p.1
Epigenetics and Nutritional Programming
What is royal jelly's role in the development of queen bees?
It increases the expression of queen-specific genes, leading to the queen phenotype.
p.1
Environmental Influences on Plant Phenotype
What happens to seeds grown in the dark?
They exhibit etiolation, with long, thin stems and yellow seedlings due to lack of chlorophyll synthesis.
p.1
Temperature Effects on Drosophila Wing Phenotype
How does temperature affect the wing phenotype in Drosophila?
Homozygous individuals express vestigial wings at low temperatures, intermediate wings at moderate temperatures, and long wings at high temperatures.
p.4
Interpreting Pedigrees and Inheritance Patterns
In autosomal dominant inheritance, what is the expected outcome when a heterozygote marries an unaffected spouse?
Half of the children will show the trait.
p.4
Interpreting Pedigrees and Inheritance Patterns
What is a common trait of sex-linked dominant inheritance?
The trait does not skip generations.
p.5
Mendelian Genetics: Dominance, Segregation, and Independent Assortment
What is a white forelock of hair?
A genetic trait characterized by a patch of white hair, often associated with certain genetic conditions.
p.2
Phenylketonuria (PKU) and Environmental Interaction
What happens to individuals with two copies of the inactive allele for phenylalanine hydroxylase?
They cannot metabolize phenylalanine, leading to its accumulation in the body.
p.1
Epigenetics and Nutritional Programming
What is epigenetics?
The study of heritable phenotype changes that do not involve alterations in the DNA sequence.
p.4
Interpreting Pedigrees and Inheritance Patterns
What is a characteristic of autosomal recessive inheritance?
Affected children may have phenotypically normal parents.
p.4
Interpreting Pedigrees and Inheritance Patterns
In sex-linked dominant inheritance, how does an affected male transmit the trait?
He transmits it to none of his sons and to all of his daughters.
p.3
Gregor Mendel's Experiments and Principles of Inheritance
What did Mendel discover in the second-generation (F2) hybrid plants?
Hidden traits would reappear.
p.5
Mendelian Genetics: Dominance, Segregation, and Independent Assortment
What does congenital lack of incisors mean?
A genetic condition where an individual is born without incisors.
p.2
Phenylketonuria (PKU) and Environmental Interaction
What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?
A genetic disease caused by a non-functional version of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase.
p.1
Environmental Influences on Plant Phenotype
What environmental factors affect Mendel's tall variety of plants?
Adequate light, water, and soil conditions.
p.3
Gregor Mendel's Experiments and Principles of Inheritance
What did Mendel study to understand inheritance?
Traits in pea plants (Pisum sativum).
p.3
Gregor Mendel's Experiments and Principles of Inheritance
What was the outcome of Mendel's first-generation (F1) hybrids?
All looked like one of the parent plants, not a blend.
p.5
Mendelian Genetics: Dominance, Segregation, and Independent Assortment
What is muscular dystrophy?
A group of genetic disorders that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass.
p.2
Gene-Environment Interactions in E. coli
What is the relationship between genes and environmental conditions in E. coli?
E. coli only synthesizes lactose permease and β-galactosidase when grown in lactose, not glucose.
p.3
Gregor Mendel's Experiments and Principles of Inheritance
What is the principle of independent assortment?
Each trait is inherited independently of the other.
p.5
Mendelian Genetics: Dominance, Segregation, and Independent Assortment
What does microphthalmia refer to?
A condition characterized by abnormally small eyes.
p.1
Epigenetics and Nutritional Programming
What pathways does royal jelly activate in queen larvae?
Pathways associated with the catabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and major energy pathways.
p.4
Interpreting Pedigrees and Inheritance Patterns
What is the significance of father-to-son transmission in sex-linked recessive inheritance?
There is an absence of father-to-son transmission.
p.3
Gregor Mendel's Experiments and Principles of Inheritance
How did Mendel prevent self-pollination in his experiments?
By removing the pollen-producing stamen and cross-pollinating by hand.
p.3
Gregor Mendel's Experiments and Principles of Inheritance
How many pea plants did Mendel grow during his experiments?
Approximately 30,000 over 7 years.
p.2
Phenylketonuria (PKU) and Environmental Interaction
What is the role of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase?
It metabolizes the amino acid phenylalanine.
p.1
Epigenetics and Nutritional Programming
What determines whether newly hatched female larvae develop into workers or queens?
The feeding regime during larval growth.
p.2
Phenylketonuria (PKU) and Environmental Interaction
What are the consequences of a standard diet containing phenylalanine for PKU individuals?
They may manifest detrimental traits, including mental retardation.
p.2
Phenylketonuria (PKU) and Environmental Interaction
How can PKU individuals develop normally?
By being raised on a phenylalanine-free diet identified at birth.
p.2
Phenylketonuria (PKU) and Environmental Interaction
What environmental factor influences the outcome of PKU in children?
The diet they are raised on, specifically whether it contains phenylalanine.
p.4
Interpreting Pedigrees and Inheritance Patterns
What is a key characteristic of autosomal dominant inheritance?
The trait occurs with equal frequency in males and females.
p.4
Interpreting Pedigrees and Inheritance Patterns
What happens when both parents do not show an autosomal dominant trait?
None of their children will show the trait either.
p.4
Interpreting Pedigrees and Inheritance Patterns
What is the probability of children showing an autosomal recessive trait when both parents are carriers?
¼ of their children will show the trait.
p.3
Gregor Mendel's Experiments and Principles of Inheritance
What are the three foundational principles of inheritance proposed by Mendel?
Concept of dominance, Principle of segregation, and Principle of Independent Assortment.
p.3
Gregor Mendel's Experiments and Principles of Inheritance
What significant contribution did Mendel make to biology?
Developing statistical expectations about inheritance data.
p.2
Dietary Impact on Human Phenotype
How does diet affect human phenotype?
Diet influences traits such as height, weight, and intelligence.
p.1
Epigenetics and Nutritional Programming
How does DNA methylation affect the development of queen and worker larvae?
Differences in DNA methylation profiles result in different genes being activated, producing different phenotypes.
p.4
Interpreting Pedigrees and Inheritance Patterns
What is a key feature of sex-linked recessive inheritance?
More males develop the trait than females.
p.3
Gregor Mendel's Experiments and Principles of Inheritance
What was the common belief about inheritance before Mendel's experiments?
That parents' traits were blended together in their progeny.
