What is pharmacology?
The science dealing with drugs.
What are the two branches of pharmacology?
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics.
What does pharmacodynamics study?
The effect of the drug on the body.
p.14
Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs
What receptor is blocked by Pirenzepine and Telenzepine?
M1 receptor in the stomach.
Which statement is correct regarding the agonist and inverse agonist relationship in the given graph?
Drug A is agonist and Drug D is inverse agonist.
What type of inhibition occurs when lines intersect at the X-axis?
Non-competitive inhibition.
What is true about non-competitive inhibition?
Km remains the same, Vmax decreases.
p.4
Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
What is the role of pumps/transporters in tubular secretion?
They facilitate the secretion of drugs in proximal tubules.
p.18
Pharmacology Overview
What are the adverse effects associated with Miotic drugs?
Cataract and stenosis of the nasolacrimal duct (NLD).
p.15
Adrenergic Drugs and Their Mechanisms
What is the effect of β2 adrenergic receptors on metabolism?
Stimulate gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis while inhibiting glycogenesis.
p.9
Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
How do you calculate the dosing rate to maintain steady state concentration?
Dosing rate = CL x target plasma concentration.
What is the For All or None phenomenon in pharmacology?
It refers to a situation where the grade of response cannot be plotted.
p.15
Adrenergic Drugs and Their Mechanisms
Why are beta blockers contraindicated in diabetic patients?
They can mask warning symptoms of hypoglycemia and prevent its reversal.
p.15
Adrenergic Drugs and Their Mechanisms
What is the primary action of cocaine as an indirectly acting adrenergic drug?
Inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine (NA).
p.4
Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
What is the definition of half-life (t1/2) in pharmacokinetics?
The time in which the plasma concentration of a drug becomes half.
p.17
Pharmacology Overview
What is the primary indication for using Propranolol?
Performance anxiety, among other non-cardiac uses.
p.4
Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
How is filtration in glomerular filtration related to plasma protein binding?
Filtration is inversely proportional to plasma protein binding.
p.10
Clinical Trials and Drug Regulation
Which statement is correct about clinical trials?
Phase 0 clinical trials is for checking the pharmacokinetics of the drug.
p.25
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Gout Management
What is the main action of NSAIDs?
They act by inhibiting COX enzymes.
p.27
Pharmacology Overview
What is a likely outcome in a baby if delivery occurs after indomethacin treatment in a pregnant female?
Premature closure of ductus arteriosus.
p.16
Adrenergic Drugs and Their Mechanisms
What is the primary use of Dobutamine?
To treat congestive heart failure (CHF).
p.26
Pharmacology Overview
What is the role of DMARDs in rheumatoid arthritis?
Slow down disease progression.
What is the function of Gq proteins?
Convert PIP2 to IP3 and DAG, leading to calcium release.
p.10
Pharmacology Overview
What does LD50 signify?
It is the dose at which 50% of animals will die.
p.20
Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs
What should be the next line of management for a patient with snake bite and respiratory distress after antivenom administration?
Atropine and neostigmine.
What is the mechanism of Gs proteins?
Stimulate adenylate cyclase to increase cAMP.
p.4
Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
What effect does probenecid have on penicillins?
It prolongs their action by inhibiting tubular secretion.
p.23
Autacoids and Their Effects
What are the three types of autacoids based on chemical structure?
Peptide, Amine, and Lipid autacoids.
p.2
Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
What does ADME stand for in pharmacokinetics?
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion.
p.7
Clinical Trials and Drug Regulation
What defines a spurious drug?
An imitation or substitute of another drug likely to deceive by using the name of another drug.
p.13
Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs
What is the action of Pilocarpine?
Causes miosis (pupil constriction).
What is the action of an antagonist?
No action of itself but interferes with the action of other drugs [0].
p.16
Adrenergic Drugs and Their Mechanisms
What effect does Isoprenaline have on blood pressure?
Increases systolic blood pressure but decreases diastolic blood pressure.
p.26
Pharmacology Overview
What are the risks associated with TNF-a inhibitors?
Increased risk of infections; contraindicated in T.B. and Hepatitis B.
p.17
Pharmacology Overview
What is a characteristic of glaucoma related to intraocular pressure (IOP)?
It is characterized by increased IOP due to increased aqueous humor production or decreased drainage.
p.19
Pharmacology Overview
What is the effect of high doses of adrenaline in the dog blood pressure experiment?
It produces a biphasic response.
p.12
Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs
What is the effect of the parasympathetic system on the heart?
Decreases heart rate (HR) and conduction.
p.2
Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
What does pharmacokinetics study?
The effect of the body on the drug.
p.14
Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs
What are the symptoms of atropine poisoning?
Dry mouth, delirium, hyperthermia, agitation, tachycardia, urinary retention, accommodation loss.
What are ionotropic receptors?
Receptors present on ion channels; the fastest acting receptors.
p.12
Adrenergic Drugs and Their Mechanisms
What is the action of the sympathetic system on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)?
Decreases peristalsis and causes constipation.
p.7
Clinical Trials and Drug Regulation
What is a misbranded drug?
A drug that is not labeled in the prescribed manner or contains false claims.
p.2
Drug Absorption and Bioavailability
What is bioavailability?
The fraction of a given dose that reaches systemic circulation in unchanged form.
p.13
Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs
What are directly acting cholinergic drugs?
Drugs that stimulate the parasympathetic system by acting directly on receptors.
Which curve shows variation in drug responsiveness to a particular dose in different individuals?
Quantal Dose Response Curve.
p.17
Pharmacology Overview
What is the effect of β 2 blockade in patients?
It can lead to asthma exacerbation, peripheral vascular disease, and diabetes mellitus complications.
How is efficacy defined in the context of pharmacology?
It relates to the maximum effect of a drug regardless of dose; higher curves indicate greater efficacy.
p.15
Adrenergic Drugs and Their Mechanisms
What is the action of β1 adrenergic receptors on the heart?
Increases heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP).
p.20
Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs
What is the likely poisoning in a farmer with pinpoint pupils and increased secretions?
Organophosphate poisoning.
p.25
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Gout Management
What are the two types of COX enzymes?
COX-1 (constitutive) and COX-2 (inducible).
p.14
Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs
What are the anticholinergic drugs used for overactive bladder?
Solefenacin, Oxybutynin, Flavoxate, Tolterodine, Darifenacin.
What type of drugs are included in Category X?
Teratogenic drugs like thalidomide.
p.17
Pharmacology Overview
What do 5-alpha reductase inhibitors like Finasteride do?
They stop the conversion of Testosterone to DHT, controlling the growth of the prostate in BPH.
p.18
Pharmacology Overview
What is another side effect of Latanoprost?
Growth of eyelashes (Hypertrichosis).
What are enzymatic receptors also known as?
Tyrosine Kinase Receptors.
p.3
Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
What does a higher Volume of Distribution (Vd) indicate?
More distribution of the drug in tissues.
p.8
Drug Absorption and Bioavailability
What is the purpose of enteric coating of drugs?
To protect acid-labile drugs from gastric acid and to increase absorption of drugs absorbed distal to the stomach.
p.3
Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
How is the Loading Dose calculated?
LD = Vd x Target Plasma Concentration.
p.19
Pharmacology Overview
What is Phentolamine used for in the experiment?
It is an α-blocker used to assess blood pressure response.
p.15
Adrenergic Drugs and Their Mechanisms
What are the common symptoms of cocaine overdose?
Agitation, ulcers or scratch marks on skin, and sympathetic symptoms like tachycardia and hypertension.
p.2
Drug Metabolism and Enzyme Interactions
What are the characteristics of high plasma protein binding (PPB) drugs?
Low volume of distribution, long duration of action, more drug interactions, and less filtration.
p.3
Drug Metabolism and Enzyme Interactions
What is the purpose of Phase II reactions?
To make the drug water soluble.
p.13
Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs
What are AChE reactivators used for?
They are used in organophosphate poisoning.
p.13
Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs
What is the action of Pralidoxime (PAM)?
Acts peripherally to reactivate AChE.
p.4
Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
What types of drugs can be filtered in glomerular filtration?
Both lipid soluble and water soluble drugs.
p.26
Pharmacology Overview
What is the mechanism of action of Allopurinol?
Inhibits xanthine oxidase.
p.16
Adrenergic Drugs and Their Mechanisms
What receptors does Dopamine act on?
D1, β1, and α1 receptors.
What is the difference between Schedule X and Category X drugs?
Schedule X includes narcotic and psychotropic drugs; Category X contains teratogenic drugs.
p.23
Autacoids and Their Effects
What are autacoids?
Substances that have autocrine effects and act locally.
What does the therapeutic index indicate?
The margin of safety of a drug.
p.17
Pharmacology Overview
Which beta blocker is considered cardio-selective and relatively safe for patients with asthma?
Beta-1 blockers like Metoprolol and Atenolol.
p.7
Clinical Trials and Drug Regulation
What is the purpose of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act?
To regulate the import, manufacture, distribution, and sales of drugs.
What types of receptors are classified as intracellular receptors?
Cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors.
p.18
Pharmacology Overview
What is the contraindication for Brimonidine in children?
Contraindicated in children under 2 years.
p.25
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Gout Management
What adverse effects are associated with Rofecoxib and Valdecoxib?
Increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke.
p.8
Clinical Trials and Drug Regulation
What is a key requirement for a valid prescription?
It must include a date and signature (initials).
p.23
Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs
What are the first-generation H1 blockers known for?
Crossing the BBB and causing sedation.
p.19
Pharmacology Overview
What effect does Atropine have when given to the dog?
It increases heart rate (HR).
p.13
Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs
What are examples of irreversible AChE inhibitors?
Organophosphates like Malathion and Parathion.
p.19
Pharmacology Overview
What is Tachyphylaxis in the context of the experiment?
It refers to a decreased response in blood pressure increase upon repeated doses of the same drug.
p.24
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Gout Management
How do TXA2 and PGl2 affect platelets?
TXA2 promotes aggregation, while PGl2 inhibits aggregation.
p.21
Adrenergic Drugs and Their Mechanisms
What is the action of dopamine at low doses?
It increases renal blood flow.
What does ED 50 represent?
The median effective dose at which 50% of subjects respond to a particular dose.
What is the mechanism of action of the topical antiglaucoma drug dorzolamide?
Carbonic anhydrase inhibition.
p.18
Pharmacology Overview
What is a notable side effect of PGF2α analogues like Latanoprost?
Pigmentation of the iris (Heterochromia Iridis).
How is the therapeutic index calculated?
Therapeutic index = LD 50 / ED 50.
p.17
Pharmacology Overview
What are the contraindications for first-generation beta blockers?
Asthma, diabetes mellitus (DM), and peripheral vascular disease (PVD).
Which antihypertensive drugs are safe during pregnancy?
Labetalol and Methyldopa.
p.12
Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs
What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?
Nicotinic and Muscarinic receptors.
p.23
Autacoids and Their Effects
What is an example of an amine autacoid?
Histamine or 5-HT (Serotonin).
p.16
Adrenergic Drugs and Their Mechanisms
What is the action of Phenylephrine?
Causes mydriasis without cycloplegia.
p.4
Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
What is the difference between first order and zero order kinetics?
First order kinetics has a constant fraction eliminated, while zero order kinetics has a constant amount eliminated.
p.23
Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs
What is the action of H1 receptors?
Stimulates RAS and promotes wakefulness.
p.4
Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
Which drugs are known to follow zero order kinetics?
Warfarin, Alcohol/Aspirin, Theophylline, Tolbutamide, Phenytoin.
p.3
Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
What is the purpose of a Maintenance Dose (MD)?
To maintain the plasma concentration.
p.3
Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
How is the Maintenance Dose calculated?
MD = CL x Target Plasma Concentration.
What is the Lineweaver-Burke plot used for?
It is a graph between 1/S (on X-axis) and 1/V (on Y-axis) to analyze enzyme kinetics.
p.11
Clinical Trials and Drug Regulation
What is the correct format for prescribing alprazolam as an Indian medical intern?
Tablet alprazolam 0.5 mg once a day before bedtime for 7 days.
p.13
Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs
What is the difference between PAM and Di Acetyl Monoxime (DAM)?
PAM acts only peripherally, while DAM has both central and peripheral actions.
p.14
Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs
Which drugs are used for bronchial asthma and COPD?
Ipratropium and Tiotropium (M3 receptor).
p.17
Pharmacology Overview
What is the primary action of α 1A blockers like Tamsulosin in treating BPH?
They stop the dynamic component of BPH symptoms but do not affect the size of the prostate.
What is LD 50?
The median lethal dose at which 50% of animals die after receiving a particular dose.
p.16
Adrenergic Drugs and Their Mechanisms
What is the action of D1 receptors when Dopamine is administered at doses less than 2 mcg/kg/min?
Vasodilation, primarily in renal blood vessels.
What do Gi proteins do?
Inhibit adenylate cyclase, decreasing cAMP.
p.3
Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
What is the formula for calculating Volume of Distribution (Vd)?
Vd = Amount given / Plasma concentration.
p.2
Drug Absorption and Bioavailability
What is absorption in pharmacokinetics?
The movement of drug from the site of administration to the blood.
p.14
Adrenergic Drugs and Their Mechanisms
What is the action of presynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptors?
Acts like a brake to the sympathetic system.
p.23
Autacoids and Their Effects
What are lipid autacoids?
Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Thromboxane.
What are the advantages of Fixed Dose Combinations (FDC)?
Improved compliance, reduced adverse effects, increased efficacy, and decreased cost.
p.9
Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
What is the likely cause of a second stroke in a patient on clopidogrel?
Poor metabolism by CYP 2C19.
What does potency refer to in pharmacology?
The amount of drug required to produce a similar response; a more potent drug requires a lesser dose.
p.16
Adrenergic Drugs and Their Mechanisms
What is a common adverse effect of α1 blockers?
First dose postural hypotension.
p.3
Drug Metabolism and Enzyme Interactions
What is the aim of drug metabolism?
To make a drug water soluble (polar).
p.13
Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs
What are the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning?
Bradycardia, pinpoint pupil, increased secretions, diarrhea, urination, bronchoconstriction.
p.3
Drug Metabolism and Enzyme Interactions
What are microsomal enzymes?
Enzymes present in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum that can be induced or inhibited.
p.3
Drug Metabolism and Enzyme Interactions
What are Cytochrome P450 enzymes?
A type of microsomal enzyme involved in drug metabolism.
p.16
Adrenergic Drugs and Their Mechanisms
What is the action of Fenoldopam?
It is a D1 agonist used for hypertensive emergencies.
p.23
Autacoids and Their Effects
What is an example of a peptide autacoid?
Angiotensin or Bradykinin.
p.3
Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
What is a Loading Dose (LD)?
An initial high dose given to start the action.
p.20
Adrenergic Drugs and Their Mechanisms
What effect does barium chloride have in a blood pressure experiment?
Demonstrates effects on blood pressure.
What is a true statement regarding Fixed Dose Combination of drugs?
Adverse effect of one drug may be reduced by the other drug.
p.19
Pharmacology Overview
What happens to blood pressure when high doses of Epinephrine are given after Phentolamine?
Blood pressure decreases and no biphasic response is produced.
p.19
Pharmacology Overview
What is the phenomenon called when high doses of Epinephrine do not produce a biphasic response?
Vasomotor Reversal of Dale.
p.3
Drug Metabolism and Enzyme Interactions
What are Phase I reactions primarily involved in?
Catabolic reactions such as oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis.
p.3
Drug Metabolism and Enzyme Interactions
What is the purpose of Phase I reactions?
To expose the functional group on the drug.
p.18
Pharmacology Overview
What serious effect can Brimonidine cause in infants?
Brain suppression leading to apnea.
p.4
Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
What is the formula for half-life?
t1/2 = 0.693 / K (where K is the elimination rate constant).
What is the significance of the log dose response curve (Log DRC)?
It is clinically more useful than the standard dose response curve and provides information on potency, efficacy, and slope.
p.26
Pharmacology Overview
What is the function of Abatacept?
Inhibits the interaction of T-cells and Antigen Presenting Cells (APC).
p.7
Clinical Trials and Drug Regulation
What constitutes an adulterated drug?
A drug that contains filthy, putrid, or decomposed substances.
p.7
Clinical Trials and Drug Regulation
What is the role of the FDA in drug approval in the USA?
The FDA is the licensing authority that gives approval for new drugs.
p.13
Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs
How do indirectly acting cholinergic drugs work?
By inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE).
p.7
Clinical Trials and Drug Regulation
What is the purpose of adding radiolabeled substances in Phase Zero Clinical Trials?
To understand the pharmacokinetics of the drug.
p.24
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Gout Management
What is Misoprostol used for?
Inducing abortion and treating NSAID-induced peptic ulcer disease.
p.21
Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs
What type of action does ACh have at muscarinic receptors?
Muscarinic action of ACh.
p.17
Pharmacology Overview
What are common adverse effects due to β 1 blockade?
Bradycardia, AV block, and decreased contractility leading to acute CHF.
p.11
Pharmacology Overview
What is NOT an advantage of enteric coated tablets?
It increases the half-life of the drug.
What type of drugs act through intracellular receptors?
Only lipid-soluble drugs.
p.9
Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
What is the result of high plasma protein binding of a drug?
Decreased glomerular filtration.
p.16
Adrenergic Drugs and Their Mechanisms
What are the adverse effects of beta-2 agonists?
Tremors, tachycardia, T-wave changes in ECG, and pulmonary edema.
p.14
Adrenergic Drugs and Their Mechanisms
What effect do adrenergic receptors have on the eye?
Mydriasis (pupil dilation).
p.16
Adrenergic Drugs and Their Mechanisms
What is the primary use of selective α1 blockers like Prazosin?
To treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
p.7
Clinical Trials and Drug Regulation
What is Phase Zero Clinical Trials?
A micro-dosing study conducted on humans with a maximum dose of 100 mcg.
p.23
Autacoids and Their Effects
What is the action of 5-HT1A receptors?
Acts as a brake (inhibitory).
p.3
Drug Metabolism and Enzyme Interactions
What are some examples of enzyme inducers?
Griseofulvin, Phenytoin, Rifampicin, Smoking.
p.3
Drug Metabolism and Enzyme Interactions
Why are PPIs avoided with clopidogrel?
Because PPIs are active and can affect clopidogrel's efficacy.
p.25
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Gout Management
What are the three types of drugs used in chronic gout?
Drugs decreasing uric acid production, drugs increasing uric acid excretion, and drugs increasing uric acid metabolism.
p.15
Adrenergic Drugs and Their Mechanisms
What are the effects of catecholamines on the body?
They are not effective orally and can cause various sympathetic responses.
p.25
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Gout Management
What is the role of Uricase in uric acid metabolism?
It converts uric acid to allantoin, which is more easily excreted.
What does pharmacodynamics study?
The action of a drug and its mechanism of action.
p.23
Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs
What is the action of H2 receptors?
Secretes acid in the stomach.
What do the left and right sides of the log DRC indicate?
Left side indicates more potent drugs, while the right side indicates less potent drugs.
What are examples of intracellular receptors?
Cytoplasmic: Vitamin D, Glucocorticoids; Nuclear: Thyroid hormones, Sex hormones.
p.19
Pharmacology Overview
What is the effect of Ephedrine in the experiment?
It increases blood pressure.
p.13
Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs
How is atropine administered in cases of organophosphate poisoning?
By intravenous route every 5 minutes until signs of atropinization occur.
What are the three mechanisms by which G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR) work?
Changing the level of cAMP, acting through Ca2+, and opening ion channels.
p.2
Drug Metabolism and Enzyme Interactions
How does first-pass metabolism affect bioavailability?
Increased first-pass metabolism decreases bioavailability.
p.8
Clinical Trials and Drug Regulation
How should drug names be written in prescriptions?
Full names should be used, not abbreviations (e.g., write paracetamol, not PCM).
p.13
Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs
What are reversible AChE inhibitors used for?
They are used clinically.
p.3
Drug Metabolism and Enzyme Interactions
What are Phase II reactions primarily involved in?
Anabolic reactions such as glucuronidation and acetylation.
p.24
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Gout Management
What are the general effects of prostaglandins?
Fever, pain, inflammation.
What is a likely outcome of combining metoprolol with verapamil?
Bradycardia with AV block.
p.2
Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
What is the significance of the plasma concentration vs. time graph?
It shows C max, T max, and AUC, indicating drug absorption and concentration over time.
p.2
Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
What factors influence drug distribution?
Lipid solubility and plasma protein binding.
p.24
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Gout Management
What is the drug of choice for mild to moderate migraine headaches?
NSAIDs (Paracetamol, Diclofenac).
p.24
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Gout Management
What is Lasmiditan and its mechanism of action?
A DITAN that stimulates the 5HT 1F receptor and decreases CGRP release, preventing vasodilation and neuronal inflammation.
p.3
Drug Metabolism and Enzyme Interactions
What are some examples of enzyme inhibitors?
Cimetidine, Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, Isoniazid.
p.19
Pharmacology Overview
What occurs after a high dose of ACh is given following Atropine?
Both blood pressure and heart rate increase, with nicotinic action appearing.
p.23
Autacoids and Their Effects
What is the action of 5-HT3 receptors?
Involved in emesis (vomiting).
p.24
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Gout Management
What are the monoclonal antibodies approved for migraine prophylaxis?
Erenumab, Fremanezumab, Galcanezumab, Eptinezumab.
p.21
Cholinergic and Anticholinergic Drugs
In which condition is topical atropine contraindicated?
Acute congestive glaucoma.
