
To identify evidence of bacterial infection.
p.51
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
How do X-rays interact with different tissues and organs?
They penetrate tissues and organs differently according to tissue density.
p.5
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
Why is social and family history important in post-operative care?
It helps assess potential risks and complications.
What is the purpose of a Type & Screen in blood banking?
To check blood grouping, Rhesus factor, and antibody identification.
p.21
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What should be evaluated regarding breathing rhythm?
Whether the breathing pattern is regular; irregular patterns can signal distress or deterioration.
p.40
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What does the Culture & Sensitivity (C/ST) test for sputum determine?
The appropriate antibiotic treatment if needed.
p.56
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
Who is not suitable for an MRI?
Patients who are pregnant or breastfeeding.
p.7
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What is a key question to ask a patient about their current state?
What is troubling you most at the moment?
p.24
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What indicates hypercapnia in hypoventilation?
Elevated PaCO2 (> 44 mmHg or 5.9 kPa).
p.3
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What is the purpose of respiratory assessment?
To identify changes to respiratory functions through a systemic analysis of breathing.
p.53
Safe Nursing Practice for Radiographic Studies
Why is pregnancy contraindicated for all X-ray studies?
To avoid potential harm to the developing fetus.
p.4
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What should be reviewed in the history of presenting conditions?
Details of the current physical conditions and past medical history.
p.51
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What color do bones appear on radiographs and why?
Bones appear white because X-rays cannot penetrate bone to reach the film.
p.27
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What does a decrease or lack of fremitus indicate?
Excess air in the pleural space, such as in pneumothorax.
p.1
Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System
What is the purpose of analyzing the respiratory system's anatomy and physiology?
To detect changes in function during assessments.
p.5
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What should be reviewed to understand the progression of a disease?
Previous hospital admissions.
p.4
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What substances can cause toxic ingestion leading to respiratory symptoms?
Fentanyl, Ketamine, and Cocaine.
p.61
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What complications should be assessed for after a bronchoscopy?
Laryngeal edema, bronchospasm, pneumothorax, cardiac dysrhythmias, and bleeding.
p.12
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What are the common sources of pain in pulmonary disorders?
Pain arises from pleurae, airways, or chest wall.
p.33
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What role does arterial blood gas analysis play in respiratory investigations?
It assesses the gas exchange function of the lungs.
What does the Rhesus factor indicate?
Whether blood is Positive or Negative.
p.48
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What type of needle and syringe should be used for ABG collection?
A heparinized needle and syringe.
p.7
Communication Techniques in Patient Interactions
What approach should be taken to build a shared understanding of ongoing care?
A collaborative approach.
p.25
Types of Dyspnea and Their Characteristics
What is hypoventilation?
Decreased rate and depth of breathing, leading to increased carbon dioxide levels.
p.41
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
Why are clinical signs alone limited in differentiating pneumonia types?
Because they have limited value in distinguishing between viral and bacterial infections.
p.12
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
Why is it important to differentiate central chest pain from cardiac pain?
To rule out cardiac problems.
p.62
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What is the limit for fluid removal during thoracentesis?
1000 mL – 1500 mL at one time.
p.58
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What should be assessed before a Pulmonary Angiography?
Hypersensitivity to iodine or seafood.
p.34
Pulmonary Function Tests and Their Importance
What is spirometry used for?
To conduct pulmonary function tests.
p.50
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
How does a Chest X-ray work?
An x-ray beam is passed through the body, with some x-rays absorbed or scattered by internal structures.
p.25
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What is the significance of observing breathing patterns?
It can provide important clues about a patient's respiratory and overall health.
p.65
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What imaging should be performed after thoracentesis?
A chest X-ray (CXR) as prescribed to assess for complications.
p.18
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What should be inspected in the thoracic cage?
Shape and configuration of the chest wall.
p.2
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What is the first step in carrying out a respiratory assessment?
Gathering patient history and symptoms.
p.15
Communication Techniques in Patient Interactions
Why is effective communication important during a physical examination?
To ensure the patient understands the procedure and feels comfortable.
p.18
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What muscles should be observed during thoracic cage inspection?
Neck and trapezius muscles.
p.5
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What is a post-operative risk related to anesthesia?
Increased risk of respiratory complications.
p.54
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What type of view does a CT scan provide?
A three-dimensional, cross-sectional view of body structures.
p.27
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What does a change in sound vibrations in the chest wall indicate?
Abnormalities of lung tissues.
p.31
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What are the three types of normal breath sounds?
Bronchial, Bronchovesicular, and Vesicular breath sounds.
p.45
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What can the doctor do once the blood type and screen results are available?
Reserve the appropriate blood product that is compatible with the patient's blood type.
p.21
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What does a discrepancy between chest and abdominal movement suggest?
It may suggest respiratory distress.
p.31
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What is a characteristic of Bronchial breath sounds?
They are typically loud and high-pitched, heard over the trachea.
p.6
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What is the first step in patient questioning?
Identify the main problem.
p.38
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
How can a decrease in consciousness affect respiratory function?
It can impair respiratory drive and function, requiring escalation of care.
p.36
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What is pulse oximetry?
A simple, non-invasive method of measuring oxygen levels.
p.10
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What is a common marker of bacterial infection in sputum?
A high presence of neutrophils.
p.21
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What indicates the use of accessory muscles during breathing?
The use of neck muscles to lift the shoulder girdle and ribs; increased effort suggests respiratory compromise.
p.30
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
How should a patient position their arms for posterior auscultation?
Move their arms forward to clear the scapulae.
p.31
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What distinguishes Vesicular breath sounds?
They are soft, low-pitched sounds heard over the lung fields.
p.17
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What are clubbed fingers or toes a sign of?
Hypoxia from respiratory or cardiovascular disease.
p.7
Communication Techniques in Patient Interactions
What should healthcare providers allow patients to do during consultations?
Share their concerns and expectations.
p.48
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What should be assessed in the patient's medication history before ABG collection?
Use of anticoagulants or aspirin.
Why is confirming a patient’s ABO group important?
An incompatible transfusion can be fatal.
p.32
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
Describe wheeze and its clinical example.
High-pitched, musical squeaking sounds that predominate in expiration but may occur in both expiration and inspiration; commonly associated with acute asthma.
p.25
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What is the normal respiratory rate for adults?
Typically between 12 to 20 breaths per minute.
p.45
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
Why is blood taken from the patient before surgery?
To perform a type and screen test for compatibility with blood products.
p.3
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What is crucial for nurses to do in respiratory assessment?
Timely assessment and intervention to alleviate breathing difficulties and prevent deterioration.
p.38
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What does pyrexia (fever) indicate in relation to respiratory health?
It may indicate a respiratory infection, necessitating further investigation and management.
p.11
Types of Dyspnea and Their Characteristics
What are the characteristics of severe dyspnea?
Flaring of nostrils, use of accessory respiratory muscles, and retraction of muscles between or above the ribs.
p.33
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
Name a common type of respiratory investigation.
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs).
p.51
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What color do lungs or bowels appear on X-ray films?
They appear black or very dark.
p.33
Pulmonary Function Tests and Their Importance
What do pulmonary function tests measure?
Lung volumes, capacities, and airflow rates.
p.36
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
In what settings is pulse oximetry useful?
For continuous or intermittent monitoring of oxygenation.
p.53
Safe Nursing Practice for Radiographic Studies
What is required for invasive procedures in radiographic studies?
Informed written consent.
p.5
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What patient preferences should be consulted regarding post-operative care?
Resuscitation and escalation of care preferences.
p.62
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What is thoracentesis?
An invasive procedure to insert a large-bore needle through the chest wall into the pleural space.
p.26
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
How should the assessment of chest expansion be performed?
Systematically, anteriorly and posteriorly, from apex to bases of lungs.
p.36
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
How does an oximeter measure oxygen saturation?
It emits red and infrared light to measure oxygen saturation in the blood.
p.34
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What vital signs should be regularly monitored in respiratory investigations?
Temperature, blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, and conscious level.
p.1
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What types of investigations are important for interpreting respiratory health?
Blood gases, spirometry, and imaging.
p.39
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What is the purpose of the Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS)?
To identify patients at risk of clinical deterioration.
p.8
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What is sneezing a reflex response to?
Irritation in the upper respiratory tract.
p.58
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What is the purpose of a Pulmonary Angiography?
To identify pulmonary emboli, tumors, aneurysms, and vascular changes.
p.49
Pulmonary Function Tests and Their Importance
What does spirometry measure?
Lung capacity and how easily and quickly air can be exhaled.
p.7
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What question can help explore a patient's beliefs about their health?
What are your beliefs about your condition?
p.56
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What type of heart valves can affect MRI suitability?
Prosthetic (artificial) metal heart valves.
p.35
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What is the purpose of a Ventilation-perfusion scan (VQ scan)?
To assess airflow and blood flow in the lungs.
p.62
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
Why is there a limit on fluid removal during thoracentesis?
To reduce the risk of cardiovascular collapse from rapid removal of too much fluid.
p.57
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What should patients avoid before a CT Scan if contrast dye is used?
Oral food or fluids for 4 hours before the test.
p.9
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What can pink sputum indicate?
Can indicate pulmonary edema from a condition such as congestive heart failure.
p.50
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What is recorded for later evaluation in a Chest X-ray?
An image of the internal structures.
What is the normal respiratory rate (RR) for adults?
10 to 18 breaths per minute, regular and effortless.
p.53
Safe Nursing Practice for Radiographic Studies
What is essential to check for all female patients before radiographic studies?
The last menstrual period (LMP).
p.4
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What are potential causes of respiratory symptoms?
Heart failure, neuromuscular disorders, toxic ingestion, central nervous system disorders, obesity, and cardiac conditions.
p.51
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
How do muscles, blood, and organs appear on radiographs?
They appear as various shades of grey.
p.33
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
Why are imaging studies important in respiratory investigations?
They help visualize the structure of the lungs and detect abnormalities.
p.51
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What are radiographs used for?
They are used in many types of examinations and procedures.
p.48
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What lab test results should be checked before the ABG procedure?
Blood coagulants lab test results.
p.32
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What is stridor and when is it most pronounced?
High-pitched, monophonic, inspiratory crowing sound that is louder in the neck than over the chest wall; associated with croup and acute epiglottitis in children, and may indicate a life-threatening obstructed airway.
p.55
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What is another name for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)?
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.
p.62
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
Where can thoracentesis be performed?
At the bedside or in a procedure room.
p.29
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What is percussion in a clinical context?
A technique used to assess the condition of the lungs and other organs by tapping on the body.
p.61
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What should be reported to the doctor after a bronchoscopy?
Any bleeding, pain, and respiratory difficulty.
p.56
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What surgical materials can make a patient unsuitable for MRI?
Metal plates, wires, screws, or rods used during surgery for bone fractures.
p.34
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What blood tests are commonly performed in respiratory investigations?
Complete blood count, type & screen.
p.58
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What is involved in the procedure of Pulmonary Angiography?
Catheter insertion into the brachial or femoral artery, threaded to the pulmonary artery for dye injection.
p.8
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What may a persistent cough indicate?
Respiratory disease or chronic irritation.
p.55
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
Which parts of the body can MRI examine?
Almost any part, including the brain, spinal cord, bones, joints, breasts, heart, blood vessels, and internal organs.
p.55
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
Can MRI be used to examine internal organs?
Yes, including the liver, prostate gland, and uterus.
p.62
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What is a possible complication of thoracentesis?
Pneumothorax if the visceral pleura is punctured.
p.58
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What does a Pulmonary Ventilation Scan (V/Q Scan) measure?
Ventilation and perfusion in the lungs using nuclear scans.
p.41
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
How does age influence specimen choice in respiratory viral studies?
Children typically have higher viral loads and detection rates, while patients over 65 may have reduced specimen quality.
p.23
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What occurs during hyperventilation?
Alveolar ventilation exceeds metabolic demands, leading to decreased PaCO2.
p.19
Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System
What are the main components of the thoracic cage?
The ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae.
p.11
Types of Dyspnea and Their Characteristics
What is orthopnea?
Dyspnea experienced while lying down, relieved by raising the upper body with pillows.
p.32
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What is a pleural friction rub and its clinical significance?
Coarse, low-pitched sounds heard during inspiration, accompanied by pain with breathing; associated with pleuritis.
p.16
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What is the purpose of the initial assessment in respiratory care?
To determine the severity of the respiratory problem and the need for immediate treatment.
p.24
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What is hypoventilation?
Inadequate alveolar ventilation due to pulmonary or neurologic issues.
p.1
Communication Techniques in Patient Interactions
What is a key technique for gathering comprehensive respiratory information from patients?
Applying effective communication techniques.
p.6
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What is collateral history?
Information gathered from family or caregivers when communication is difficult.
p.25
Types of Dyspnea and Their Characteristics
What is bradypnea?
Abnormally slow breathing, usually less than 12 breaths per minute.
p.7
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What question can help understand a patient's perspective on their condition?
What should I understand about your condition?
What is blood banking?
The process to ensure donated blood or blood products are safe for transfusions and medical procedures.
p.61
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What should patients be educated about regarding post-bronchoscopy symptoms?
It is normal to have some blood-tinged sputum, hoarseness, and sore throat.
p.34
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What can exudates from the upper respiratory tract be used for?
Microbiology and viral studies.
p.24
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What symptoms are associated with hypoventilation?
Somnolence and disorientation.
p.8
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What does an occasional cough indicate?
It is normal in healthy individuals.
p.55
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What type of images does MRI produce?
Cross-sectional, multiplanar, and clearer images.
p.64
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
How should the patient be positioned during the thoracentesis?
Upright with elbows on an overbed table and feet supported.
p.50
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What can be assessed using a Chest X-ray?
Disease, foreign objects, and structural damage or anomalies.
p.60
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What vital signs should be assessed before bronchoscopy?
Vital signs of the patient.
p.41
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What do culture and sensitivity tests identify?
They only identify bacteria, not viruses.
p.42
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What does haematology refer to?
The study of blood cells.
p.41
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What types of specimens are considered for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs)?
Nasopharyngeal swabs, nasal swabs, throat swabs, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids.
p.24
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What monitoring is needed for at-risk patients with hypoventilation?
Regular monitoring of arterial blood gases.
p.19
Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System
What is the primary function of the thoracic cage?
To protect the organs in the thoracic cavity, including the heart and lungs.
p.14
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
When did your wheeze start?
This question helps determine the onset of the symptom.
p.46
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What are common sites for ABG puncture?
Radial artery and femoral artery.
p.59
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What is bronchoscopy?
A procedure for direct visualization of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi using a bronchoscope.
p.14
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
When did your night sweats start?
This question helps assess the duration of the symptom.
p.42
Pulmonary Function Tests and Their Importance
What is haemoglobin concentration (Hgb)?
The amount of oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.
p.59
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What tools may be used during bronchoscopy to collect samples?
Catheter brush or biopsy forceps.
p.6
Communication Techniques in Patient Interactions
When should closed questions be utilized?
When breathlessness hinders communication for key aspects.
p.4
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
How does obesity affect respiratory health?
It causes mechanical compression and restrictive pulmonary damage.
p.61
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What signs and symptoms should be monitored post-bronchoscopy?
Dyspnea, decreased breath sounds, decreased SpO2, and hemoptysis.
p.10
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What do classifications 3, 4, and 5 on the Bronkotest chart indicate?
Increasingly purulent sputum.
p.11
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
How can dyspnea present itself?
As breathlessness or shortness of breath, occurring with exertion or at rest.
p.49
Pulmonary Function Tests and Their Importance
What is spirometry?
A common type of pulmonary function test (PFT) that measures lung capacity and airflow.
p.48
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
How should the ABG sample be handled after collection?
Place the sample on an ice water bag and transport immediately to the lab.
p.29
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What does percussion help to determine?
The presence of fluid, air, or solid masses in the lungs.
p.50
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What is the primary purpose of a Chest X-ray (CXR)?
To diagnose or treat patients by imaging internal body structures.
p.24
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
How does hypoventilation affect carbon dioxide levels?
It leads to CO2 buildup and detectable hypercapnia.
p.8
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What characterizes a dry (unproductive) cough?
It lacks mucus production and can disrupt sleep.
p.65
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What should be done with labeled specimens after thoracentesis?
Send them to the laboratory promptly for analysis.
p.24
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What can delayed treatment of hypoventilation lead to?
Worsening of the condition.
p.16
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What methods are used to assess breathing changes?
Inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation.
p.9
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What does red sputum signify?
Can be a sign of an internal injury, lung cancer, or a pulmonary embolism.
p.46
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What does an Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) analysis measure?
Acidity (pH), oxygen (O2), and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels from an artery.
p.57
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What should be checked regarding pregnancy before performing an MRI?
Check if the patient is pregnant; the test is not performed if so.
What conditions are indicated by Kussmaul respirations?
Acidosis or post-exercise.
p.8
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What is particularly difficult to expel in elderly or debilitated patients?
Cough with thick secretions.
p.23
Carbon Dioxide Dynamics
What is the normal PaCO2 level?
Approximately 40 mmHg (5.3 kPa).
What sounds may indicate small airway obstruction?
Audible wheezing (whistling sounds on expiration).
p.46
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What does HCO3 represent in an ABG analysis?
The calculated concentration of bicarbonate in arterial blood.
p.14
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
Do you have pain when you cough?
Understanding pain associated with coughing can aid diagnosis.
p.11
Types of Dyspnea and Their Characteristics
What symptoms are associated with paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?
Waking up gasping for air and coughing, along with a subjective feeling of discomfort due to an inability to inhale.
p.64
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What should be checked for before performing a thoracentesis?
Hypersensitivity to anesthetics and antibiotics.
p.60
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What should be checked regarding the patient before bronchoscopy?
Hypersensitivity to anesthetics and antibiotics.
What does the blood banking process include?
Typing the blood for transfusion and testing for infectious diseases.
p.35
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What does a CT scan provide in respiratory investigations?
Detailed cross-sectional images of the chest.
p.39
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What parameters are typically included in the MEWS?
Respiratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and level of consciousness.
p.24
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What is the normal PaCO2 level?
Approximately 40 mmHg (5.3 kPa).
p.48
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What post-collection care should be provided at the puncture site?
Apply pressure for at least 5 minutes.
p.57
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What are the absolute contraindications for MRI?
Pregnancy, breastfeeding, and having metal implants or fragments in the body.
p.64
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What should the patient be instructed not to do during the thoracentesis?
Not to talk or cough (if possible).
p.58
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What nursing intervention is required post-Pulmonary Angiography?
Apply pressure to the injection site until bleeding stops, for 5-10 minutes.
p.49
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What dietary recommendations are given before a spirometry test?
Eat a light meal and avoid too much fluid.
p.50
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What happens to the x-ray pattern after it passes through the body?
The remaining x-ray pattern is transmitted to a detector.
p.35
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What is a fine needle aspiration used for in respiratory investigations?
To collect cells for cytological analysis.
p.57
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What should be done regarding transdermal medication patches before an MRI?
Remove them unless otherwise prescribed.
p.41
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
Who can collect non-NPS upper respiratory sources?
They can be collected by various personnel or self-collected.
p.42
Pulmonary Function Tests and Their Importance
What does the platelet count measure?
The number of platelets in the blood.
p.59
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What are the purposes of bronchoscopy?
To identify lesions, remove foreign bodies and secretions, obtain tissue for biopsy, and improve tracheobronchial drainage.
p.19
Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System
What is the role of the sternum in the thoracic cage?
It serves as an attachment point for ribs and protects the heart.
p.23
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What monitoring is required for patients with hyperventilation?
Monitoring is required for patients with anxiety or head injuries.
p.14
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
Do you use any mobility aids?
Understanding mobility aids can indicate the level of fatigue.
p.13
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What techniques might help with breathlessness?
Do you use any breathing exercise, relaxation, or positions of ease to help with your breathlessness?
p.17
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What should be observed on the face during a respiratory assessment?
Signs of respiratory distress and any abnormal features like cyanosis.
p.56
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What can affect metal implants during an MRI scan?
The strong magnet used during the scan.
p.63
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What is the primary purpose of performing a thoracentesis?
To relieve pressure on the lungs or to obtain fluid for diagnostic purposes.
p.12
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What are the characteristics of pleural pain?
Sharp or stabbing in nature, increases during inspiration, localized, associated with pleural friction rub, worsens with laughing or coughing.
p.63
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What are common indications for thoracentesis?
Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, or to obtain pleural fluid for analysis.
p.12
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What can pleural pain indicate?
It may indicate pulmonary embolism.
p.64
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What items should be removed from the patient before the procedure?
Dentures, contact lenses, and jewelry.
p.55
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What technology does MRI use to create images?
A huge magnet, radio waves, and a computer.
p.64
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What vital signs should be assessed before the thoracentesis?
Vital signs should be assessed.
p.28
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What is the purpose of percussion in respiratory assessment?
To determine lung expansion and check for the presence of air and fluid.
p.60
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What items should be removed from the patient before the procedure?
Dentures, contact lenses, and jewelry.
p.28
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
How often should percussion be performed over the intercostal spaces?
Every 4 to 5 centimeters, or 1.5 to 2 inches.
p.56
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
Can dental fillings affect MRI scans?
Yes, dental fillings and bridges can affect MRI suitability.
p.24
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
Why is arterial blood gas analysis important in hypoventilation?
It is essential for detecting hypercapnia and critical for early intervention.
p.16
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What is the first step in ensuring safety during the initial assessment?
Start with an airway assessment to check for obstructions.
p.8
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What treatments may be required for a dry cough?
Cough suppressants like codeine or dextromethorphan.
p.42
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What information does haematology provide?
Type, number, and appearance of cells in the blood.
p.57
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What is the primary use of MRI in thoracic diagnostics?
To diagnose alterations in lung tissue not easily visualized by CT.
p.41
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What is a key consideration when collecting specimens for respiratory viral studies?
Balancing timeliness, specimen quality, and sensitivity.
p.8
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What triggers a cough from aspiration?
Food or fluid entering the airway.
p.42
Pulmonary Function Tests and Their Importance
What is the purpose of measuring red blood cell count (RBC)?
To assess the number of red blood cells in the blood.
p.46
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What is the purpose of an ABG analysis?
To assess lung function and gas exchange, and to help rule out acid-base imbalance.
p.23
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What are some symptoms of hyperventilation?
Dizziness, tingling, and lightheadedness.
p.14
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
When did you notice you had started to lose weight?
Determining the timeline of weight loss is crucial for evaluation.
p.46
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What does PaCO2 measure in an ABG analysis?
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.
p.14
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
Do you have any central chest pains, pain on inspiration, or muscular pain?
This question helps differentiate the type of chest pain.
p.42
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What conditions can a CBC help diagnose?
Anaemia, certain cancers of the blood, inflammatory diseases, and to monitor blood loss and infection.
p.14
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What is your normal walking distance?
This helps evaluate the level of fatigue and mobility.
p.13
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What factors might contribute to breathlessness?
What makes you breathless?
p.62
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What are the main purposes of thoracentesis?
To obtain specimens for diagnostic evaluation, to remove pleural fluid, or to instill medication.
p.36
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What does the oximeter calculate to determine peripheral oxygen saturation?
The ratio of red to infrared light.
p.56
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What type of device is an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator?
A metal implant that can be affected by MRI.
p.63
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What are potential complications of thoracentesis?
Infection, bleeding, or pneumothorax.
p.6
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
Why is it important to establish a patient baseline?
To differentiate between typical changes and signs of decline.
p.62
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What methods may be used to locate the effusion and needle insertion site?
Physical exam and ultrasonography.
p.57
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What is the purpose of a CT Scan of the Thorax?
To differentiate pathologic conditions like tumors, abscesses, and aortic aneurysms, and to identify pleural effusion and enlarged lymph nodes.
p.25
Types of Dyspnea and Their Characteristics
What is Cheyne-Stokes respiration?
A pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase in depth followed by a decrease, and then a period of apnea.
p.9
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What can dark yellow or green sputum indicate?
Can indicate a bacterial or viral infection, such as pneumonia, or cystic fibrosis.
p.39
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
Why is early identification of deterioration important in healthcare?
It can lead to timely interventions and potentially save lives.
p.8
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What is a productive cough beneficial for?
Clearing airways by expelling secretions or inflammatory exudate.
p.49
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What equipment is used during a spirometry test?
A mouthpiece connected to a spirometer, often with a nose clip applied.
p.9
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What does bright red, rust-colored, or bloody streaked sputum indicate?
May indicate bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, lung injury, tuberculosis, pulmonary embolism, cystic fibrosis, or a bleeding disorder.
What characterizes Kussmaul respirations?
Slightly increased ventilatory rate, very large tidal volume, and no expiratory pause.
p.14
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
Do you use inhalers? If so, how often? Do they help?
Understanding inhaler use can indicate the severity of wheezing.
p.46
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What does the pH component of ABG indicate?
The acid-base balance of the blood.
p.19
Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System
What are the different types of rib classifications in the thoracic cage?
True ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs.
p.42
Pulmonary Function Tests and Their Importance
What is the purpose of a differential white blood count?
To evaluate the different types of white blood cells present.
p.46
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What does SaO2 measure in an ABG analysis?
The calculated arterial oxygen saturation.
p.13
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What should you ask about blood in sputum?
Is there any blood in the sputum?
p.1
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
Which clinical examination skills are important for assessing respiratory health?
Inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation.
p.6
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What should be done for deteriorating patients?
Proceed directly to patient examination.
p.24
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What are the consequences of hypoventilation?
Respiratory acidosis and impaired tissue function.
p.6
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What common respiratory symptoms should be assessed?
Onset, timing, exacerbating or relieving factors, and severity.
p.25
Types of Dyspnea and Their Characteristics
What does hyperventilation refer to?
Increased rate and depth of breathing, often leading to decreased carbon dioxide levels.
p.41
Respiratory Assessment Techniques
What is the primary aim of respiratory viral studies?
To develop diagnostics, treatments, and vaccines for viral infections.
p.35
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
Which imaging technique uses magnetic fields to create images of the chest?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
p.39
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
How does the MEWS help in patient care?
It provides a systematic approach to monitor and respond to changes in a patient's condition.
p.34
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What is the purpose of an arterial blood gas test?
To assess gas exchange and acid-base balance.
p.25
Types of Dyspnea and Their Characteristics
What is Kussmaul breathing?
Deep, labored breathing often associated with metabolic acidosis.
p.9
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What does brown sputum often occur in?
Often occurs in people who smoke.
p.57
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What nursing intervention is necessary regarding allergies before a CT Scan?
Assess for allergies to iodine and notify the physician if present.
p.8
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What can help with a productive cough?
Increased fluid intake and expectorants like guaifenesin.
p.42
Pulmonary Function Tests and Their Importance
What does the white blood cell count (WBC) measure?
The number of white blood cells in the blood.
p.47
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
What are some indications for performing an Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) analysis?
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute respiratory failure, asthma, diabetic ketoacidosis, renal tubular acidosis, inborn errors of metabolism, severe sepsis, septic shock, and hypovolemic shock.
p.19
Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System
What shape does the thoracic cage resemble?
A conical or barrel shape.
p.42
Pulmonary Function Tests and Their Importance
What is haematocrit (HCT)?
The volume percentage of red blood cells in blood.
p.46
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What does PaO2 measure in an ABG analysis?
The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood.
p.47
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What is the reference range for PaCO2 in arterial blood?
4.67 - 6.00 kPa (35 - 45 mm Hg).
p.23
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
Why is early recognition of hyperventilation important?
It can prevent complications.
p.13
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
How long should you inquire about a cough?
How long have you had a cough?
p.13
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
How can you assess the quantity of sputum?
How much are you clearing?
p.14
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
Is your problem affecting your sleep?
Understanding sleep impact can provide insights into fatigue.
p.13
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What does the normal appearance of sputum indicate?
What does your sputum normally look like? (Colour, consistency, viscosity)
p.13
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
When should you assess breathlessness during activities?
Are you breathless at rest or during activity?
p.25
Types of Dyspnea and Their Characteristics
What is tachypnea?
Abnormally rapid breathing, usually more than 20 breaths per minute.
p.7
Communication Techniques in Patient Interactions
How can healthcare providers acknowledge a patient's role in their care?
By recognizing patients’ experience in managing their condition.
p.63
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What position is typically recommended for a patient undergoing thoracentesis?
Sitting upright and leaning forward.
p.9
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What does thin, clear, white, or gray sputum usually indicate?
Usually indicates healthy lungs, but a lot of sputum may indicate lung disease, allergy, or viral infection.
p.49
Pulmonary Function Tests and Their Importance
What conditions can spirometry help diagnose?
Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary fibrosis.
p.41
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What is a limitation of imaging in respiratory infections?
Imaging is not specific for viral and bacterial infections.
p.12
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What is typically the cause of chest wall pain?
Muscle or rib pain, commonly due to rib fractures or excessive coughing.
p.35
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What does Positron Emission Tomography (PET) help to detect?
Metabolic activity in tissues, including tumors.
p.56
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
Are tattoos generally safe in an MRI scanner?
Most tattoos are safe, but some tattoo ink contains traces of metal.
p.35
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What is bronchoscopy used for?
To visualize the airways and collect tissue samples.
p.49
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What should patients do regarding bronchodilators before the test?
Hold bronchodilators as prescribed.
p.42
Pulmonary Function Tests and Their Importance
What is a Complete Blood Count (CBC)?
A group of tests that evaluate the cells circulating in blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
p.65
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What signs and symptoms should be monitored post-thoracentesis?
Decreased BP/P, dyspnea, decreased breath sounds, decreased SpO2, and hemoptysis.
p.23
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What is the PaCO2 level indicating hypocapnia?
PaCO2 < 36 mmHg or < 4.8 kPa.
p.65
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What should be reported to the doctor after thoracentesis?
Any bleeding, pain, and respiratory difficulty.
What sounds may indicate large airway obstruction?
Stridor (high-pitched sounds during inspiration).
p.59
Clinical Examination Skills in Respiratory Care
How is a fibreoptic bronchoscope introduced into the body?
It is passed through the nose or mouth into the trachea.
p.14
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
How much weight have you lost?
Quantifying weight loss can indicate the severity of the issue.
p.42
Pulmonary Function Tests and Their Importance
What are red blood cell indices?
Measurements that provide information about the size and hemoglobin content of red blood cells.
p.13
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What question helps evaluate sputum thickness?
How thick is your sputum?
p.13
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What is a key question regarding breathlessness?
Are you normally breathless?
p.65
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What is the maximum volume for therapeutic thoracentesis in a day?
Limit to 1500 mL per day.
p.58
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What should patients do before a Pulmonary Ventilation Scan?
Remove all jewelry from the neck and chest.
p.9
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What is sputum?
Mucoid discharge from the respiratory tract; characteristics vary by underlying conditions.
p.8
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What causes an irritant-induced cough?
Inhaled irritants such as tobacco smoke.
What are the characteristics of Cheyne-Stokes respirations?
Alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing with apnea lasting 15 to 60 seconds.
p.13
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What is one question to assess a cough?
Are you able to cough up sputum?
p.46
Common Respiratory Symptoms and Their Implications
What are the types of acid-base imbalances that can be identified through ABG analysis?
Respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis.
p.14
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What is your normal level of function (activity of daily living)?
This assesses how fatigue affects daily activities.
p.49
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Procedures
What instructions are given to patients during the spirometry test?
To breathe with deep inspiration and forceful continuous expiration into the mouthpiece.
p.14
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
Is there anything that makes your wheeze worse?
Identifying triggers can help in managing the symptom.
p.47
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What is the reference range for PaO2 in arterial blood?
10.67 - 13.33 kPa (80 - 100 mm Hg).
p.23
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What conditions are often associated with hyperventilation?
Severe anxiety, acute head injury, or inadequate oxygenation.
p.46
Interpretation of Respiratory Investigations
What does base excess/deficit indicate in an ABG analysis?
The relative excess or deficit of base in arterial blood.
p.58
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What are the absolute contraindications for MRI related to Pulmonary Ventilation Scan?
Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals, and those with metal implants or fragments in the body.
p.19
Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System
What is the significance of the shape of the thoracic cage?
It allows for expansion during breathing.
What conditions may lead to Cheyne-Stokes respirations?
Conditions that slow blood flow to the brainstem or neurological impairment above the brainstem.
p.14
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
Are you taking any pain relief? If so, is it effective?
Assessing pain management can provide insights into the condition.
p.14
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
Do coughing or huffing cause incontinence?
This question helps assess the relationship between coughing and incontinence.
p.13
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
How often should breathlessness be evaluated?
How often are you breathless?
p.19
Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System
How does the thoracic cage contribute to respiration?
It facilitates the movement of air in and out of the lungs.
p.13
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What is an important question regarding sputum color?
What colour is your sputum?
p.14
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
Do you need help with activities of daily living?
Identifying the need for assistance can indicate severity.
p.13
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What emotional state might accompany breathlessness?
Do you feel anxious or low in mood?
p.13
Patient History and Symptom Evaluation
What question assesses walking ability related to breathlessness?
How far can you normally walk? Has this changed recently?
