What can cause conduction block in the cardiac system?
Unidirectional block in an area of the cardiac system.
p.70
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is ASA commonly used for?
As an antiplatelet agent.
p.29
Antihypertensive Medications
Name two types of vasodilators.
Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and nitrates.
p.64
Receptor Pharmacology
How do Class I Na Channel Blockers affect automaticity in fast fibers?
They suppress spontaneous initiation of electrical impulses.
p.1
Sympathetic Nervous System Functions
What type of response does the sympathetic nervous system primarily control?
Acute stress response ('fight-or-flight').
p.91
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What adjustments are required for Factor Xa inhibitors?
Adjustment required with renal/hepatic impairment.
p.91
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What are some adverse effects of Factor Xa inhibitors?
Hemorrhage and spinal or epidural hematomas.
To which receptors does Norepinephrine bind?
Į and ȕ receptors, also known as adrenergic receptors.
p.59
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What are the two types of fibers involved in electrical conduction at the cellular level?
Slow fibers and fast fibers.
p.1
Neurotransmitters and Their Roles
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemical messengers for signal transmission between neurons in the nervous system.
p.1
Neurotransmitters and Their Roles
What is the primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system?
Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine, NE).
p.91
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
How do Factor Xa inhibitors work?
They inhibit factor Xa, reducing thrombin generation and thrombus formation.
p.64
Receptor Pharmacology
What is the overall effect of Class I Na Channel Blockers on conduction velocity?
They decrease conduction velocity and firing rate.
p.20
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What is the effect of selective blockers on systemic vascular resistance?
They decrease systemic vascular resistance (SVR).
p.20
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What are some adverse effects (AEs) of selective blockers?
Orthostatic hypotension, peripheral edema, headache (HA), somnolence, syncope, dizziness.
p.77
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What are the usual indications for using platelet aggregation inhibitors?
Prevention of thrombosis, especially post-myocardial infarction (MI).
p.91
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What are some examples of Factor Xa inhibitors?
Fondaparinux (IV, SC), Rivaroxaban, Apixaban, Edoxaban (PO).
p.99
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the focus of the course NURS 3142?
Fundamental Pharmacology.
p.34
Diuretics and Their Uses
What is the mechanism of action of thiazides?
They inhibit Na+ and Cl- reabsorption in the distal tubule, resulting in diuresis.
What are some examples of arrhythmias associated with reentry circuits?
Atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, or ventricular tachycardia.
p.77
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What do platelet aggregation inhibitors do?
They interrupt chemical signals that promote platelet aggregation.
p.59
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
Which structures are associated with slow fibers in electrical conduction?
Sinoatrial Node (SAN) and Atrioventricular Node (AVN).
p.20
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
Name three selective blockers mentioned.
Doxazosin, Terazosin, Prazosin.
What is a reentry arrhythmia?
An abnormal electrical circuit contributing to arrhythmias where the impulse travels in a circular manner to reexcite the same areas of the heart.
p.71
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is thrombosis?
Formation of a blood clot within arterial or venous blood vessels, limiting the natural flow of blood.
p.13
Receptor Pharmacology
What is the effect of agonist ɴϮ on vascular, respiratory, and uterine muscle?
Relaxation of smooth muscle.
p.32
Diuretics and Their Uses
What is the primary function of Mannitol as an osmotic diuretic?
It produces osmotic diuresis by increasing the osmotic pressure of glomerular filtrate and inhibiting tubular reabsorption of water and electrolytes.
p.47
Vasodilators and Their Mechanisms
What effect does nitric oxide have on blood vessels?
It causes vasodilation, dilating both peripheral veins and arteries.
p.26
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What actions are associated with beta-blockers?
Decreased heart rate, contractility, and AV node conduction.
p.65
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What class of medications does Ranolazine belong to?
Class I (Na Channel Blockers).
p.8
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What is the primary function of Epinephrine (Adrenaline)?
Activates both α and β receptors.
p.1
Sympathetic Nervous System Functions
What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on vascular smooth muscle?
It predominantly controls vascular smooth muscle.
p.64
Receptor Pharmacology
In what forms are Procainamide and Lidocaine available?
Procainamide and lidocaine are available in IV form; other forms are PO.
p.96
Neurotransmitters and Their Roles
What are the three main systems of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic system, Parasympathetic system, and Enteric system.
p.24
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
In what forms is Labetalol available?
Oral (PO) and intravenous (IV).
p.39
Renin-Angiotensin System and Its Inhibitors
What system do the drugs mentioned in the text work on?
The Renin-Angiotensin system.
p.19
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What is the role of α-2 agonists?
They are used for treating hypertension (HTN) and mild hypertension (mHTN).
p.1
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What is the role of sympathetic stimulants?
To enhance NE release or mimic its effects.
p.60
Receptor Pharmacology
In which journal was the article published?
Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology.
p.64
Receptor Pharmacology
What is the unique feature of Ranolazine in the context of Na Channel Blockers?
It is classified as a Class Id (Late Current) Na Channel Blocker.
p.6
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What are some effects of adrenergic agonists?
Raise blood pressure and improve cardiac output.
p.36
Diuretics and Their Uses
What are the adverse effects associated with Eplerenone?
Hyperkalemia and hypertriglyceridemia.
p.79
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What are the names of some oral antiplatelet medications?
Clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor.
p.91
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
Why are Factor Xa inhibitors preferred over warfarin?
They are preferred for their safety and efficacy in certain conditions.
p.6
Neurotransmitters and Their Roles
What is the major neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system?
Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline; NE).
p.99
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What types of drugs are covered in the course?
Cardiovascular drugs and Anticoagulants.
p.34
Diuretics and Their Uses
What are some common adverse effects (AEs) of thiazide diuretics?
Hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypercalcemia, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, metabolic acidosis, and muscle weakness.
p.6
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What is the relationship between adrenergic agonists and Norepinephrine?
They have similar effects as Norepinephrine and Epinephrine.
p.72
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is pulmonary embolism?
A blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs, often caused by blood clots.
p.25
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What is the effect of ISA on heart rate and contractility?
It has less effect on heart rate and contractility.
p.72
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is a key aspect of preventive management for pulmonary embolism?
Identifying and mitigating risk factors.
p.74
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
Who are the authors of the document?
Rohini Dwivedi and Vitor H. Pomin.
p.82
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What are the uses of Ticagrelor?
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), transient ischemic attack (TIA), and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
p.63
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the Vaughan Williams classification used for?
It is used for classifying antiarrhythmic drugs.
p.37
Diuretics and Their Uses
What is the mechanism of action for Triamterene and Amiloride?
They block Na reabsorption in the collecting duct and distal tubule.
p.86
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is the primary activity of Enoxaparin compared to UFH?
Higher anti-Xa activity than anti-IIa activity.
p.18
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What is the mechanism of Clonidine?
Stimulates α2 receptors in the brain, decreases sympathetic outflow.
p.40
Antihypertensive Medications
What are the primary uses of ACE inhibitors?
Hypertension (HTN), heart failure (HF), and diabetic nephropathy.
p.33
Diuretics and Their Uses
What are common clinical uses for loop diuretics?
Fluid removal in congestive heart failure (CHF) and edema.
p.40
Renin-Angiotensin System and Its Inhibitors
What do ACE inhibitors prevent?
The conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
p.87
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is the primary function of Warfarin?
Inhibits vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors, preventing clotting.
p.66
Antihypertensive Medications
What is the role of Atropine?
Used for symptomatic bradycardia.
p.100
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What therapeutic effects do medications for angina provide?
They help relieve chest pain and improve blood flow to the heart.
What are the therapeutic uses of Aspirin?
Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antiplatelet effects.
p.91
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What are the clinical uses of Factor Xa inhibitors?
Non-valvular atrial fibrillation (afib), Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT), Venous Thromboembolism (VTE).
p.20
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What are selective blockers used for?
Hypertension (HTN) and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH).
p.16
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What is the next appropriate course of action being discussed for AA?
Weaning down norepinephrine.
p.25
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What is intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA)?
Partial agonist activity at β receptors.
p.35
Diuretics and Their Uses
What is a common use of Spironolactone?
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF), Hypertension (HTN), and Edema.
p.74
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is the focus of the document?
Platelet and Coagulation Cascades.
p.29
Renin-Angiotensin System and Its Inhibitors
What are RAAS blockers?
Medications that include ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, Aldosterone antagonists, and Direct renin inhibitors.
p.19
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What is the significance of adrenergic antagonists?
They are important in managing various cardiovascular conditions.
p.72
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What role does diagnosis play in managing pulmonary embolism?
Early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment and prevention of complications.
p.44
Receptor Pharmacology
What are the two groups of Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs) based on their structures?
Dihydropyridine and Non-dihydropyridine.
p.12
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What are the effects of β1 stimulation by Isoprenaline?
Increased heart rate, stroke volume, and contractility.
p.32
Diuretics and Their Uses
What are some adverse effects of Mannitol?
Dehydration, heart failure precipitation, hyponatremia, hypokalemia.
p.50
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is a potential adverse effect of Hydralazine?
Hydralazine-induced lupus-like syndrome.
p.33
Diuretics and Their Uses
How do loop diuretics primarily function?
By inhibiting the absorption of Na, Cl, and K in the proximal and distal tubules, and Loop of Henle.
What type of medication is Aspirin?
NSAID (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug).
p.17
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What factors can cause an increase in Cardiac Output (CO)?
Increased heart rate (HR), increased inotropy (contractility), and increased sodium and water retention (volume).
p.18
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What are the effects of Clonidine?
Decreased peripheral/vascular resistance, heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP).
p.11
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What is one of the primary effects of Phenylephrine?
Systemic arterial vasoconstriction.
p.92
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is Argatroban primarily used for?
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT).
p.11
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What happens to heart rate (HR) and cardiac output (CO) when Phenylephrine is administered?
There is a reflex decrease in HR and CO.
p.52
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
How does Digoxin increase calcium influx?
Through the Na-Ca exchange pump.
p.27
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What stage of heart failure is the patient in?
Stage C (symptomatic HF).
p.64
Receptor Pharmacology
Name a drug classified as Class Ia Na Channel Blocker.
Quinidine, disopyramide, or procainamide.
p.13
Receptor Pharmacology
What is the effect of agonist ɲϮ on the central nervous system?
Decreased blood pressure (via inhibition of sympathetic outflow).
p.19
Receptor Pharmacology
What types of blockers are mentioned?
α (alpha) blockers, β (beta) blockers, and mixed α and β blockers.
p.2
Parasympathetic Nervous System Functions
What is the primary function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
It is anabolic and conserves energy.
p.42
Renin-Angiotensin System and Its Inhibitors
What process does Aliskiren inhibit?
The conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
p.2
Parasympathetic Nervous System Functions
What response is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
Relaxation response, often referred to as 'rest-and-digest'.
p.42
Renin-Angiotensin System and Its Inhibitors
What are some adverse effects (AEs) of Aliskiren?
Cough, rash, diarrhea, elevated CK, AKI.
What is the primary mechanism of action of Dipyridamole?
Causes accumulation of adenosine, adenine nucleotides, and cyclic AMP.
p.47
Vasodilators and Their Mechanisms
What are some adverse effects (AEs) associated with nitrates?
Headache, hypotension, and tolerance.
p.33
Diuretics and Their Uses
What are the main loop diuretics mentioned?
Frusemide (Furosemide), Bumetamide, and Torsemide.
p.8
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What are the dose-dependent effects of Epinephrine?
Low doses cause β2 vasodilation; high doses cause α1 vasoconstriction and β2 vasodilation; very high doses result in α1 vasoconstriction dominance.
What roles do receptors play?
Transmitting signals, mediating effects of neurotransmitters, hormones, drugs, and triggering biochemical reactions or signaling pathways within the cell.
p.68
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
How do Class IV medications affect conduction through the AV node?
They slow conduction and prolong the plateau period.
p.49
Antihypertensive Medications
What is the mechanism of action for nitrates?
Their mechanism of action is through venodilation only.
p.37
Diuretics and Their Uses
What are the adverse effects of Triamterene?
Hyperkalemia, nephrotoxicity, nephrolithiasis, and metabolic acidosis.
p.100
Antihypertensive Medications
What are the major classifications of medications used for hypertension?
Medications are classified based on their therapeutic effects and forms.
p.33
Diuretics and Their Uses
What are some adverse effects (AEs) of loop diuretics?
Hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypomagnesemia, hyperglycemia, hypovolemia, hypotension, metabolic alkalosis, hypersensitivity reactions, and ototoxicity (at higher doses).
p.57
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the role of renal blood flow in relation to ACEIs?
They exert effects by renal blood flow.
p.86
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What are some adverse effects associated with UFH?
Bleeding, osteoporosis (with long-term use in pregnancy).
p.69
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the role of calcium channel blockers (CCB) in ischemic heart disease?
They decrease systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and cardiac contractility.
p.28
Antihypertensive Medications
What is the formula for calculating MAP?
MAP = CO * PR (Cardiac Output * Peripheral Resistance).
p.1
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect heart rate and contractility?
It increases heart rate and contractility, especially in heart failure (HF).
p.64
Receptor Pharmacology
What is the primary action of Class I Na Channel Blockers?
They block Na influx into the cell during depolarization.
p.64
Receptor Pharmacology
What effect do Class I Na Channel Blockers have on phase 0 of depolarization?
They decrease or delay the rise of phase 0.
p.64
Receptor Pharmacology
What are the drugs classified under Class Ic Na Channel Blockers?
Propafenone and flecainide.
p.6
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What are drugs with adrenergic effects also called?
Adrenomimetics or sympathomimetics.
p.21
Receptor Pharmacology
What do α-receptors affect?
Smooth muscle of the respiratory tract, the uterus, and blood vessels.
p.36
Diuretics and Their Uses
What is the primary action of Spironolactone and Eplerenone?
They block the effects of aldosterone in the collecting duct, leading to sodium loss and potassium retention.
What are the names of the IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists?
Abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban.
p.36
Diuretics and Their Uses
What are some adverse effects (AEs) of Spironolactone?
Hepatotoxicity, hyperkalemia, antiandrogen effects, and abdominal pain.
p.90
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is the focus of the study mentioned?
Trends in the use of oral anticoagulants in older adults with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation.
p.71
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What are the potential outcomes of venous thrombosis?
Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE).
p.29
Diuretics and Their Uses
What are the three types of diuretics mentioned?
Thiazides, loop diuretics, and potassium-sparing diuretics.
p.9
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What are some adverse effects of Dobutamine?
Tachycardia, hypertension, dyspnea.
p.82
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is a contraindication for Ticagrelor?
Prior intracranial hemorrhage (ICH).
p.71
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What conditions can arterial thrombosis present as?
Stroke or myocardial infarction.
p.75
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is the DOI of the article?
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40800-016-0031-y.
p.25
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
How do drugs with ISA compare to other beta blockers in treating angina?
They are effective in treating angina like other beta blockers but cause less depression of cardiac function.
p.21
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What are common uses of medications mentioned in the text?
Hypertension (HTN), arrhythmias, and angina.
p.96
Neurotransmitters and Their Roles
What is the structure of the autonomic nervous system's communication pathway?
It uses a two-neuron pathway consisting of a pre-ganglionic neuron (CNS) and a post-ganglionic neuron (Peripheral NS).
p.9
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What is the primary action of Dobutamine?
Activates β1 and β2 receptors.
p.19
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What are blockers used for in medicine?
They are used to treat conditions like hypertension (HTN) and mild hypertension (mHTN).
p.75
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
In which journal was the article published?
Drug Safety - Case Reports.
p.23
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What type of medications are Propranolol, Nadolol, Timolol, and Sotalol?
They are non-selective beta blockers.
p.47
Vasodilators and Their Mechanisms
What is the primary action of nitric oxide in the body?
It activates guanylate cyclase, leading to relaxation of vascular smooth muscle.
p.44
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the primary action of Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)?
They inhibit calcium ions from entering vascular smooth muscle and myocardium.
p.65
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What are some common adverse effects (AEs) of Ranolazine?
Constipation, nausea, dizziness, syncope, headache (HA), and QT prolongation.
p.39
Renin-Angiotensin System and Its Inhibitors
In which journal was the article published?
Trends in Pharmacological Sciences.
p.31
Diuretics and Their Uses
What is the primary action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors like acetazolamide?
They inhibit the activity of carbonic anhydrase.
p.69
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the primary issue in ischemic heart disease?
Incapability of coronary blood vessels to deliver enough blood flow.
p.61
Neurotransmitters and Their Roles
What are the two types of heart rate abnormalities associated with disrupted automaticity?
Bradycardia and Tachycardia.
p.95
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
In which journal was the article published?
Journal of Clinical Medicine.
p.61
Neurotransmitters and Their Roles
What are ectopic pacemakers?
Abnormal pacemaker sites that can generate impulses outside the normal SAN.
p.38
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the patient's history?
The patient has a history of asthma and heart failure.
p.57
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the effect of ACEIs on heart function?
They improve heart function after load and preload.
p.80
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) characterized by?
Thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, kidney failure, and fever.
What is the mechanism of action for Alteplase and Tenecteplase?
They bind to fibrin and convert plasminogen to plasmin.
p.76
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What are the two types of heparins mentioned?
Unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low molecular weight heparins (like enoxaparin, dalteparin).
p.7
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What are some adverse effects (AEs) of Norepinephrine?
Tachycardia, peripheral vascular insufficiency, gangrene, and extravasation.
p.85
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What process do heparins prevent?
The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
p.18
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What is the mechanism of Methyldopa?
Stimulates α2 receptors in the brain, decreases sympathetic outflow to heart, kidneys, and vasculature.
p.11
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What is the initial dosing recommendation for Phenylephrine?
Titrate up from 0.5 mcg/kg/min.
p.40
Antihypertensive Medications
Are ACE inhibitors contraindicated in pregnancy?
Yes, they are contraindicated in pregnancy.
p.34
Diuretics and Their Uses
What are some examples of thiazide diuretics?
Chlorothiazide, Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), and Chlorthalidone.
p.54
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
How does Nitroprusside affect preload and afterload?
It decreases both preload and afterload.
p.54
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the onset time for Nitroprusside's effects?
Quick onset, peaks in minutes.
p.48
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the primary use of Nitro glycerin?
For relieving acute coronary spasm and hypertension crisis.
p.23
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
How can Propranolol be administered?
It can be taken orally (PO) or intravenously (IV).
p.22
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What is the primary function of cardioselective beta blockers?
To selectively block beta-1 adrenergic receptors, primarily affecting the heart.
What are some adverse effects of IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists?
Bleeding (especially at arterial access), thrombocytopenia, hypotension.
p.81
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is one of the primary uses of Prasugrel?
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS).
p.51
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What are the goals of pharmacological intervention in congestive heart failure?
Decrease cardiac workload, correct fluid overload, and improve heart contractility.
p.95
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is the focus of the article by Malik, Ha, and Barnes?
Choice and duration of anticoagulation for venous thromboembolism.
p.33
Diuretics and Their Uses
How do loop diuretics compare in potency to thiazides?
They are more potent than thiazides.
p.86
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
When is renal adjustment required for LMWH?
If CrCl < 30 ml/min (or not recommended).
How does Aspirin affect COX enzymes?
It irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2.
p.31
Diuretics and Their Uses
What are some adverse effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
Metabolic acidosis, hypersensitivity reactions, and paresthesia (at higher doses).
Give an example of an agonist and its effect.
Norepinephrine binds to beta receptor to increase heart rate.
p.17
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What are the factors that can increase Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
Increased heart rate, increased inotropy, increased fluid/volume retention, and increased vasoconstriction.
What is the selectivity of Alteplase and Tenecteplase?
They activate plasminogen that is bound to fibrin.
p.30
Diuretics and Their Uses
What distinguishes potassium-sparing diuretics from other diuretics?
They help retain potassium while promoting urine output.
p.66
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is a contraindication for Adenosine?
Bronchospastic lung disease.
p.38
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What does NYHA Class III indicate?
Marked limitation of physical activity due to heart failure symptoms.
p.10
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What happens at higher doses of dopamine?
More α1 effects (vasoconstriction) along with effects of lower doses.
p.10
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the initial dosing for dopamine?
Can titrate up to as high as 50 mcg/kg/min in severe hypoperfusion.
p.93
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is required before starting Edoxaban and Dabigatran?
5 days of subcutaneous anticoagulation (e.g., Fondaparinux).
p.43
Antihypertensive Medications
What is the physician's goal for the patient planning to have a baby?
To transition her to another antihypertensive drug that is safe during pregnancy.
p.75
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is the focus of the article by Paulus et al.?
Anticoagulation Therapy Considerations in Factor VII Deficiency.
p.72
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What are common risk factors for pulmonary embolism?
Prolonged immobility, surgery, certain medical conditions, and smoking.
p.48
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What condition is Nitroprusside used to treat?
Hypertension crisis and acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF).
p.39
Renin-Angiotensin System and Its Inhibitors
What is the focus of the article by Luther JM and Brown NJ?
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and glucose homeostasis.
Where are norepinephrine receptors found in the body?
In various parts of the body, not just within the cardiovascular system (except for the ɡ1 receptor).
What are the effects of modulating norepinephrine receptors?
Regulation of heart rate, contractility, and blood pressure.
p.51
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the primary issue in congestive heart failure?
The heart fails to pump sufficient blood to match the body's demands.
p.15
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What is the likely reason for tachycardia in AA's case?
Noradrenaline's action on beta-adrenergic receptors.
p.37
Diuretics and Their Uses
What effect do Triamterene and Amiloride have on intracellular Na levels?
They decrease intracellular Na levels.
p.81
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is the typical duration of Prasugrel treatment?
Within weeks of initiation.
p.12
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What are some adverse effects (AEs) of Isoprenaline?
Tachycardia, syncope, and hypotension.
p.30
Diuretics and Their Uses
Name a type of diuretic that acts as a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
p.85
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What are the primary uses of heparins?
VTE prophylaxis/treatment and ACS (Acute Coronary Syndrome).
p.61
Neurotransmitters and Their Roles
What are Early Afterdepolarizations (EADs)?
Prolonged action potentials with an additional depolarization occurring before full repolarization.
p.86
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What are some contraindications for LMWH?
History of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HITT) within the past 30 days.
p.40
Renin-Angiotensin System and Its Inhibitors
What is the effect of lower levels of angiotensin II?
Reduced aldosterone secretion and decreased sodium and water reabsorption.
p.18
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What are some adverse effects (AEs) of Clonidine?
Dry mouth, headache, somnolence, AV block, contact dermatitis (patch).
p.100
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is a key application of medications for heart failure?
To improve heart function and reduce symptoms.
p.92
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is Bivalirudin used for?
ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).
p.57
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
Do ACEIs affect heart rate?
No, they do not affect heart rate.
p.46
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)
What is a key characteristic of dihydropyridines?
They are potent vasodilators with little to no negative effect on cardiac contractility or conduction.
p.11
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What are some adverse effects (AEs) of Phenylephrine?
Decreased cardiac output, worsening angina, heart failure, and pulmonary hypertension.
p.46
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)
How do non-dihydropyridines affect cardiac function?
They are less potent vasodilators and have a greater depression on cardiac conductivity and contractility.
p.67
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What are the contraindications for Dronedarone?
Congestive heart failure (CHF), coronary artery disease (CAD), and permanent atrial fibrillation (AF).
p.54
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the primary action of Nitroprusside in acute heart failure?
Direct vasodilation of veins and arteries.
p.9
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What are the usual indications for Dobutamine?
Cardiogenic shock and acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF).
What is the primary action of IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists?
They block the binding site for fibrinogen on the IIb/IIIa receptor.
p.21
Antihypertensive Medications
What effect do β-blockers have on hypoglycemia?
They can mask hypoglycemia.
p.65
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
How does Ranolazine reduce myocardial oxygen consumption?
By decreasing intracellular calcium to reduce ventricular tension.
What can cardiac medications modulate to regulate heart rate, contractility, and blood pressure?
Norepinephrine receptors.
p.90
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
Who conducted the study?
Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
p.32
Diuretics and Their Uses
What is the result of using Mannitol?
Increased urinary output.
p.29
Antihypertensive Medications
What are sympathetic nervous system depressants mentioned?
Alpha and beta blockers, and clonidine.
p.7
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What is the primary receptor activated by Norepinephrine?
Į1 receptors more than β1 receptors.
p.61
Neurotransmitters and Their Roles
What is disrupted automaticity in the context of arrhythmias?
It refers to the SAN failing to generate impulses at the appropriate rate, either firing too slowly or too rapidly.
p.63
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What are Class I antiarrhythmic drugs?
Voltage-gated Na channel blockers.
p.50
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is a toxicity concern for slow acetylators taking Hydralazine?
Toxicity in slow acetylators.
What are some contraindications for using Dipyridamole?
Bronchospastic lung disease, uncontrolled hypertension, bradycardia/AV block, recent acute coronary syndrome/myocardial infarction.
p.69
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What can cause reduced blood flow in coronary vessels?
Reduced diameter of the vessels.
p.55
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What are the effects of Dobutamine?
Improves cardiac contractility and reduces the workload of the heart.
p.51
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the role of vasodilators in treating congestive heart failure?
They help to decrease cardiac workload.
p.85
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is the general mechanism of heparins?
They potentiate the action of antithrombin III to inactivate factor IIa (thrombin) and factors IXa, Xa, XIa, and XIIa.
p.55
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the action of Dopamine based on dosage?
Dose-dependent actions as it works on different receptors in different dosing ranges.
p.51
Renin-Angiotensin System and Its Inhibitors
Which class of medications is referred to as ACEIs?
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors.
p.92
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What are the uses of Dabigatran?
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis and stroke prophylaxis.
p.76
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
Name two thrombin inhibitors listed.
Argatroban and bivalirudin.
Give an example of an antagonist and its effect.
Metoprolol binds to beta receptor to lower heart rate.
p.66
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is Adenosine used for?
For paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT).
p.50
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What physiological response can occur due to vasodilation?
Reflex tachycardia and increased cardiac output.
p.56
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the inotropic action of Milrinone?
It has a positive inotropic action.
p.10
Receptor Pharmacology
What types of receptors does dopamine activate?
Adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors.
p.41
Antihypertensive Medications
Name some members of the ARB class.
Candesartan, losartan, irbesartan, olmesartan, telmisartan, valsartan.
p.43
Antihypertensive Medications
What are the other options listed that are not the safest for pregnancy?
Valsartan, Metoprolol, Nitroglycerin.
p.65
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What are the primary effects of Ranolazine?
Antianginal and anti-ischemic effects without affecting heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP).
p.32
Diuretics and Their Uses
What can precipitation of crystals at low temperatures cause?
Vascular and end-organ damage.
p.82
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What are some adverse effects (AEs) of Ticagrelor?
Bleeding, bradyarrhythmias, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP, rare but can be fatal).
p.81
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What are some adverse effects (AEs) associated with Prasugrel?
Bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB), epistaxis.
Where are muscarinic receptors located?
On all target organs, including the heart, smooth muscles, and pupils.
What are receptors?
Proteins on cell surface or within cells in different organs.
Where are nicotinic receptors found?
At ganglia and neuromuscular junctions.
p.85
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What are the two types of heparin mentioned?
UFH (Unfractionated Heparin) and LMWH (Low Molecular Weight Heparin) such as Dalteparin and Enoxaparin.
p.57
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What do ACEIs improve in patients?
Symptoms, slow disease progression, and prolong survival.
What are some adverse effects associated with IV Dipyridamole?
Chest pain, dyspnea, hypotension.
p.8
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What is the typical dosing for Epinephrine in septic shock?
As high as 15 mcg/kg/min.
p.37
Diuretics and Their Uses
What are the adverse effects of Amiloride?
Hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis.
p.8
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What are some adverse effects of Epinephrine?
Dyspnea, tachycardia, hypertension, and local tissue necrosis with extravasation.
p.88
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What dietary advice should be given to patients on Warfarin?
Be on vitamin K consistent diets.
p.68
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the effect of Class IV medications on reentry pathways?
They interrupt reentry pathways causing arrhythmias that require AV nodal conduction.
p.86
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is a potential adverse effect of LMWH?
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HITT).
p.52
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the therapeutic index (TI) of Digoxin?
Narrow, requiring serum concentration monitoring.
p.92
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What are common adverse effects of these thrombin inhibitors?
Bleeding and hypotension (IV).
p.67
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What properties does Amiodarone have?
Alpha- and beta-blocking properties, affecting Na, K, and Ca channels.
p.10
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What are some adverse effects of dopamine?
Chest pain, hypertension, arrhythmias.
p.79
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is the primary function of antiplatelet medications?
Prevent platelet activation and aggregation.
p.25
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
In what situation are ISA drugs rarely used?
In stable angina, except maybe in patients with bradycardia.
p.26
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What can non-selective or high doses of cardioselective agents lead to?
Bronchoconstriction and other adverse effects.
p.12
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What effect does β2 stimulation have when using Isoprenaline?
Vasodilation without α1 activity, leading to decreased peripheral resistance.
p.81
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What condition is associated with elevated cholesterol in the context of Prasugrel?
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP).
p.12
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What are the usual indications for Isoprenaline?
Cardiogenic shock due to bradycardia, symptomatic bradycardia/AV block, and congestive heart failure.
p.31
Diuretics and Their Uses
What is a usual indication for carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
Edema with metabolic alkalosis.
p.86
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is the effect of LMWH on aPTT?
Less effect on aPTT and stronger activity on factor Xa.
What functions are associated with nicotinic receptors?
Muscle contractility and nerve impulses.
p.31
Diuretics and Their Uses
What is the effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors on diuresis?
They produce a modest net diuresis.
p.69
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is one pharmacological intervention to reduce demand in ischemic heart disease?
Decrease heart rate (HR) and cardiac contractility.
p.88
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What are some non-bleeding adverse effects of Warfarin?
Purple toe syndrome and skin necrosis.
p.80
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
How often should Clopidogrel be administered?
Usually within 15 weeks of initiation, not dose-related.
p.49
Antihypertensive Medications
How is glyceryl nitrate available for fast relief of chest pain?
As sublingual (SL) pills.
p.40
Antihypertensive Medications
What are some common adverse effects (AEs) of ACE inhibitors?
Cough, angioedema, hyperkalemia, acute kidney injury (AKI), hypotension.
p.40
Antihypertensive Medications
What is a common practice regarding ACE inhibitors in cases of AKI?
It is common practice to hold ACE inhibitors in AKI.
p.46
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)
What are dihydropyridines primarily used for?
Hypertension (HTN) and stable angina.
p.52
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What electrolytes should be monitored when using Digoxin?
Potassium (K), Magnesium (Mg), and Calcium (Ca).
p.93
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
How do Rivaroxaban and Apixaban compare to Warfarin in terms of VTE recurrence rates?
They provide similar recurrence rates but with potentially less major bleeding.
p.93
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is the recommended first-line treatment for acute DVT or PE?
Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs).
p.67
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the mechanism of action of Sotalol?
It is a potassium channel blocker.
p.53
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What are common signs and symptoms of digoxin toxicity?
Arrhythmias, GI disturbances (nausea, diarrhea, anorexia), CNS depression (drowsiness, lethargy), and visual disturbances (yellow/blurred vision, 'halos').
What is one of the main uses of Dipyridamole?
Secondary prophylaxis against stroke.
p.17
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the formula for Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?
MAP = Cardiac Output (CO) x Peripheral Resistance (PR).
p.80
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is Clopidogrel primarily used for?
Vascular disease, TIA, and ACS.
p.88
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
How should maintenance doses of Warfarin be adjusted?
By calculating the weekly dose and reducing or increasing it as needed.
p.45
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What are the two main classes of calcium channel blockers (CCBs)?
Dihydropyridine and Non-dihydropyridine.
p.76
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What are the main types of antiplatelet medications mentioned?
NSAIDs (like ASA), P2Y12 inhibitors (like clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor), and IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists (like abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban).
p.30
Diuretics and Their Uses
What are osmotic diuretics used for?
To induce urine output by increasing osmolarity in the renal tubules.
p.30
Diuretics and Their Uses
What are loop diuretics commonly used for?
To treat conditions like heart failure and edema by promoting urine production.
p.41
Renin-Angiotensin System and Its Inhibitors
What is the mechanism of action of ARBs?
They interfere with the binding of angiotensin II to its receptor, preventing activation.
What are some adverse effects (AEs) of Aspirin?
GI bleed, ulcers, dyspepsia, hypersensitivity reactions, and Reyes Syndrome.
What are some clinical uses of thrombolytics?
Acute ischemic stroke, pulmonary embolism (PE), and ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).
p.100
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What role do anticoagulants play in client care?
They prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of stroke.
p.100
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the focus of medications for dyslipidemia?
To manage cholesterol levels and reduce cardiovascular risk.
p.93
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is the risk associated with combining Aspirin and DOAC therapy?
Significantly increases bleeding risk.
p.67
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the primary use of Dofetilide?
It is used for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter.
p.44
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
How do CCBs affect cardiac muscle?
They promote relaxation of cardiac muscle.
p.82
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is the duration of Ticagrelor treatment from initiation?
Typically 2 weeks to several months.
p.7
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What are the main effects of Norepinephrine?
Vasoconstriction, increased contractility, and increased heart rate.
p.66
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What are selective and non-selective beta blockers used for?
For suppressing tachyarrhythmias from increased sympathetic activity.
p.80
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What are common adverse effects (AEs) of Clopidogrel?
Bleeding, hypersensitivity, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP).
p.7
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What are the usual indications for Norepinephrine?
Septic shock and cardiogenic shock.
p.61
Neurotransmitters and Their Roles
What are Delayed Afterdepolarizations (DADs)?
Abnormal increases in intracellular calcium levels during the repolarization phase of action potentials.
p.41
Antihypertensive Medications
What are ARBs commonly used for?
Hypertension (HTN), heart failure (HF), and diabetic nephropathy.
p.66
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What conditions is Digoxin used to treat?
Atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT).
What is the purpose of using plasminogen activators?
To prevent formation or spread of clots and to re-establish perfusion.
p.76
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What are some examples of Factor Xa inhibitors?
Apixaban, edoxaban, rivaroxaban, and fondaparinux.
p.87
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What type of dosing is typically used for Warfarin?
Individualized based on INR target.
p.10
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What are the effects of lower doses of dopamine?
Mainly dopaminergic effects; renal and coronary vasodilation; activates β1 receptors in the heart.
p.46
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)
What are non-dihydropyridines usually used for?
Hypertension (HTN), chronic stable angina, and arrhythmias.
p.56
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What should be considered when dosing Milrinone?
Dose adjustment in renal dysfunction.
p.93
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What should be monitored when using DOACs?
Renal function and liver function tests (LFT).
What are the two types of receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Muscarinic receptors and nicotinic receptors.
p.53
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
Which populations are at higher risk for digoxin toxicity?
Older adults, individuals with COPD, hypercalcemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and dehydration.
In what situation is Dipyridamole used as an adjunctive agent?
With warfarin post mechanical valve replacement.
p.68
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the primary action of Class IV antiarrhythmic medications?
Blocks calcium influx, prolonging the refractory phase.
p.7
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What does Norepinephrine increase in the cardiovascular system?
Peripheral resistance (PR), cardiac output, and mean arterial pressure (MAP).
p.63
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What do Class II antiarrhythmic drugs do?
They are autonomic inhibitors and activators.
p.52
Diuretics and Their Uses
What is the primary use of Loop Diuretics?
Symptomatic relief of pulmonary congestion.
p.92
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is the mechanism of action for Argatroban, Bivalirudin, and Dabigatran?
They reversibly bind to the active site on thrombin, preventing the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
p.52
Diuretics and Their Uses
Do Loop Diuretics stop disease progression?
No, they do not stop disease progression.
p.38
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the patient's current heart failure classification?
HFrEF stage C (symptomatic HF) and NYHA Class III.
What is the primary effect of Aspirin on prostaglandins?
It decreases the formation of prostaglandins.
p.52
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the role of Digoxin in cardiac treatment?
It enhances contractility by inhibiting Na-K-ATPase in cardiac cells.
p.27
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the patient's history?
He has a history of asthma and heart failure.
p.80
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What skin reactions can occur with Clopidogrel?
Skin reactions or neurologic changes.
p.88
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
Is Warfarin safe to use during pregnancy?
No, it is contraindicated in pregnancy.
p.100
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What types of medications are used for managing shocks/sepsis?
Agents that stabilize blood pressure and improve circulation.
p.41
Antihypertensive Medications
What are some common adverse effects (AEs) of ARBs?
Acute kidney injury (AKI) and hyperkalemia.
p.45
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the mechanism of action of calcium channel blockers?
They inhibit calcium entry into cells, leading to vasodilation and decreased heart contractility.
p.67
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the effect of Amiodarone on repolarization?
It prolongs repolarization and the duration of action potential (AP).
p.67
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What are the routes of administration for Amiodarone?
Oral (PO) and intravenous (IV).
p.10
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What are the usual indications for dopamine?
Cardiogenic shock and congestive heart failure.
p.40
Antihypertensive Medications
What are some common ACE inhibitors?
Captopril, enalapril, benazepril, lisinopril, quinapril, ramipril.
p.49
Antihypertensive Medications
What is the primary use of nitrates?
Primarily used for hypertension (HTN).
p.8
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What are the usual indications for administering Epinephrine?
Septic shock, cardiogenic shock, anaphylactic shock, and hypotension.
What is an agonist?
A substance that binds to a receptor and activates it, mimicking the effects of the endogenous substance.
p.66
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What is Isoproterenol used for?
For symptomatic bradycardia/AV block.
p.63
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the function of Class III antiarrhythmic drugs?
They are K channel blockers.
p.49
Antihypertensive Medications
What limits the use of nitrates over time?
Tolerance that develops over time.
p.95
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is the DOI for the article?
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13010301.
p.31
Diuretics and Their Uses
Who are at higher risk for adverse effects from carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
Older adults, individuals with diabetes, COPD, and renal impairment.
What is an antagonist?
A substance that binds to a receptor and inhibits it, reducing or reversing the effects of the endogenous substance.
p.57
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What should be used if a patient cannot tolerate ACEIs?
ARBs (Angiotensin Receptor Blockers).
p.11
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What are the indications for using Phenylephrine?
Hypotension, shock, and as an alternative when norepinephrine causes tachycardia.
p.85
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
Do heparins dissolve already formed clots?
No, they do not dissolve already formed clots.
p.76
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is the role of Vitamin K antagonists?
They are used to affect hemostasis, with warfarin being a common example.
p.41
Antihypertensive Medications
How do ARBs compare to ACE inhibitors in terms of cough?
ARBs cause less cough than ACE inhibitors (ACEIs).
p.46
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)
What are the common side effects (AEs) of dihydropyridines?
Dose-dependent peripheral edema, headache (HA), and flushing.
p.56
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What are some adverse effects (AEs) of Milrinone?
Arrhythmias, hypotension, and thrombocytopenia (rare).
p.46
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)
What are the common side effects (AEs) of non-dihydropyridines?
Dose-dependent constipation, bradycardia, and low cardiac output (CO).
p.87
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is recommended to start with when using Warfarin?
Bridging with rapid-acting anticoagulants.
p.50
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the primary action of vasodilators like Hydralazine and Minoxidil?
Directly relax arterioles.
p.56
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
In which patients is Milrinone typically used?
In patients with low cardiac index (CI) and hypotension or end-organ hypoperfusion.
p.46
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)
What precautions should be taken when using non-dihydropyridines?
Caution is advised if the patient is on beta-blockers (BBs), has heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), or has atrioventricular block (AVB).
p.30
Diuretics and Their Uses
What is the function of thiazide diuretics?
To reduce blood pressure and manage fluid retention.
p.57
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What are other ways to reduce cardiac workload?
Beta-blockers (BB) and vasodilators.
What does 'lyse' refer to in the context of thrombolytics?
To break down already formed clots.
p.100
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is the purpose of medications for arrhythmias?
To restore normal heart rhythm.
p.41
Antihypertensive Medications
Are ARBs safe to use during pregnancy?
No, they are contraindicated (C/I) in pregnancy.
p.67
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What are some serious adverse effects of Amiodarone?
Pulmonary fibrosis, thyrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity.
p.10
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What are the ultimate effects of activating D1 receptors?
Increased heart rate (INOtropy) and vasodilation.
p.55
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is a common limitation of Dopamine in clinical use?
Tachycardia, which may lead to myocardial ischemia.
p.66
Neurotransmitters and Their Roles
What effect does activation of M2 receptors have on the cardiac system?
It decreases heart rate (HR).
p.10
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What are the effects of intermediate doses of dopamine?
Inodilator-like effects (activation of D1 and D2 receptors).
p.67
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is Dronedarone used for?
For atrial fibrillation (Afib) and atrial flutter (Aflutter).
p.18
Adrenergic Agonists and Their Effects
What are some adverse effects (AEs) of Methyldopa?
Headache, dizziness, sedation, congestive heart failure, heart block.
p.38
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What does HFrEF stand for?
Heart Failure with reduced Ejection Fraction.
p.93
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
In which patients should DOACs be used cautiously?
Patients with kidney issues.
p.56
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What is Milrinone's role in patients on chronic beta blockade?
It is the inotrope of choice.
p.93
Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents
What is the dosing strategy for DOACs?
Start with a higher dose, then switch to a maintenance dose, and do not need routine monitoring.
p.46
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs)
What effect do non-dihydropyridines have on the AV node?
They slow automaticity and conduction of the AV node.
p.67
Cardiac Medications and Their Mechanisms
What are the contraindications for Sotalol?
Congestive heart failure (CHF), asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
