The chemical barrier function of the skin involves the acidity of skin secretions, which slows bacterial growth, and melanin, which protects against UV light.
Hair and adipose tissue act as insulators, helping to maintain body temperature.
Langerhans cells and macrophages in the skin's biological barrier engulf foreign material and bacteria.
The outermost (surface) layer of skin, composed of 30-50 layers of stratified keratinized squamous epithelium, primarily made up of keratinocytes.
The layer of skin that is deep to the epidermis, composed of connective tissue including fibroblasts, collagen, and elastic fibers.
Drugs are injected into the subcutaneous region due to its numerous blood vessels that facilitate rapid absorption of the medication.
The skin serves as a physical barrier by being impermeable to water and water-soluble substances, which helps prevent dehydration.
Subcutaneous injections are a method of delivering medication into the subcutaneous tissue, which is rich in blood vessels, allowing for rapid absorption of the drug.
Thermoregulation is the process by which body temperature is regulated through the activity of sweat glands and changes in the diameter of blood vessels.
The Hypodermis is located beneath the skin and is composed of loose connective tissue (areolar) and adipose tissue. It anchors the skin to underlying muscle and acts as a shock absorber and insulator.
Hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and mammary glands are all structures derived from the epidermis.
A layer of the epidermis where cells contain dark granules, are abundant in keratin, and begin to die.
The Stratum Corneum is the superficial layer of the skin composed of dead, scale-like cells where the cytoplasm is replaced with keratin.
A modification of the stratum corneum of the epidermis, primarily composed of thick plates of keratin, covering the distal ends of the fingers and toes to protect them.
Hair Color is primarily due to different proportions of melanin.
Cleavage lines are the natural lines of tension in the skin that indicate the direction in which the skin is most resistant to stretch.
The Epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes, which are cells that produce keratin, along with melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells.
Pheromones are chemicals produced by Apocrine glands that are thought to communicate information to other individuals at a subconscious level.
The skin aids in the synthesis of Vitamin D through exposure to sunlight.
Stretch Marks are scars that occur due to the damage or tearing of fibers in the skin, often resulting from rapid changes in body size or weight.
An incision made parallel to cleavage lines is more likely to heal quickly and not gape open, while one made perpendicular to these lines may gape and delay healing.
Sweat glands, or sudoriferous glands, are coiled tubular exocrine glands located in the dermis that release secretions through a pore on the skin's surface.
The Dermis serves as an attachment for the epidermis and provides a supporting base.
Fingerprints serve as a biometric identifier, providing a reliable means of distinguishing individuals based on their unique ridge patterns.
The arrector pili muscle is associated with the sebaceous gland as it contracts in response to cold or emotional stimuli, causing the hair to stand upright and simultaneously squeezing the sebaceous gland, which helps to release sebum onto the hair and skin surface.
The Reticular layer is the deep layer of dense, irregular connective tissue that contains many elastin and collagenous fibers, providing skin tone, strength, and resiliency.
Individuals with prolonged pressure on body areas, particularly those with poor circulation, such as diabetics, are at higher risk for developing Decubitus ulcers.
A tube that surrounds the root and extends into the dermis.
Blisters are fluid-filled sacs that generally occur due to excessive friction, leading to the separation of the epidermis and dermis, with tissue fluid accumulating in the space.
Cleavage (Langer's Lines) are parallel bundles of connective tissue fibers that are of interest to surgeons because incisions made parallel to these lines gape less, are easier to suture, heal faster, and produce less scar tissue.
Decubitus ulcers may become seriously infected if not properly managed.
The body of the sweat gland is located in the dermis, with its coiled duct extending to the surface of the skin.
Acne is a condition resulting from the blockage and infection of sebaceous glands, leading to an accumulation of sebum and bacteria.
Arrector pili muscles are small muscles attached to hair follicles that contract to put pressure on sebaceous glands, causing the release of sebum and making hair stand on end, resulting in 'goose bumps'.
Bluish coloration due to poorly oxygenated blood.
Wrinkles are creases or folds in the skin that increase with age due to a decrease in connective tissue (CT) fibers.
With increasing age, there is a decrease in connective tissue fibers, which contributes to the formation of wrinkles.
The Epidermis is organized into several layers, including the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale.
The portion of hair that projects above the skin’s surface, composed of dead, keratinized cells.
The skin contains receptors that allow for the perception of touch, pain, temperature, and other sensory stimuli.
Smooth muscles attached to the hair follicle that are regulated by the autonomic nervous system.
The Stratum Spinosum is a layer of the epidermis consisting of several layers of squamous-like cells, known as 'prickle cells', which are attached by spine-like processes. It is also where keratin synthesis begins.
Pale skin often seen in anemia, low hemoglobin.
The dermis is the layer of skin located deep to the epidermis, composed of connective tissue, including elastin and collagen fibers, and containing macrophages, mast cells, nerve fibers, blood vessels, sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands.
Apocrine sweat glands are located only in the axillary and ano-genital regions of the body, secrete sweat and lipoproteins that produce odors when acted upon by bacteria, and generally begin to function at puberty.
Sweat glands are important for thermoregulation, excretion of waste products like urea, and protection by preventing the growth of microorganisms.
The Stratum Lucidum is a clear layer of the skin where cells appear empty, and it is only found in thick skin.
The most numerous type of sweat glands that produce sweat consisting mostly of water, salt, and waste products such as urea, and are regulated by the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
Skin Tone refers to strength and resiliency caused by elastic and collagenous connective tissue fibers in the dermis.
Sweat glands are exocrine glands in the skin that produce sweat, which helps regulate body temperature and excrete waste products.
Gray hair results from decreased production of melanin and the presence of air bubbles in the hair shaft.
The Papillary layer is the most superficial layer of the dermis, located just below the epidermis, characterized by dermal papillae that form friction ridges and distinct patterns known as fingerprints, which are genetically determined and assist in grasping objects.
A yellow-orange pigment rich in Vitamin A, commonly found in carrots.
The Stratum Germinativum, also known as the Stratum basale, is the deepest layer of the epidermis consisting of a single layer of cells that undergo mitosis and gradually move to the surface.
An iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that transports oxygen.
The cuticle, also known as the eponychium, is the skin that covers the root of the nail.
Holocrine glands are glands that rupture to release their contents.
The location of active, multiplying epithelial cells from which hair growth occurs.
Very light skin due to lack of melanin.
Sebaceous glands are located all over the body, except the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, and are very numerous along the base of the hair.
The main components of the dermis include connective tissue (elastin and collagen fibers), macrophages, mast cells, nerve fibers, blood vessels, sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands.
Blisters also occur in second degree burns, where the skin is damaged and fluid accumulates between the layers.
Sebaceous glands produce sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the hair shaft, and their secretion is stimulated by hormones.
Excretion refers to the process by which substances like urea, ammonia, uric acid, and salts (such as NaCl) are eliminated from the body through sweat, particularly during excessive sweating.
Hair provides protection by shielding us from UV light, physical trauma, and limiting heat loss, and it is also important for sensory perception.
The Dermis plays a role in temperature regulation through its glands, hair, and vascular network.
The skin can absorb gases (O2 and CO2), lipid-soluble substances (Vitamins A, D, E, K), steroids, as well as plant resins, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Decubitus ulcers, also known as bed sores, develop as a result of prolonged pressure on a body area leading to impaired circulation.
The quick, also known as the hyponychium, is the area where the free end of the nail is attached to the epidermis.
Hair originates in the epidermis and is embedded in the dermis, projecting above the skin to cover the surface of the body.
The main types of fingerprint patterns are loops, whorls, and arches, which describe the arrangement of ridges on the fingertip.
The skin communicates various emotions through color changes and secretions.
A fingerprint is an impression or mark made by the pattern of ridges and grooves on the surface of a fingertip, unique to each individual.
A yellow-brown-black pigment produced by melanocytes in the epidermis that protects against UV light damage.
The Dermis contains a dense network of blood vessels that facilitate the diffusion of nutrients to the epidermis.
