p.47
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What is affected by deficits in reasoning?
Intellectual functioning.
p.15
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
What term does DSM-5 use to replace 'mental retardation'?
Intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder).
p.11
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
Why might the clinical severity level of Global Developmental Delay not be reliably assessed during early childhood?
Because the individual is too young to participate in standardized testing.
p.33
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What does DD/ID stand for?
Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disability.
p.36
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
For which age group is the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) designed?
Children between the ages of 6 to 16.
p.10
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
What is the criterion for a significant delay in GDD?
At least 2 standard deviations below the mean with standardized tests.
p.8
Common Features and Symptoms of DD
What are some common areas affected by developmental delay?
Common areas include speech and language, motor skills, cognitive skills, and social and emotional development.
p.22
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
How is intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior characterized in a moderate disorder of intellectual development?
Significantly below average, approximately three to four standard deviations below the mean.
p.23
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
How is intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior characterized in severe disorder of intellectual development?
Significantly below average, approximately four or more standard deviations below the mean.
p.23
Common Features and Symptoms of DD
What are the language and academic skill capabilities in individuals with severe disorder of intellectual development?
Very limited language and capacity for acquisition of academic skills.
p.22
Support Strategies for Individuals with DD/ID
What level of support do most individuals with a moderate disorder of intellectual development require to achieve independent living and employment as adults?
Considerable and consistent support.
p.58
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
How does OT help children in pre-school settings?
By providing activities and interventions that promote physical, cognitive, and social development.
p.53
Communication Techniques for Individuals with ID
Why is it important to use simple speech when communicating with people with intellectual disabilities?
Because they may feel confused by complicated messages and over questioning at the same time.
p.63
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
What are the key areas of OT training for adults and adolescents with DD/ID?
Vocational skills, IADL skills, Social skills, Community living skills.
p.33
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What is the primary focus of assessing DD/ID?
To identify developmental delays and intellectual disabilities in individuals.
p.17
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What IQ test score range indicates a limitation in intellectual functioning?
An IQ test score of around 70 or as high as 75.
p.19
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What are the components of social skills in adaptive behavior for individuals with intellectual disability?
Interpersonal skills, social responsibility, self-esteem, gullibility, naïveté (wariness), social problem solving, and the ability to follow rules/obey laws and to avoid being victimized.
p.10
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
What are the developmental domains considered for GDD diagnosis?
Gross or fine motor, speech/language, cognition, social/personal, and activities of daily living.
p.10
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
Which age group is the diagnosis of GDD reserved for?
Children under 5 years old.
p.10
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
Name two developmental domains that can be affected in GDD.
Gross or fine motor and speech/language.
p.51
Support Strategies for Individuals with DD/ID
Why is it important to encourage people with intellectual disabilities to lead more independent lives?
Being over-protective or ignoring their abilities will hinder their development.
p.9
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
What are the developmental domains in which significant delay can define global developmental delay?
Gross and fine motor, speech and language, cognition, personal and social development, or activities of daily living.
p.39
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What areas of adaptive behavior does the DABS assess?
Conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills.
p.7
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
What category of disorders does Intellectual Disability fall under in DSM-V?
Neurodevelopmental disorders.
p.11
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
For which age group is the diagnosis of Global Developmental Delay reserved?
Individuals under the age of 5 years.
p.11
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
What criteria must be met for a diagnosis of Global Developmental Delay?
The individual fails to meet expected developmental milestones in several areas of intellectual functioning.
p.21
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
How is intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior characterized in mild disorder of intellectual development?
Significantly below average, approximately two to three standard deviations below the mean.
p.41
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What are examples of intellectual functioning?
Learning, problem solving, and judgement.
p.41
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What activities are included in adaptive functioning?
Activities of daily life such as communication and independent living.
p.9
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
Why is the Global Developmental Delay diagnosis set aside for children under 5?
Because clinical severity cannot be consistently evaluated during early childhood.
p.8
Support Strategies for Individuals with DD/ID
What role does early intervention play in developmental delay?
Early intervention can help improve outcomes by providing support and therapies to address developmental challenges.
p.4
Causes and Prevalence of DD/ID
What factors are considered in the causes, prevalence, and comorbidity of DD/ID?
Factors include genetic, environmental, and prenatal influences, as well as the prevalence rates and common comorbid conditions associated with DD/ID.
p.51
Support Strategies for Individuals with DD/ID
What should you do to help people with intellectual disabilities integrate into society?
Be attentive and compliment them on proper behaviour; assist them to integrate into society.
p.53
Communication Techniques for Individuals with ID
How can daily routines or special arrangements help in communicating with people with intellectual disabilities?
They can inspire them to speak by sharing their attention and interest, and talking about it with them.
p.4
Support Strategies for Individuals with DD/ID
What types of support are available for people with DD/ID?
Support includes educational programs, therapeutic interventions, social services, and community resources designed to assist individuals with DD/ID in achieving their full potential.
p.61
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
What does ADL stand for in the context of occupational therapy?
Activities of Daily Living.
p.45
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What is the focus of the video linked in the image?
Intellectual and Adaptive Function
p.50
Support Strategies for Individuals with DD/ID
Why should people with intellectual disabilities be treated with respect?
Because they have their feelings, strengths, and weaknesses, and are equal members of society who enjoy equal opportunities and rights.
p.9
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
For which age group is the Global Developmental Delay diagnosis set aside?
Children under the age of 5.
p.22
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What is the general capacity for language and academic skills in individuals with a moderate disorder of intellectual development?
Generally limited to basic skills.
p.9
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
How is global developmental delay defined?
As a significant delay in two or more developmental domains.
p.37
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What does the Visual Spatial Index in the WISC reflect?
The ability to understand visual details and relationships in order to solve puzzles and construct geometric designs.
p.20
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
What is the first criterion for the DSM-5 diagnosis of Intellectual Disability (ID)?
Deficits in intellectual functioning, including reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience, confirmed by clinical evaluation and individualized standard IQ testing.
p.34
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What does chromosome microarray measure?
The expression of multiple genes simultaneously.
p.63
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
Why are vocational skills important in OT training for individuals with DD/ID?
They help individuals gain employment and achieve financial independence.
p.5
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
What is the topic of the provided image?
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
p.7
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
Which organization published the DSM-V?
American Psychiatric Association (APA).
p.21
Common Features and Symptoms of DD
What difficulties do individuals with mild disorder of intellectual development exhibit?
Difficulties in the acquisition and comprehension of complex language concepts and academic skills.
p.8
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
How is developmental delay diagnosed?
Diagnosis typically involves developmental screenings and assessments by healthcare professionals.
p.9
Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disability Overview
What does the term 'developmental delay' or 'global development delay' refer to?
When a child takes longer to reach certain developmental milestones than other children their age.
p.62
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
Who can benefit from OT services in the context of DD/ID?
Adults and adolescents with developmental delay (DD) or intellectual disability (ID).
p.23
Support Strategies for Individuals with DD/ID
Can individuals with severe disorder of intellectual development acquire basic self-care skills?
Yes, with intensive training.
p.58
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
What are some common interventions used by OTs in pre-school settings?
Play-based activities, sensory integration techniques, and fine motor skill exercises.
p.39
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What is the focus of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS)?
What the individual actually does in daily life.
p.39
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What areas of adaptive behavior does the Vineland-3 assess?
Communication, daily living skills, socialization, and motor skills.
p.27
Causes and Prevalence of DD/ID
What are the intrinsic prenatal causes of developmental delay and intellectual disability?
Genetic factors, central nervous system malformations, and metabolic issues.
p.20
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
What is the third criterion for the DSM-5 diagnosis of Intellectual Disability (ID)?
The onset of these deficits during childhood.
p.37
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What ability does the Verbal Comprehension Index in the WISC measure?
A child’s ability to verbally reason, which can be heavily influenced by their semantic knowledge.
p.36
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What does the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) assess?
Different aspects of intelligence.
p.10
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
How many developmental domains must show significant delay for a GDD diagnosis?
At least two developmental domains.
p.21
Common Features and Symptoms of DD
What basic skills do most individuals with mild disorder of intellectual development master?
Basic self-care, domestic, and practical activities.
p.58
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
What is the primary goal of OT in pre-school settings?
To support the development of fine motor skills, sensory processing, and social skills in young children.
p.53
Communication Techniques for Individuals with ID
What are some tools that can be used to facilitate communication with people with intellectual disabilities?
Tools like PECS (Picture Exchange Communication System), communication books and boards, speech synthesizers, and computer-assisted technology.
p.16
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What areas does adaptive behavior cover?
Many everyday social and practical skills.
p.61
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
Why are social skills important in occupational therapy for school-age children?
Social skills are important for effective interaction and communication with peers and adults.
p.56
Support Strategies for Individuals with DD/ID
What does EDB stand for in the context of services for people with DD/ID in Hong Kong?
Education Bureau (HKSAR).
p.38
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What abilities does the Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) evaluate?
Semantic knowledge, verbal comprehension, abstract verbal reasoning, and verbal expression
p.63
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
How do social skills training benefit individuals with DD/ID?
They improve interpersonal interactions and relationships.
p.59
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
What type of skills does occupational therapy aim to develop to enhance a child's ability to engage in daily activities?
ADL (Activities of Daily Living) skills.
p.60
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
What is the website for Sam Shui Natives Association Lau Pun Cheung School?
http://www.lpc.edu.hk/it-school/php/webcms//public/index.php3?refid=1351&mode=published&lang=zh&nocache1402373480
p.27
Causes and Prevalence of DD/ID
What type of prenatal causes include teratogens and toxins?
Extrinsic prenatal causes.
p.31
Comorbidity Associated with DD/ID
What are subtelomeric deletions?
Genetic deletions near the ends of chromosomes that can lead to developmental delays and intellectual disabilities.
p.28
Causes and Prevalence of DD/ID
What are some postnatal causes of developmental delay and intellectual disability?
Neglect/psychosocial environment, infections, trauma, and toxins.
p.7
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
What does DSM-V stand for?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition.
p.17
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What does general mental capacity include in the context of intellectual functioning?
Learning, reasoning, and problem solving.
p.43
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What is the focus of the video titled 'Intellectual and Adaptive Function'?
The video focuses on intellectual and adaptive functioning.
p.40
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What are the two main components of functioning discussed in the context of developmental delay and intellectual disability?
Intellectual functioning and adaptive functioning.
p.10
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
What does GDD stand for?
Global Developmental Delay.
p.8
Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disability Overview
What is developmental delay?
Developmental delay refers to when a child does not reach their developmental milestones at the expected times.
p.54
Support Strategies for Individuals with DD/ID
What type of services are provided for people with DD in Hong Kong?
Services for people with Developmental Delay.
p.50
Support Strategies for Individuals with DD/ID
What should we appreciate about people with intellectual disabilities?
Their achievements, with realistic expectations.
p.49
Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disability Overview
What does DD/ID stand for?
Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disability.
p.50
Support Strategies for Individuals with DD/ID
Why is it important to accept the limitations of people with intellectual disabilities?
Because they take longer to adapt to new environments and face more challenges when learning new skills.
p.48
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What are the areas of deficits in adaptive functioning?
Communication, social skills, personal independence at home or in community settings, and school or work functioning.
p.49
Support Strategies for Individuals with DD/ID
What is a key focus in supporting individuals with DD/ID?
Providing tailored support strategies to meet their unique needs.
p.50
Support Strategies for Individuals with DD/ID
How should tasks be managed for people with intellectual disabilities?
Allow them to finish their tasks at their own pace.
p.21
Support Strategies for Individuals with DD/ID
What level of independence can individuals with mild disorder of intellectual development generally achieve?
Relatively independent living and employment as adults, but may require appropriate support.
p.49
Support Strategies for Individuals with DD/ID
Why is it important to provide support for people with DD/ID?
To enhance their quality of life and help them achieve their full potential.
p.4
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
What are the key components of diagnostic criteria and classification for DD/ID?
The key components include specific criteria for diagnosis and the classification of different types of developmental delays and intellectual disabilities.
p.10
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
What developmental domain includes skills like dressing and feeding oneself?
Activities of daily living.
p.48
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
Which area of adaptive functioning is related to performance in educational or occupational settings?
School or work functioning.
p.23
Support Strategies for Individuals with DD/ID
What type of support do individuals with severe disorder of intellectual development typically require?
Daily support in a supervised environment for adequate care.
p.4
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What methods are used for the assessment of DD/ID?
Methods include standardized tests, observational assessments, and developmental screenings to diagnose developmental delays and intellectual disabilities.
p.39
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What age range does the Diagnostic Adaptive Behavior Scale (DABS) assess?
People between 4 and 21 years old.
p.19
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What are the components of conceptual skills in adaptive behavior for individuals with intellectual disability?
Language and literacy; money, time, and number concepts; and self-direction.
p.19
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What are the components of practical skills in adaptive behavior for individuals with intellectual disability?
Activities of daily living (personal care), occupational skills, healthcare, travel/transportation, schedules/routines, safety, use of money, use of the telephone.
p.8
Causes and Prevalence of DD/ID
What might be some causes of developmental delay?
Causes can include genetic disorders, complications during pregnancy or birth, environmental factors, and medical conditions.
p.48
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What does personal independence in adaptive functioning refer to?
Personal independence at home or in community settings.
p.22
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What types of activities might some individuals with a moderate disorder of intellectual development master?
Basic self-care, domestic, and practical activities.
p.8
Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disability Overview
What is the difference between developmental delay and intellectual disability?
Developmental delay refers to a lag in reaching developmental milestones, while intellectual disability involves limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.
p.61
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
What are the key areas of focus for occupational therapy in school-age settings?
Writing and reading skills, ADL skills, and social skills.
p.16
Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disability Overview
What is intellectual disability characterized by?
Significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.
p.37
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What does the Working Memory Index in the WISC reflect?
The ability to register, maintain, and manipulate visual and auditory information.
p.38
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What does the Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI) in the WAIS assess?
Block design, matrix reasoning, visual puzzles, and picture completion
p.34
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What is a karyotype?
A person's chromosomes isolated from an individual cell and arranged in numerical order.
p.42
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What are some examples of conceptual skills in adaptive behavior?
Examples include language, reading, writing, and money concepts.
p.12
Common Features and Symptoms of DD
What developmental milestone might be delayed at 30 months in a child with DD?
Cannot scribble, no short phrases.
p.47
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What is academic learning and how is it affected by intellectual deficits?
Academic learning is the ability to learn in school via traditional teaching methods, and it is impaired by intellectual deficits.
p.52
Communication Techniques for Individuals with ID
Why is it important to promptly respond to the expressions of people with intellectual disabilities?
To encourage them to communicate.
p.51
Support Strategies for Individuals with DD/ID
How can job opportunities benefit people with intellectual disabilities?
With professional training, people with intellectual disabilities can become diligent employees who do not hop from job to job.
p.58
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
Why is early intervention important in pre-school settings?
Early intervention can help address developmental delays and improve long-term outcomes for children.
p.59
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
What are the key areas of focus for occupational therapy in pre-school settings?
Sensory, Motor, Cognition, Psychosocial, Play skills, Pre-writing, writing and reading skills, ADL skills.
p.34
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What is the purpose of Fragile X DNA testing?
To diagnose Fragile X syndrome.
p.31
Comorbidity Associated with DD/ID
What are teratogen-related encephalopathies?
Brain disorders caused by exposure to teratogens, which are substances that can cause developmental malformations.
p.12
Common Features and Symptoms of DD
What developmental milestone might be delayed at 24 months in a child with DD?
No single words, cannot follow situational commands.
p.34
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What is the difference between whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing?
Whole-exome sequencing focuses on the coding regions of genes, while whole-genome sequencing covers the entire genome.
p.42
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What are some examples of social skills in adaptive behavior?
Examples include interpersonal skills, social responsibility, self-esteem, and the ability to follow rules.
p.12
Common Features and Symptoms of DD
What developmental milestone might be delayed at 36 months in a child with DD?
Unable to speak simple sentences, cannot identify basic shapes and colours.
p.26
Causes and Prevalence of DD/ID
Why is it important to understand the prevalence of DD and ID?
To allocate resources, plan interventions, and support affected individuals and their families.
p.31
Comorbidity Associated with DD/ID
What is Patau syndrome?
A genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome 13, leading to severe intellectual disability and physical abnormalities.
p.57
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
What is the primary goal of Occupational Therapy (OT) for individuals with developmental delay and intellectual disability?
To enhance their ability to perform daily activities and improve their quality of life.
p.25
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
What is the SSI listing criteria for mild intellectual disability?
IQ of 60 through 70 and a physical or other mental impairment imposing an additional and significant limitation of function.
p.25
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
What type of support is needed for individuals with moderate intellectual disability according to AAIDD criteria?
Limited support needed in daily situations.
p.25
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
What type of support is needed for individuals with profound intellectual disability according to AAIDD criteria?
Pervasive support needed for every aspect of daily routines.
p.4
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What is the difference between intellectual functioning and adaptive functioning?
Intellectual functioning refers to cognitive abilities such as reasoning, problem-solving, and learning, while adaptive functioning involves practical, social, and conceptual skills needed for daily living.
p.37
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What ability does the Fluid Reasoning Index in the WISC measure?
The ability to detect relationships among visual objects.
p.34
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What is the purpose of sensory evaluation in diagnostic assessment?
To assess sensory processing and integration.
p.42
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What are the two main components of intellectual and adaptive function?
Intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.
p.12
Common Features and Symptoms of DD
What developmental milestone might be delayed at 6 months in a child with DD?
Head lag, no reaching out.
p.27
Causes and Prevalence of DD/ID
What are the extrinsic prenatal causes of developmental delay and intellectual disability?
Teratogens/toxins (such as drugs of abuse and medications) and infections.
p.47
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
How does a deficit in problem solving impact intellectual functioning?
It impairs the ability to find solutions to problems.
p.24
Common Features and Symptoms of DD
What is the capacity for acquisition of academic skills in individuals with profound disorder of intellectual development?
Restricted to basic concrete skills.
p.56
Support Strategies for Individuals with DD/ID
What are some of the support services mentioned for people with DD/ID on the EDB website?
Special education support, speech therapy support.
p.24
Support Strategies for Individuals with DD/ID
What level of support do individuals with profound disorder of intellectual development typically require?
Daily support in a supervised environment for adequate care.
p.44
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
Why is the assessment of adaptive behavior important?
It helps to determine how well an individual copes with common life demands and how independent they are compared to others of a similar age and background.
p.34
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What does neurophysiology assess in diagnostic evaluation?
The function of the nervous system.
p.52
Communication Techniques for Individuals with ID
How can you encourage people with intellectual disabilities to voice their needs?
Prompt them to voice their needs and encourage them to start a conversation instead of doing everything for them.
p.57
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
What are some common interventions used by Occupational Therapists for individuals with developmental delay and intellectual disability?
Sensory integration therapy, fine motor skill development, and adaptive equipment training.
p.25
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
What is the SSI listing criteria for profound intellectual disability?
A valid verbal, performance, or full-scale IQ of 59 or less.
p.61
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
What skills are targeted by occupational therapy to support academic performance in school-age children?
Writing and reading skills.
p.38
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What is the most commonly used adult IQ test for measuring intelligence?
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
p.42
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What does intellectual functioning refer to?
It refers to general mental capacity, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and abstract thinking.
p.12
Common Features and Symptoms of DD
What developmental milestone might be delayed at 12 months in a child with DD?
Cannot stand with support, no pincer grasp.
p.38
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What tasks are included in the Working Memory Index (WMI) of the WAIS?
Recalling a list of numbers in the order given (digit span) and a series of numbers and letters in order (letter-number sequencing)
p.42
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
Why is the assessment of adaptive behavior important?
It helps to determine how well an individual can function and meet the demands of everyday life.
p.26
Comorbidity Associated with DD/ID
What is comorbidity in the context of developmental delay (DD) and intellectual disability (ID)?
The presence of one or more additional conditions co-occurring with a primary condition.
p.47
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What is abstract thinking and how is it affected by intellectual deficits?
Abstract thinking is the ability to understand complex concepts and ideas, and it is impaired by intellectual deficits.
p.31
Comorbidity Associated with DD/ID
What is Down syndrome?
A genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21.
p.26
Causes and Prevalence of DD/ID
How can prenatal exposure to toxins affect a child's development?
It can lead to developmental delays and intellectual disabilities.
p.44
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What are some examples of conceptual skills in adaptive behavior?
Examples include language, reading, writing, and understanding money, time, and numbers.
p.28
Causes and Prevalence of DD/ID
How can neglect or a poor psychosocial environment lead to developmental delay?
Neglect or a poor psychosocial environment can lead to developmental delay by depriving a child of necessary social, emotional, and cognitive stimulation.
p.28
Causes and Prevalence of DD/ID
How can trauma contribute to developmental delay and intellectual disability?
Trauma can cause developmental delay and intellectual disability by causing physical damage to the brain or other vital organs.
p.25
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
What type of support is needed for individuals with mild intellectual disability according to AAIDD criteria?
Intermittent support needed during transitions or periods of uncertainty.
p.25
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
What is the SSI listing criteria for severe intellectual disability?
A valid verbal, performance, or full-scale IQ of 59 or less.
p.4
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
What is the role of occupational therapy (OT) in DD/ID?
The role of OT in DD/ID includes helping individuals develop daily living skills, improving motor and cognitive functions, and enhancing social and adaptive behaviors.
p.12
Common Features and Symptoms of DD
What are common presenting features of developmental delay (DD) in pre-schoolers?
Delayed developmental milestones noted in different areas at the same time.
p.47
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What are some areas affected by deficits in intellectual functioning?
Reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and experiential learning.
p.39
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What is the purpose of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS)?
To assess the presence of significant limitations in adaptive behavior.
p.42
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What is adaptive behavior?
Adaptive behavior is the collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills that people have learned to function in their everyday lives.
p.26
Causes and Prevalence of DD/ID
What is the prevalence of intellectual disability (ID) in the general population?
Approximately 1-3% of the general population.
p.27
Causes and Prevalence of DD/ID
How can infections during pregnancy affect fetal development?
Infections can act as extrinsic prenatal causes, potentially leading to developmental delay and intellectual disability.
p.44
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What does intellectual functioning refer to?
It refers to general mental capacity, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and abstract thinking.
p.47
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
How does a deficit in judgment affect intellectual functioning?
It impairs the ability to make sound decisions.
p.31
Comorbidity Associated with DD/ID
What is Fragile-X syndrome?
A genetic condition causing intellectual disability, particularly in males, due to a mutation on the X chromosome.
p.34
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What is the purpose of biochemical investigations in diagnostic assessment?
To analyze biochemical markers that may indicate underlying health conditions.
p.31
Comorbidity Associated with DD/ID
What is tuberous sclerosis?
A genetic disorder that causes non-cancerous tumors to form in many different organs, including the brain, leading to developmental delays and intellectual disabilities.
p.32
Comorbidity Associated with DD/ID
What term describes brain damage occurring around the time of birth and is associated with DD/ID?
Perinatal and postnatal encephalopathies
p.25
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
What level of support is needed for individuals with moderate intellectual disability according to DSM-5 criteria?
Independent living may be achieved with moderate levels of support, such as those available in group homes.
p.25
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
What is the SSI listing criteria for moderate intellectual disability?
A valid verbal, performance, or full-scale IQ of 59 or less.
p.63
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
What does IADL stand for in the context of OT training?
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living.
p.37
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What does the Processing Speed Index in the WISC measure?
The speed at which a child can accurately make decisions.
p.24
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
How is intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior characterized in profound disorder of intellectual development?
Significantly below average, approximately four or more standard deviations below the mean.
p.59
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
Which skills are targeted by occupational therapy to support early literacy in pre-school children?
Pre-writing, writing, and reading skills.
p.24
Common Features and Symptoms of DD
What are the communication abilities like in individuals with profound disorder of intellectual development?
Very limited communication abilities.
p.44
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What are the two main components of intellectual and adaptive function?
Intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.
p.27
Causes and Prevalence of DD/ID
What type of prenatal causes include genetic factors?
Intrinsic prenatal causes.
p.44
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What is adaptive behavior?
Adaptive behavior includes the collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills that people have learned to function in their everyday lives.
p.28
Causes and Prevalence of DD/ID
What is asphyxia and how is it related to developmental delay?
Asphyxia (窒息) is a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body, which can cause developmental delay if it occurs perinatally.
p.32
Comorbidity Associated with DD/ID
What term describes genetic disorders that disrupt normal metabolism and are associated with DD/ID?
Inborn errors of metabolism
p.31
Comorbidity Associated with DD/ID
What is congenital myotonic dystrophy?
A genetic disorder present at birth that affects muscle function and can lead to developmental delays and intellectual disabilities.
p.20
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
What is the second criterion for the DSM-5 diagnosis of Intellectual Disability (ID)?
Deficits in adaptive functioning that significantly hamper conforming to developmental and sociocultural standards for the individual's independence and ability to meet their social responsibility.
p.39
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What is the purpose of the Diagnostic Adaptive Behavior Scale (DABS)?
To assess the presence of significant limitations in adaptive behavior.
p.31
Comorbidity Associated with DD/ID
What are prenatal encephalopathies of disruptive origin?
They are brain disorders that occur before birth due to disruptive factors.
p.26
Causes and Prevalence of DD/ID
What are some common causes of developmental delay (DD) and intellectual disability (ID)?
Genetic conditions, prenatal exposure to toxins, birth complications, and infections.
p.27
Causes and Prevalence of DD/ID
What are teratogens?
Substances that can cause developmental malformations, including drugs of abuse and certain medications.
p.59
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
How does occupational therapy in pre-school settings support a child's social and emotional development?
By focusing on psychosocial skills.
p.60
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
What is the website for EDB Integrated Education?
https://www.edb.gov.hk/tc/edu-system/special/support/wsa/index.html
p.59
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
In what way does occupational therapy in pre-school settings contribute to a child's cognitive development?
By focusing on cognition skills.
p.52
Communication Techniques for Individuals with ID
What should you pay attention to when communicating with people with intellectual disabilities?
All of their expressions, including what they say, the sounds they make, their gestures, and facial expressions.
p.31
Comorbidity Associated with DD/ID
What are chromosomal defects diagnosed by CGH array?
Genetic abnormalities identified using Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) array technology.
p.52
Communication Techniques for Individuals with ID
What is a key strategy to help people with intellectual disabilities initiate conversations?
Encourage them to start a conversation rather than just responding to questions.
p.57
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
What role does adaptive equipment play in Occupational Therapy for individuals with developmental delay and intellectual disability?
It helps individuals perform daily tasks more independently and safely.
p.25
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
What level of support is needed for individuals with mild intellectual disability according to DSM-5 criteria?
Can live independently with minimum levels of support.
p.31
Comorbidity Associated with DD/ID
What are congenital infections?
Infections present at birth that can affect the development of the brain.
p.63
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
What is the goal of community living skills training in OT for individuals with DD/ID?
To enable individuals to live independently and participate in community life.
p.47
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What does a deficit in planning affect?
The ability to organize and sequence tasks.
p.24
Comorbidity Associated with DD/ID
What types of impairments commonly co-occur with profound disorder of intellectual development?
Motor and sensory impairments.
p.56
Support Strategies for Individuals with DD/ID
What resources are available for special education according to the EDB website?
Special education resource centers and school education information.
p.28
Causes and Prevalence of DD/ID
What are some perinatal causes of developmental delay and intellectual disability?
Asphyxia, prematurity, and neonatal complications.
p.34
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What are metabolic investigations used for in diagnostic assessment?
To identify metabolic disorders that may contribute to developmental delays or intellectual disabilities.
p.28
Causes and Prevalence of DD/ID
How can prematurity contribute to developmental delay and intellectual disability?
Prematurity can lead to developmental delay and intellectual disability due to the underdevelopment of organs and systems, increasing the risk of complications.
p.44
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What are some examples of social skills in adaptive behavior?
Examples include interpersonal skills, social responsibility, self-esteem, gullibility, and the ability to follow rules and avoid being victimized.
p.57
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
How does Occupational Therapy (OT) support individuals with developmental delay and intellectual disability?
By providing interventions that develop, recover, or maintain meaningful activities or occupations.
p.57
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
How do Occupational Therapists assess the needs of individuals with developmental delay and intellectual disability?
Through comprehensive evaluations that consider physical, cognitive, and emotional aspects.
p.38
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What does the Processing Speed Index (PSI) measure?
How fast your brain works, including tasks like symbol search, cancellation, and coding
p.31
Comorbidity Associated with DD/ID
What are genetic encephalopathies?
Brain disorders caused by genetic abnormalities.
p.26
Comorbidity Associated with DD/ID
Name some common comorbid conditions associated with intellectual disability (ID).
Autism spectrum disorder, epilepsy, ADHD, and anxiety disorders.
p.34
Assessment Methods for DD/ID
What is the role of neuroimaging in diagnostic assessment?
To visualize the structure and function of the brain.
p.42
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What are some examples of practical skills in adaptive behavior?
Examples include personal care, occupational skills, healthcare, travel, and use of money.
p.47
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What is experiential learning and how is it affected by intellectual deficits?
Experiential learning is the ability to learn through experience, trial and error, and observation, and it is impaired by intellectual deficits.
p.28
Causes and Prevalence of DD/ID
What role do infections play in causing developmental delay and intellectual disability?
Infections can cause developmental delay and intellectual disability by damaging the brain or other critical systems during the postnatal period.
p.57
Role of Occupational Therapy in DD/ID
Why is sensory integration therapy important in Occupational Therapy for individuals with developmental delay and intellectual disability?
It helps individuals process and respond to sensory information more effectively.
p.25
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
What level of support is needed for individuals with severe intellectual disability according to DSM-5 criteria?
Requires daily assistance with self-care activities and safety supervision.
p.44
Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior
What are some examples of practical skills in adaptive behavior?
Examples include personal care, occupational skills, healthcare, travel/transportation, schedules/routines, safety, use of money, and use of the telephone.
p.28
Causes and Prevalence of DD/ID
What are some examples of toxins that can lead to developmental delay and intellectual disability?
Examples of toxins include lead, mercury, and certain chemicals that can damage the developing brain and nervous system.
p.25
Diagnostic Criteria and Classification
What type of support is needed for individuals with severe intellectual disability according to AAIDD criteria?
Extensive support needed for daily activities.
