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At which vertebral level does the esophagus pass through the diaphragm? A) T4 / 5 B) T8 C) T10 D) T12 E) L3
C) T10 Explanation: The esophagus passes through the diaphragm at the T10 vertebral level, which is important for understanding the anatomical relationship between the esophagus and the diaphragm.
Which statement about the pleura is CORRECT? A) The parietal pleura and visceral pleura are continuous B) The pleura is derived from somites C) The pleura is of endodermal origin D) Visceral pleura is sensitive to pain E) There is normally air between the visceral and parietal pleura
A) The parietal pleura and visceral pleura are continuous Explanation: The parietal and visceral pleura are indeed continuous, forming a protective covering around the lungs and allowing for smooth movement during respiration.
1/215
p.1
Esophagus and Diaphragm Interaction

At which vertebral level does the esophagus pass through the diaphragm?
A) T4 / 5
B) T8
C) T10
D) T12
E) L3

C) T10
Explanation: The esophagus passes through the diaphragm at the T10 vertebral level, which is important for understanding the anatomical relationship between the esophagus and the diaphragm.

p.1
Pleura and Lung Anatomy

Which statement about the pleura is CORRECT?
A) The parietal pleura and visceral pleura are continuous
B) The pleura is derived from somites
C) The pleura is of endodermal origin
D) Visceral pleura is sensitive to pain
E) There is normally air between the visceral and parietal pleura

A) The parietal pleura and visceral pleura are continuous
Explanation: The parietal and visceral pleura are indeed continuous, forming a protective covering around the lungs and allowing for smooth movement during respiration.

p.33
Mediastinum and Its Contents

The boundary between the superior and inferior mediastinum is defined as a line projecting from the sternal angle to:
A) C6-C7
B) C7-T1
C) T2-T3
D) T4-T5
E) T6-T7

D) T4-T5
Explanation: The boundary between the superior and inferior mediastinum is defined by a line from the sternal angle to the T4-T5 vertebral level.

p.4
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which muscle contracts in response to temperature change?
A) Ampula
B) Dartos muscle
C) Median septum
D) Cremaster muscle
E) Dartos and cremaster muscles

E) Dartos and cremaster muscles
Explanation: Both the dartos and cremaster muscles respond to temperature changes by contracting to regulate the temperature of the testes, which is crucial for sperm production.

p.3
Anatomy of the Kidney

A common site for hernias is along which ligament that extends from the iliac crest to the pubic symphysis?
A) Femoral
B) Inguinal
C) Cubital
D) Popliteal
E) Abdominal

B) Inguinal
Explanation: The inguinal ligament is a common site for hernias, particularly inguinal hernias, due to its anatomical location and structure.

p.2
Digestive and Respiratory Functions of Organs

Which vessel contributes to the formation of the portal vein?
A) Right renal v.
B) Testicular v.
C) Inferior rectal v.
D) Superior mesenteric v.
E) Inferior vena cava

D) Superior mesenteric v.
Explanation: The superior mesenteric vein is a major contributor to the formation of the portal vein, which is crucial for transporting blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver.

p.16
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

When the ____________ is affected by disease, the patient is very likely to exhibit ataxia and become unable to coordinate movement because s/he will lose the ability to integrate sensory perception with motor output.
A) Corpus callosum
B) Cerebellum
C) Basal Ganglia
D) Medulla oblongata
E) Thalamus

B) Cerebellum
Explanation: The cerebellum is crucial for coordinating movement and integrating sensory perception with motor output. Damage to this area can lead to ataxia, which is characterized by a lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements.

p.1
Thoracic Nerves and Reflexes

Which nerve carries sensory fibers that respond to irritants causing a cough reflex?
A) Vagus nerve
B) Sympathetic ganglion
C) Phrenic nerve
D) Intercostal nerves
E) Recurrent laryngeal nerve

A) Vagus nerve
Explanation: The vagus nerve carries sensory fibers that respond to irritants in the respiratory tract, triggering the cough reflex, which is crucial for protecting the airway.

p.33
Mediastinum and Its Contents

The esophagus passes through the diaphragm at this vertebral level:
A) T4/5
B) T8
C) T10
D) T12
E) L3

C) T10
Explanation: The esophagus passes through the diaphragm at the T10 vertebral level, which is a critical anatomical landmark.

p.29
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which bone is part of the viscerocranium?
A) Frontal
B) Ethmoid
C) Occipital
D) Maxilla
E) Parietal

D) Maxilla
Explanation: The maxilla is a key bone in the viscerocranium, contributing to the structure of the face.

p.25
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Which of the following muscles is derived from the 1st branchial arch?
A) Sternocleidomastoid m.
B) Procerus m.
C) Masseter m.
D) Stylopharyngeus m.
E) Stylohyoid m.

C) Masseter m.
Explanation: The masseter muscle, which is crucial for chewing, is derived from the 1st branchial arch, indicating its embryological origin.

p.31
Digestive and Respiratory Functions of Organs

Which vessel contributes to the formation of the portal vein?
A) Superior mesenteric v.
B) Right renal v.
C) Testicular v.
D) Inferior rectal v.
E) Inferior vena cava

A) Superior mesenteric v.
Explanation: The superior mesenteric vein contributes to the formation of the portal vein by draining blood from the intestines.

p.3
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which of the following is a remnant of the umbilical vein of the embryo?
A) Ligamentum teres hepatis
B) Median umbilical ligament
C) Ligamentum arteriosum
D) Medial umbilical ligament
E) Lateral abdominal fold

A) Ligamentum teres hepatis
Explanation: The ligamentum teres hepatis is the remnant of the umbilical vein in the embryo, which carried oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus.

p.31
Anatomy of the Kidney

The renal columns are a component of the:
A) The renal cortex
B) The renal medulla
C) The renal pyramid
D) The renal minor calyx
E) The renal pelvis

A) The renal cortex
Explanation: The renal columns are extensions of the renal cortex that separate the renal pyramids in the kidney, making them a component of the renal cortex.

p.31
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which of the following is NOT part of the spermatic cord?
A) Ductus deferens
B) Ampula
C) Testicular vessels
D) Testicular nerves
E) Cremasteric muscle

B) Ampula
Explanation: The ampula is not part of the spermatic cord; it is an enlargement of the ductus deferens, which is part of the spermatic cord.

p.20
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Which bone ossifies endochondrally?
A) Maxilla
B) Palatine
C) Frontal
D) Malleus
E) Varner

B) Palatine
Explanation: The palatine bone is one of the bones that ossifies endochondrally, developing from cartilage.

p.33
Thoracic Nerves and Reflexes

Which of the following structures becomes affected if the phrenic nerve is severed?
A) Transversus thoracic mm.
B) Diaphragm
C) Intercostal muscles
D) Rectus abdominis
E) External oblique

B) Diaphragm
Explanation: The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm; thus, severing it would directly affect the function of the diaphragm.

p.25
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Which of the following statements concerning the development of the tongue is NOT TRUE?
A) The lateral lingual swelling develops from the first arch
B) The muscles of the tongue are innervated by CN XI
C) The mucosa of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is innervated by CN IX
D) The papillae of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue are induced to develop by CN VII
E) The thyroid gland develops in the area of the foramen cecum

B) The muscles of the tongue are innervated by CN XI
Explanation: This statement is NOT TRUE; the muscles of the tongue are primarily innervated by CN XII (hypoglossal nerve), not CN XI.

p.24
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

Which of the following is NOT a component of the spermatic cord?
A) Ductus deferens
B) Ampula
C) Testicular vessels
D) Testicular nerves
E) Cremasteric m.

B) Ampula
Explanation: The ampulla is not a component of the spermatic cord; it is part of the ductus deferens, while the other options are indeed components of the spermatic cord.

p.1
Anatomy of the Kidney

Where are medullary rays found in the kidney?
A) Cortex of the kidney
B) Medulla of the kidney
C) Renal columns of the kidney
D) Pyramids of the kidney
E) Minor calyces of the kidney

A) Cortex of the kidney
Explanation: Medullary rays are structures located in the cortex of the kidney, which play a role in the organization of the renal cortex and the arrangement of nephrons.

p.20
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which artery is a terminal branch of the internal carotid artery?
A) Facial a.
B) Supratrochlear a.
C) Occipital a.
D) Superficial temporal a.
E) Maxillary a.

E) Maxillary a.
Explanation: The maxillary artery is a terminal branch of the internal carotid artery, supplying deep structures of the face.

p.10
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Which of the following bones forms by endochondral ossification?
A) Frontal
B) Parietal
C) Maxillary
D) Nasal
E) Petrous portion of temporal

E) Petrous portion of temporal
Explanation: The petrous portion of the temporal bone is formed by endochondral ossification, while the other options are primarily formed by intramembranous ossification.

p.10
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Which of the following muscles is derived from the 3rd branchial arch?
A) Sternocleidomastoid m.
B) Procerus m.
C) Masseter m.
D) Stylopharyngeus m.
E) Anterior belly of digastric m.

D) Stylopharyngeus m.
Explanation: The stylopharyngeus muscle is derived from the 3rd branchial arch, while the other muscles listed originate from different branchial arches.

p.10
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Failure of the 2 medial nasal prominences (of the nasal placodes) to fuse completely along the mid-sagittal line is called:
A) Bilateral cleft lip
B) Bilateral cleft lip and unilateral cleft palate
C) Median cleft lip (hare’s lip)
D) Unilateral cleft secondary palate
E) Single nostril

C) Median cleft lip (hare’s lip)
Explanation: The failure of the medial nasal prominences to fuse results in a median cleft lip, commonly referred to as hare’s lip.

p.4
Digestive and Respiratory Functions of Organs

Which of the following statements about the gut is UNTRUE?
A) The foregut parasympathetic fibers are conveyed by the vagus nerve
B) The hindgut parasympathetic fibers are conveyed by S2-4
C) The midgut's blood supply comes from the superior mesenteric artery
D) The hindgut's blood supply comes from the inferior mesenteric artery
E) The midgut is supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery

E) The midgut is supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery
Explanation: The midgut is actually supplied by the superior mesenteric artery, while the hindgut is supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery, making option E an incorrect statement.

p.1
Thoracic Nerves and Reflexes

If an old tooth crown is accidentally dropped down the trachea, where is it most probably located?
A) In the left main bronchus
B) In the right main bronchus
C) In the trachea
D) In the larynx
E) In the esophagus

B) In the right main bronchus
Explanation: Objects that are aspirated into the trachea are more likely to enter the right main bronchus due to its wider and more vertical orientation compared to the left main bronchus.

p.33
Pleura and Lung Anatomy

Which structure covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity?
A) Serosa
B) Parietal Pleura
C) Visceral Pleura
D) Pleura
E) Membranous Pleura

B) Parietal Pleura
Explanation: The parietal pleura is the membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity.

p.2
Digestive and Respiratory Functions of Organs

Which of the following is NOT part of the large intestine?
A) Villi
B) Epiploic appendages
C) Crypts of Lieberkuhn
D) Tenia coli
E) Haustra

A) Villi
Explanation: Villi are finger-like projections found in the small intestine, not in the large intestine, which distinguishes it from the other options listed.

p.9
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

Where is the representation of the function for speech production and understanding primarily located?
A) Medial aspect of the postcentral gyrus
B) Lateral aspect of the postcentral gyrus
C) Medial aspect of the precentral gyrus
D) Lateral aspect of the precentral gyrus
E) Lateral aspect of Heschl’s gyrus

D) Lateral aspect of the precentral gyrus
Explanation: The lateral aspect of the precentral gyrus is associated with motor functions, including the production of speech, highlighting its role in lateralization of brain function.

p.30
Thoracic Nerves and Reflexes

Which structure passes on the superficial surface of the scalenus anterior muscle?
A) Common carotid a.
B) Phrenic n.
C) Internal jugular v.
D) Vagus n.
E) Internal carotid a.

B) Phrenic n.
Explanation: The phrenic nerve passes on the superficial surface of the scalenus anterior muscle, which is important for its role in innervating the diaphragm.

p.19
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Which of the following statements concerning the development of the tongue is NOT TRUE?
A) The lateral lingual swelling develops from the first arch
B) The muscles of the tongue are innervated by CN X
C) The mucosa of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is innervated by CN IX
D) The papillae of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue are induced to develop by CN VII
E) The thyroid gland develops in the area of the foramen cecum

B) The muscles of the tongue are innervated by CN X
Explanation: The muscles of the tongue are primarily innervated by CN XII (Hypoglossal nerve), not CN X (Vagus nerve), making this statement incorrect.

p.25
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which of the following blood vessels passes over the superficial surface of the sternocleidomastoid m.?
A) Lingual V.
B) External jugular v.
C) Internal jugular v.
D) Subclavian a.
E) Common carotid a.

B) External jugular v.
Explanation: The external jugular vein passes over the superficial surface of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, making it a notable vessel in neck anatomy.

p.24
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

Which cranial nerve passes through the internal acoustic meatus?
A) Cranial nerve VIII
B) Cranial nerve IX
C) Cranial nerve X
D) Cranial nerve XI
E) Cranial nerve XII

A) Cranial nerve VIII
Explanation: Cranial nerve VIII, also known as the vestibulocochlear nerve, passes through the internal acoustic meatus, which is crucial for hearing and balance.

p.4
Digestive and Respiratory Functions of Organs

Where is the cecum located?
A) It is the only part of the large intestine that is suspended by a mesentery
B) It is supplied by a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery
C) It is in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen
D) It is located between the ileum and the jejunum
E) It has the lumen of the ileum opening into it

E) It has the lumen of the ileum opening into it
Explanation: The cecum is the first part of the large intestine and is located at the junction where the ileum opens into it, making it a critical part of the digestive system.

p.3
Digestive and Respiratory Functions of Organs

What separates the paired rectus abdominis muscles and is the preferred site for abdominal surgery?
A) Tendinous intersection
B) Linea alba
C) Linea semilunaris
D) Linea aspera
E) Iliopsoas fascia

B) Linea alba
Explanation: The linea alba is a fibrous structure that separates the rectus abdominis muscles and is commonly used as a surgical entry point in abdominal surgeries.

p.33
Mediastinum and Its Contents

Superior to this line, the rectus sheath contains the inferior epigastric arteries:
A) Arcuate line
B) Linea semilunaris
C) Linea semicicularis
D) Transpyloric plane
E) Linea alba

A) Arcuate line
Explanation: The arcuate line marks the boundary above which the inferior epigastric arteries are contained within the rectus sheath.

p.10
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Which of the following statements concerning the development of the tongue is NOT TRUE?
A) The lateral lingual swelling develops from the first arch
B) The muscles of the tongue are innervated by CN X
C) The mucosa of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is innervated by CN IX
D) The papillae of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue are induced to develop by CN VII
E) The thyroid gland develops in the area of the foramen cecum

B) The muscles of the tongue are innervated by CN X
Explanation: The muscles of the tongue are primarily innervated by CN XII (hypoglossal nerve), not CN X (vagus nerve), making this statement incorrect.

p.30
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

What is the condition called when the medial nasal prominences fail to fuse completely along the mid-sagittal line?
A) Bilateral cleft lip
B) Bilateral cleft lip and unilateral cleft palate
C) Median cleft lip (hares lip)
D) Unilateral cleft secondary palate
E) Single nostril

C) Median cleft lip (hares lip)
Explanation: The failure of the medial nasal prominences to fuse completely results in a median cleft lip, commonly referred to as hares lip.

p.27
Pleura and Lung Anatomy

What is usually found in the pleural cavity?
A) Air
B) Serosal fluid
C) Autonomic nerve fibers running towards the lungs
D) Mucous
E) Absolutely nothing

B) Serosal fluid
Explanation: The pleural cavity typically contains serosal fluid, which acts as a lubricant to reduce friction between the pleurae during respiration.

p.18
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Which structure forms from the 1st branchial pouch?
A) External auditory meatus
B) Pharyngotympanic tube
C) Masseter m.
D) Facial m.
E) Stapes

B) Pharyngotympanic tube
Explanation: The pharyngotympanic tube (also known as the Eustachian tube) develops from the 1st branchial pouch, playing a vital role in equalizing pressure in the middle ear.

p.18
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Failure of the 2 medial nasal prominences to fuse completely along the mid-sagittal line is called:
A) Bilateral cleft lip
B) Bilateral cleft lip and unilateral cleft palate
C) Median cleft lip (hare's lip)
D) Unilateral cleft secondary palate
E) Single nostril

C) Median cleft lip (hare's lip)
Explanation: The condition known as median cleft lip occurs when the medial nasal prominences do not fuse properly, resulting in a cleft along the midline of the upper lip.

p.18
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

Which of the following muscles is derived from the 1st branchial arch?
A) Sternocleidomastoid m.
B) Procerus m.
C) Masseter m.
D) Temporalis m.
E) Orbicularis oculi m.

C) Masseter m.
Explanation: The masseter muscle, which is crucial for chewing, is derived from the 1st branchial arch, highlighting its developmental origin.

p.32
Thoracic Nerves and Reflexes

Which structure does NOT pass through the thoracic inlet?
A) Apices of the lungs
B) Common carotid artery
C) Trachea
D) Phrenic nerves
E) Bronchial arteries

E) Bronchial arteries
Explanation: The bronchial arteries do not pass through the thoracic inlet; they arise from the aorta and supply the lungs, but their path does not involve the thoracic inlet.

p.12
Scalp and Facial Muscles

Which muscle acts as an antagonist of the frontalis muscle in moving the eyebrows?
A) Depressor septi
B) Levator labii superioris proprius
C) Procerus
D) Occipitalis
E) Depressor anguli oris

C) Procerus
Explanation: The procerus muscle acts as an antagonist to the frontalis muscle, which raises the eyebrows, by pulling the eyebrows downward.

p.1
Pleura and Lung Anatomy

Which impression can be seen on the mediastinal surface of the right lung only?
A) Descending aorta
B) Cardiac fossa
C) Common carotid artery
D) Azygos vein
E) Inferior vena cava

D) Azygos vein
Explanation: The azygos vein creates a distinct impression on the mediastinal surface of the right lung, which is not present on the left lung.

p.2
Digestive and Respiratory Functions of Organs

Which of the following organs has both digestive and respiratory functions?
A) Stomach
B) Pharynx
C) Pancreas
D) Spleen
E) Esophagus

B) Pharynx
Explanation: The pharynx serves both digestive and respiratory functions, acting as a passageway for food and air, making it unique among the listed organs.

p.33
Mediastinum and Its Contents

Which impression can be seen on the mediastinal surface of the right lung only?
A) Descending aorta
B) Cardiac fossa
C) Common carotid artery
D) Azygos vein
E) Inferior vena cava

D) Azygos vein
Explanation: The impression of the azygos vein is unique to the mediastinal surface of the right lung, distinguishing it from the left lung.

p.12
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

Cranial nerve VII passes through which opening?
A) Foramen ovale
B) Jugular foramen
C) Hypoglossal foramen
D) Stylomastoid foramen
E) Inferior orbital fissure

D) Stylomastoid foramen
Explanation: Cranial nerve VII, also known as the facial nerve, exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen, which is crucial for its function in facial expression.

p.27
Mediastinum and Its Contents

Which of the following structures does NOT pass through the thoracic inlet?
A) Apices of the lungs
B) Common carotid arteries
C) Trachea
D) Phrenic nerves
E) Bronchial arteries

B) Common carotid arteries
Explanation: The common carotid arteries do not pass through the thoracic inlet; they ascend in the neck and enter the skull.

p.10
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Failure of both maxillary prominences to fuse with the two medial nasal prominences on both sides results in:
A) Bilateral cleft lip
B) Hare’s lip
C) Oblique cleft
D) Unilateral cleft secondary palate
E) Single nostril

A) Bilateral cleft lip
Explanation: The failure of both maxillary prominences to fuse with the medial nasal prominences leads to a bilateral cleft lip, a common congenital condition.

p.31
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Which of the following is a remnant of the umbilical vein of the embryo?
A) Ligamentum teres hepatis
B) Median umbilical ligament
C) Ligamentum arteriosum
D) Medial umbilical ligament
E) Lateral abdominal fold

A) Ligamentum teres hepatis
Explanation: The ligamentum teres hepatis is the remnant of the umbilical vein in the adult, which carried oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus.

p.27
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which of the following structures is NOT found in the right atrium?
A) Opening of the tricuspid valve
B) Fossa ovalis
C) Valve to the coronary sinus
D) Crista terminalis
E) Opening of the azygos vein

B) Fossa ovalis
Explanation: The fossa ovalis is found in the interatrial septum and is typically associated with the left atrium, not the right atrium.

p.27
Mediastinum and Its Contents

Which of the following is NOT a content of the posterior mediastinum?
A) Thoracic aorta
B) Thoracic duct
C) Pulmonary trunk
D) Azygos v.
E) Sympathetic trunk

C) Pulmonary trunk
Explanation: The pulmonary trunk is located anteriorly and does not belong to the posterior mediastinum.

p.15
Scalp and Facial Muscles

Which scalp layer contains most of the nerve and blood supply of the scalp?
A) Skin of scalp
B) Connective tissue layer of scalp
C) Aponeurotic layer of scalp
D) Loose areolar layer of scalp
E) Pericranium

B) Connective tissue layer of scalp
Explanation: The connective tissue layer of the scalp is rich in blood vessels and nerves, making it the layer that contains most of the nerve and blood supply.

p.5
Scalp and Facial Muscles

Which scalp layer is the source of copious bleeding from a scalp wound?
A) Skin of scalp
B) Connective tissue layer of scalp
C) Aponeurotic layer of scalp
D) Loose areolar layer of scalp
E) Pericranium

B) Connective tissue layer of scalp
Explanation: The connective tissue layer of the scalp is highly vascularized, which is why wounds in this area can lead to significant bleeding.

p.7
Pleura and Lung Anatomy

Which of the following is found in the temporal bone?
A) Foramen rotundum
B) Stylomastoid foramen
C) Foramen ovale
D) Jugular foramen
E) Foramen spinosum

B) Stylomastoid foramen
Explanation: The stylomastoid foramen is located in the temporal bone and serves as a passage for the facial nerve (CN VII).

p.4
Digestive and Respiratory Functions of Organs

Which vessel contributes to the formation of the portal vein?
A) Superior mesenteric vein
B) Right renal vein
C) Testicular vein
D) Inferior rectal vein
E) Inferior vena cava

A) Superior mesenteric vein
Explanation: The superior mesenteric vein is one of the major contributors to the formation of the portal vein, which is essential for transporting blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver.

p.18
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

Most projections must synapse with cells in which structure before sending axons to the cerebral cortex?
A) Thalamus
B) Pons
C) Medulla
D) Meninges
E) Cerebellum

A) Thalamus
Explanation: The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory and motor signals, requiring most projections to synapse here before transmitting information to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex.

p.31
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which of the following contract(s) in response to temperature change?
A) Ampula
B) Dartos m.
C) Median septum
D) Cremaster m.
E) Dartos and cremaster mm.

E) Dartos and cremaster mm.
Explanation: Both the dartos and cremaster muscles contract in response to temperature changes to help regulate the temperature of the testes.

p.16
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

Which structure is found in the anterior cranial fossa?
A) Foramen spinosum
B) Clivus
C) Crista galli
D) Sella turcica
E) Superior orbital fissure

C) Crista galli
Explanation: The crista galli is a vertical projection of the ethmoid bone located in the anterior cranial fossa, serving as an attachment point for the falx cerebri.

p.10
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Which structure forms from the 1st branchial cleft?
A) External auditory meatus
B) Pharyngotympanic tube
C) Masseter m.
D) Facial m.
E) Stapes

A) External auditory meatus
Explanation: The external auditory meatus is formed from the 1st branchial cleft, while the other structures arise from different embryological origins.

p.27
Mediastinum and Its Contents

Which of the following structures both begins and terminates in the superior mediastinum?
A) Descending aorta
B) Aortic arch
C) Pulmonary vv.
D) Thoracic duct
E) Hemiazygous v.

B) Aortic arch
Explanation: The aortic arch begins and terminates in the superior mediastinum, making it a key structure in this region.

p.19
Thoracic Nerves and Reflexes

Which of the following structures passes between the scalenus anterior and scalenus medius muscles?
A) Common carotid a.
B) Brachial Plexus
C) Internal jugular vein
D) Vagus n.
E) Internal carotid a.

B) Brachial Plexus
Explanation: The brachial plexus passes between the scalenus anterior and scalenus medius muscles, which is a key anatomical relationship in the neck.

p.30
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

Which cranial nerve is NOT located on the pons?
A) CN V
B) CN VI
C) CN VII
D) CN VIII
E) CN IX

E) CN IX
Explanation: The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) is not located on the pons; it emerges from the medulla oblongata.

p.17
Scalp and Facial Muscles

Which artery is NOT associated with the face?
A) Facial a.
B) Supratrochlear a.
C) Occipital a.
D) Superficial temporal a.
E) Maxillary a.

C) Occipital a.
Explanation: The occipital artery primarily supplies the posterior scalp and is not typically associated with the facial region, unlike the other arteries listed.

p.26
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

Where is the dermatome for C7 located in the upper extremity?
A) Ventro-lateral aspect of the proximal arm
B) Palmar distal pad of the thumb
C) Palmar distal pad of the index (2nd) finger
D) Palmar distal pad of the 5th (little) finger
E) Anterior side of elbow

C) Palmar distal pad of the index (2nd) finger
Explanation: The C7 dermatome corresponds to the palmar distal pad of the index finger, which is crucial for understanding sensory innervation in the upper limb.

p.19
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

Which structure is found in the anterior cranial fossa?
A) Foramen spinosum
B) Clivus
C) Crista galli
D) Sella turcica
E) Superior orbital fissure

C) Crista galli
Explanation: The crista galli is a structure located in the anterior cranial fossa, serving as an attachment point for the falx cerebri.

p.24
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which bone is part of the neurocranium?
A) Malleus
B) Mandible
C) Occipital
D) Maxilla
E) Palatine

C) Occipital
Explanation: The occipital bone is part of the neurocranium, which encases the brain, while the other bones listed are not part of the neurocranium.

p.15
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which of the following associations of a bone and a foramen or canal it contains is NOT correct?
A) Maxilla – Greater palatine foramen
B) Occipital – Hypoglossal canal
C) Sphenoid – Optic canal
D) Temporal – Stylomastoid foramen
E) Ethmoid – Olfactory foramina

E) Ethmoid – Olfactory foramina
Explanation: The ethmoid bone does contain the olfactory foramina, but the question asks for an incorrect association, which is not applicable here; all associations are correct.

p.33
Mediastinum and Its Contents

Which of the following is NOT a content of the posterior mediastinum?
A) Thoracic aorta
B) Thoracic duct
C) Left coronary a.
D) Azygos v.
E) Sympathetic trunk

C) Left coronary a.
Explanation: The left coronary artery is not located in the posterior mediastinum; it primarily supplies blood to the heart and is found in the coronary sulcus.

p.3
Mediastinum and Its Contents

Which of the following structures is NOT found in the right atrium?
A) Opening of the tricuspid valve
B) Fossa ovalis
C) Valve to the coronary sinus
D) Crista terminalis
E) Papillary muscle

E) Papillary muscle
Explanation: Papillary muscles are located in the ventricles, not in the right atrium, making this option the correct answer.

p.20
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which opening is found in the sphenoid bone?
A) Foramen ovate
B) Jugular foramen
C) Hypoglossal canal
D) Stylomastoid foramen
E) Infraorbital foramen

A) Foramen ovate
Explanation: The foramen ovale is an opening in the sphenoid bone that allows the passage of the mandibular nerve.

p.3
Mediastinum and Its Contents

The boundary between the superior mediastinum and inferior mediastinum is defined as a line projecting from the sternal angle to which vertebrae?
A) C6-C7
B) C7-T1
C) T2-T3
D) T4-T5
E) T6-T7

D) T4-T5
Explanation: The boundary between the superior and inferior mediastinum is defined by a line from the sternal angle to the T4-T5 vertebral level.

p.22
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Which of the following statements concerning the development of the tongue is NOT TRUE?
A) The lateral lingual swelling develops from the first arch
B) The muscles of the tongue are innervated by CN X
C) The mucosa of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is innervated by CN IX
D) The papillae of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue are induced to develop by CN VII
E) The thyroid gland develops in the area of the foramen cecum

B) The muscles of the tongue are innervated by CN X
Explanation: The muscles of the tongue are primarily innervated by CN XII (hypoglossal nerve), not CN X (vagus nerve), making this statement incorrect.

p.12
Scalp and Facial Muscles

Copious bleeding from a scalp wound comes from this level:
A) Skin of scalp
B) Connective tissue layer of scalp
C) Aponeurotic layer of scalp
D) Loose areolar layer of scalp
E) Pericranium

B) Connective tissue layer of scalp
Explanation: The connective tissue layer of the scalp contains numerous blood vessels, making it the primary source of copious bleeding in scalp wounds.

p.9
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

Which of the following is part of Brodmann's Area 17?
A) Postcentral gyrus
B) Inferior temporal gyrus
C) Middle frontal gyrus
D) Heschl’s gyrus
E) Lingual gyrus

E) Lingual gyrus
Explanation: Brodmann's Area 17 corresponds to the primary visual cortex, which includes the lingual gyrus, making it a key area for visual processing.

p.16
Scalp and Facial Muscles

Which structure is part of the third or 'A' layer of the scalp?
A) Galea
B) Hair follicles
C) Supraorbital nerve
D) Most of the arteries of the scalp
E) Pericranium

A) Galea
Explanation: The galea aponeurotica is part of the third layer of the scalp, serving as a fibrous structure that connects the frontalis and occipitalis muscles.

p.22
Pleura and Lung Anatomy

Which of the following blood vessels passes posterior to the mandible?
A) Retromandibular v.
B) External jugular v.
C) Internal jugular v.
D) Carotid a.
E) Inferior thyroid a.

A) Retromandibular v.
Explanation: The retromandibular vein passes posterior to the mandible, which is important for understanding venous drainage in the head and neck.

p.26
Anatomy of the Kidney

At which vertebral level do you find the cricoid cartilage?
A) C1
B) C3
C) C4
D) C6
E) T1

D) C6
Explanation: The cricoid cartilage is located at the level of C6, making it an important landmark in the anatomy of the neck and airway.

p.28
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

What does the term 'alexia' refer to?
A) Inability to read what is written
B) Inability to understand what is spoken
C) Inability to hear what is spoken
D) Inability to verbally respond to what is spoken
E) Inability to understand what is written

A) Inability to read what is written
Explanation: Alexia is a condition characterized by the inability to read written language, indicating a specific type of language processing disorder.

p.35
Sympathetic Nervous System and Splanchnic Nerves

Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic neurons located?
A) Brainstem and sacral spinal cord
B) Dorsal vagal nucleus
C) Prevertebral ganglia
D) Sympathetic trunk ganglia
E) Thoracic and lumbar spinal cord

E) Thoracic and lumbar spinal cord
Explanation: The cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic neurons are located in the lateral horn of the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord.

p.32
Scalp and Facial Muscles

Which scalp layer is the source of copious bleeding from a scalp wound?
A) Skin of scalp
B) Connective tissue layer of scalp
C) Aponeurotic layer of scalp
D) Loose areolar layer of scalp
E) Pericranium

B) Connective tissue layer of scalp
Explanation: The connective tissue layer of the scalp is highly vascularized, making it the source of significant bleeding when injured.

p.8
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which of the following does NOT cross the lateral surface of the masseter?
A) Buccal branches of CN VII
B) Mandibular branches of CN VII
C) Parotid duct
D) Infraorbital nerve
E) Transverse facial a. & v.

D) Infraorbital nerve
Explanation: The infraorbital nerve does not cross the lateral surface of the masseter; it is located more medially and does not traverse this area.

p.17
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which opening is found in the sphenoid bone?
A) Foramen ovale
B) Jugular foramen
C) Hypoglossal canal
D) Stylomastoid foramen
E) Infraorbital foramen

A) Foramen ovale
Explanation: The foramen ovale is an opening in the sphenoid bone that allows for the passage of the mandibular nerve, making it a significant anatomical feature.

p.13
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which of the following structures would you NOT expect to find in a C7 cross section?
A) Thyroid gland
B) Internal carotid a.
C) Internal jugular v.
D) Scalenus anterior m.
E) Omohyoid m.

A) Thyroid gland
Explanation: The thyroid gland is located lower in the neck and would not typically be found in a cross section at the C7 vertebral level.

p.3
Mediastinum and Its Contents

Which of the following is NOT a content of the posterior mediastinum?
A) Thoracic aorta
B) Thoracic duct
C) Left brachiocephalic vein
D) Azygos vein
E) Sympathetic trunk

C) Left brachiocephalic vein
Explanation: The left brachiocephalic vein is located in the superior mediastinum, not the posterior mediastinum, making it the correct answer.

p.29
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Which structure forms from the 1st branchial pouch?
A) External auditory meatus
B) Pharyngotympanic tube
C) Masseter m.
D) Facial m.
E) Stapes

B) Pharyngotympanic tube
Explanation: The pharyngotympanic tube, also known as the Eustachian tube, develops from the first branchial pouch, connecting the middle ear to the nasopharynx.

p.30
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Which statement about the development of the tongue is NOT TRUE?
A) The lateral lingual swelling develops from the first arch
B) The muscles of the tongue are innervated by CN XI
C) The mucosa of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is innervated by CN IX
D) The papillae of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue are induced to develop by CN VII
E) The thyroid gland develops in the area of the foramen cecum

B) The muscles of the tongue are innervated by CN XI
Explanation: The muscles of the tongue are primarily innervated by CN XII (hypoglossal nerve), not CN XI (accessory nerve), making this statement incorrect.

p.22
Thoracic Nerves and Reflexes

Which of the following structures passes between the scalenus anterior and scalenus medius muscles?
A) Common carotid a.
B) Brachial plexus
C) Internal jugular vein
D) Vagus n.
E) Internal carotid a.

B) Brachial plexus
Explanation: The brachial plexus passes between the scalenus anterior and scalenus medius muscles, which is a key anatomical relationship in the neck.

p.25
Mediastinum and Its Contents

Which of the following structures IS NOT a content of the carotid sheath?
A) Common carotid a.
B) Phrenic n.
C) Internal jugular v.
D) Vagus n.
E) Internal carotid a.

B) Phrenic n.
Explanation: The phrenic nerve is not contained within the carotid sheath; it runs separately, while the other structures listed are indeed contents of the carotid sheath.

p.9
Anatomy of the Kidney

At which vertebral level is the cricoid cartilage located?
A) C1
B) C3
C) C4
D) C6
E) T1

D) C6
Explanation: The cricoid cartilage is located at the C6 vertebral level, serving as an important landmark in the anatomy of the neck.

p.35
Sympathetic Nervous System and Splanchnic Nerves

What kind of sympathetic fibers are in splanchnic nerves?
A) Postganglionic
B) Preganglionic
C) Sensory
D) Somatic
E) Unmyelinated

B) Preganglionic
Explanation: Splanchnic nerves contain preganglionic sympathetic fibers that originate from the spinal cord and travel to the prevertebral ganglia.

p.32
Mediastinum and Its Contents

A subdural hematoma results from blood collecting where?
A) Between the arachnoid and the dura mater
B) Between the calvaria and the dura mater
C) Between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater
D) Between the pia mater and the brain
E) In the subarachnoid space

A) Between the arachnoid and the dura mater
Explanation: A subdural hematoma occurs when blood collects between the arachnoid and dura mater, typically due to tearing of bridging veins.

p.30
Sympathetic Nervous System and Splanchnic Nerves

Which structure is associated with motivation and reward?
A) Corpus callosum
B) Cerebellum
C) Frontal lobe
D) Parietal lobe
E) Fornix

C) Frontal lobe
Explanation: The frontal lobe is closely associated with motivation and reward processes, playing a key role in decision-making and emotional responses.

p.17
Scalp and Facial Muscles

Which muscle is responsible for protruding the lower lip?
A) Procerus
B) Mentalis
C) Depressor labii inferioris
D) Levator anguli oris
E) Platysma

B) Mentalis
Explanation: The mentalis muscle is specifically responsible for protruding the lower lip, making it the correct choice among the options provided.

p.27
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

A patient who was diagnosed with a lesion in Broca's area will likely exhibit which of the following characteristics?
A) Difficulty in understanding language
B) Inability to produce speech
C) Loss of vision
D) Impaired motor function
E) Memory loss

B) Inability to produce speech
Explanation: A lesion in Broca's area typically results in expressive aphasia, where the patient has difficulty producing speech but may still understand language.

p.17
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

Which structure passes through the superior orbital fissure?
A) Cranial nerve II
B) Cranial nerve XII
C) Cranial nerve VIII
D) Cranial nerve III
E) Cranial nerve VII

D) Cranial nerve III
Explanation: Cranial nerve III (oculomotor nerve) passes through the superior orbital fissure, along with other cranial nerves, making it a key structure in this anatomical region.

p.5
Thoracic Nerves and Reflexes

Which of the following muscles DOES NOT contribute to the floor of the posterior triangle of the neck?
A) Scalenus anterior m.
B) Scalenus medius m.
C) Semispinalis m.
D) Splenius m.
E) Levator scapuli m.

C) Semispinalis m.
Explanation: The semispinalis muscle does not contribute to the floor of the posterior triangle of the neck; instead, it is located more posteriorly.

p.35
Mediastinum and Its Contents

The boundary between the superior mediastinum and inferior mediastinum is defined as a line projecting from the sternal angle to:
A) C6-C7
B) C7 T1
C) T2 T3

C) T2 T3
Explanation: The boundary between the superior and inferior mediastinum is defined by a line that projects from the sternal angle to the T2-T3 vertebral levels.

p.28
Digestive and Respiratory Functions of Organs

Which organ has both digestive and respiratory functions?
A) Stomach
B) Pharynx
C) Pancreas
D) Spleen

B) Pharynx
Explanation: The pharynx serves both digestive and respiratory functions, as it is involved in the passage of food to the esophagus and air to the larynx.

p.25
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Failure of the 2 medial nasal prominences (of the nasal placodes) to fuse completely along the mid-sagittal line is called:
A) Bilateral cleft lip
B) Bilateral cleft lip and unilateral cleft palate
C) Median cleft lip (hare’s lip)
D) Unilateral cleft secondary palate
E) Single nostril

C) Median cleft lip (hare’s lip)
Explanation: The incomplete fusion of the medial nasal prominences results in a median cleft lip, commonly referred to as hare’s lip, which is a specific type of congenital deformity.

p.18
Anatomy of the Kidney

Loss of the prefrontal cortex will most likely result in:
A) Blindness
B) Deafness
C) Loss of motor skills
D) Personality disorders
E) Memory loss

D) Personality disorders
Explanation: The prefrontal cortex is associated with higher cognitive functions, including personality, decision-making, and social behavior; damage to this area can lead to personality disorders.

p.2
Digestive and Respiratory Functions of Organs

The omental bursa is closed off from the main peritoneal cavity EXCEPT for a communication through the:
A) Lesser omentum
B) Greater omentum
C) Omental (epiploic) foramen
D) Esophageal hiatus
E) Caval hiatus

C) Omental (epiploic) foramen
Explanation: The omental (epiploic) foramen is the only communication between the omental bursa and the main peritoneal cavity, allowing for the passage of structures.

p.16
Mediastinum and Its Contents

Which structure drains directly into the internal jugular vein?
A) Cavernous sinus
B) Transverse sinus
C) Confluence of sinuses
D) Straight sinus
E) Sigmoid sinus

E) Sigmoid sinus
Explanation: The sigmoid sinus drains directly into the internal jugular vein, facilitating venous drainage from the brain.

p.12
Anatomy of the Kidney

The following statements are true of the superficial infraorbital region of the face, EXCEPT:
A) It can be the site of origin of infections spreading to the meninges
B) Many of its muscles originally evolved in association with sense organs that no longer exist in humans
C) Its principal sensory nerve supply is from CN V1
D) Its sensory nerves are embryologically associated with the first pharyngeal arch, but many of its motor nerves are associated with the second arch
E) Its blood supply is from branches of the external carotid artery

E) Its blood supply is from branches of the external carotid artery
Explanation: While the blood supply to the infraorbital region does involve branches of the external carotid artery, the statement is misleading as it does not encompass the full complexity of the region's vascular supply.

p.12
Scalp and Facial Muscles

Which of the following is NOT a likely pathway for drainage of venous blood from the scalp?
A) Through the supratrochlear, angular, and facial vv. to the internal jugular v.
B) Through the posterior auricular v. through the transverse facial v. to the maxillary v.
C) Through the supraorbital and ophthalmic vv. to the cavernous sinus
D) Through the superficial temporal, retromandibular, and facial vv. to the internal jugular v.
E) Through an emissary vein to the superior sagittal sinus

B) Through the posterior auricular v. through the transverse facial v. to the maxillary v.
Explanation: This pathway is less likely as the posterior auricular vein typically drains into the external jugular vein rather than the maxillary vein, making it an unlikely route for drainage.

p.9
Thoracic Nerves and Reflexes

Which nerve passes on the anterior surface of the scalenus anterior muscle?
A) Lesser occipital n.
B) Greater auricular n.
C) Transverse cervical n.
D) Phrenic n.
E) Supraclavicular nn.

D) Phrenic n.
Explanation: The phrenic nerve runs on the anterior surface of the scalenus anterior muscle, playing a crucial role in diaphragm innervation.

p.6
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

Which nerve contains sympathetic fibers that help control the pupillary muscle?
A) CN II
B) CN III
C) CN VI
D) Greater petrosal n.
E) Deep petrosal n.

B) CN III
Explanation: Cranial Nerve III (oculomotor nerve) contains parasympathetic fibers that control the pupillary constrictor muscle, thus regulating pupil size.

p.27
Mediastinum and Its Contents

The boundary between the superior mediastinum and inferior mediastinum is a plane projecting from the sternal angle to:
A) C6-C7
B) C7 T1
C) T2 T3
D) T4 T5
E) T6 T7

D) T4 T5
Explanation: The boundary between the superior and inferior mediastinum is defined by a plane that projects from the sternal angle to the T4-T5 vertebral level.

p.24
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which opening is found in the occipital bone?
A) Foramen ovale
B) Foramen lacerum
C) Hypoglossal foramen
D) Stylomastoid foramen
E) Infraorbital foramen

C) Hypoglossal foramen
Explanation: The hypoglossal foramen is located in the occipital bone and allows passage for the hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII).

p.28
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which of the following statements about the kidneys is TRUE?
A) Normally, the kidney originates in the pelvis and ascends to the upper abdomen
B) Normally, the right kidney resides higher in the abdomen than the left kidney
C) Perirenal fascia is found between the renal fascia and kidney
D) The kidney lies anterior to the quadratus lumborum m.
E) A-D are all TRUE

A) Normally, the kidney originates in the pelvis and ascends to the upper abdomen
Explanation: The correct statement is that the kidney originates in the pelvis and ascends during development, while the other statements are inaccurate.

p.35
Mediastinum and Its Contents

Which of the following structures is NOT found in the right atrium?
A) Opening of the tricuspid valve
B) Fossa ovalis
C) Valve of the coronary sinus
D) Crista terminalis
E) Papillary muscle

E) Papillary muscle
Explanation: Papillary muscles are found in the ventricles, not in the right atrium, which contains structures like the opening of the tricuspid valve and the fossa ovalis.

p.32
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which neck fascia invests the thyroid gland?
A) Superficial fascia
B) Prevertebral fascia
C) Visceral layer of the pretracheal fascia
D) Muscular layer of the pretracheal fascia
E) Deep investing fascia

C) Visceral layer of the pretracheal fascia
Explanation: The thyroid gland is invested by the visceral layer of the pretracheal fascia, which surrounds the trachea and esophagus.

p.16
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which structure is involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid and maintains the ionic environment of the brain?
A) Cingulate gyrus
B) Infundibulum
C) Choroid plexus
D) Mammillary bodies
E) Cuneate nucleus

C) Choroid plexus
Explanation: The choroid plexus is responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plays a vital role in maintaining the ionic balance in the brain's environment.

p.20
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which bone is part of the viscerocranium?
A) Frontal
B) Parietal
C) Occipital
D) Temporal
E) Maxilla

E) Maxilla
Explanation: The maxilla is a key component of the viscerocranium, contributing to the structure of the face.

p.9
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

What term describes the representation of a function, such as speech, in only one cerebral hemisphere?
A) Functional symmetry
B) Lateralization of brain function
C) Somatotopic organization
D) Tonotopic organization
E) Bilateral symmetry

B) Lateralization of brain function
Explanation: Lateralization of brain function refers to the tendency for certain cognitive processes to be more dominant in one hemisphere than the other, particularly in language production and comprehension.

p.30
Mediastinum and Its Contents

Which blood vessel travels within the carotid sheath?
A) Lingual v.
B) External jugular v.
C) Internal jugular v.
D) Vertebral a.
E) Inferior thyroid a.

C) Internal jugular v.
Explanation: The internal jugular vein is one of the major vessels that travels within the carotid sheath, along with the common carotid artery and vagus nerve.

p.24
Scalp and Facial Muscles

Which structure is part of the third or 'A' layer of the scalp?
A) Occipitalis m.
B) Pericranium
C) Supraorbital n.
D) Most of the veins of the scalp
E) Hair follicles

A) Occipitalis m.
Explanation: The occipitalis muscle is part of the third layer of the scalp, which is the muscular layer, while the other options do not belong to this layer.

p.6
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

Which of the following is NOT a branch of the basilar artery?
A) Posterior cerebral a.
B) Superior cerebellar a.
C) Labyrinthine a.
D) Anterior Inferior cerebellar a.
E) Ophthalmic a.

E) Ophthalmic a.
Explanation: The ophthalmic artery is not a branch of the basilar artery; it branches from the internal carotid artery, while the other options are direct branches of the basilar artery.

p.8
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

Cranial nerve X passes through which opening(s)?
A) Foramen ovale
B) Jugular foramen
C) Hypoglossal foramen
D) Styloidmastoid foramen
E) Inferior orbital fissure

B) Jugular foramen
Explanation: Cranial nerve X, also known as the vagus nerve, passes through the jugular foramen, which is a key anatomical feature for its pathway.

p.32
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which of the following associations of a bone and a foramen or canal it contains is NOT correct?
A) Maxilla - Infraorbital foramen
B) Occipital - Hypoglossal Canal
C) Sphenoid - Internal Acoustic meatus
D) Temporal - Stylomastoid foramen
E) Ethmoid - Olfactory foramina

C) Sphenoid - Internal Acoustic meatus
Explanation: The internal acoustic meatus is located in the temporal bone, not the sphenoid bone, making this association incorrect.

p.21
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which structure is involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid and maintains the ionic environment of the brain?
A) Pineal gland
B) Infundibulum
C) Choroid plexus
D) Mammillary bodies
E) Cuneate nucleus

C) Choroid plexus
Explanation: The choroid plexus is responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid and plays a crucial role in maintaining the ionic environment of the brain.

p.35
Sympathetic Nervous System and Splanchnic Nerves

Which of the following is the main postganglionic neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system?
A) Acetylcholine
B) Norepinephrine
C) Dopamine
D) GABA
E) Glutamate

B) Norepinephrine
Explanation: Norepinephrine is the primary neurotransmitter released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons, playing a crucial role in the body's fight-or-flight response.

p.32
Scalp and Facial Muscles

The eyebrows are raised by which muscle?
A) Procerus
B) Orbicularis oculi
C) Frontalis
D) Corrugator supercilia
E) Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

C) Frontalis
Explanation: The frontalis muscle is responsible for raising the eyebrows, contributing to facial expressions.

p.28
Digestive and Respiratory Functions of Organs

Which vessel supplies the left lobe of the liver?
A) Cystic artery
B) Iliocolic artery
C) Left hepatic artery
D) Left gastro-omental artery
E) Left colic artery

C) Left hepatic artery
Explanation: The left hepatic artery is responsible for supplying blood to the left lobe of the liver, playing a crucial role in its vascularization.

p.15
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

In the primary sensory cortex, representation of the receptive field of the toes may be found in the:
A) Medial aspect of the postcentral gyrus
B) Lateral aspect of the postcentral gyrus

A) Medial aspect of the postcentral gyrus
Explanation: The medial aspect of the postcentral gyrus corresponds to the representation of the toes in the primary sensory cortex.

p.23
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which structure is a component of the renal cortex?
A) Renal papillae
B) Renal capsule
C) Renal columns
D) Renal pyramids
E) Minor calyces

C) Renal columns
Explanation: Renal columns are extensions of the renal cortex that separate the renal pyramids and are part of the kidney's structure.

p.7
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which of the following bones forms by endochondral ossification?
A) Frontal
B) Parietal
C) Maxillary
D) Nasal
E) Petrous portion of temporal

E) Petrous portion of temporal
Explanation: The petrous portion of the temporal bone forms by endochondral ossification, unlike the other options which primarily form through intramembranous ossification.

p.31
Digestive and Respiratory Functions of Organs

The cecum:
A) Is the only part of the large intestine that is suspended by a mesentery
B) Is supplied by a branch of the inferior mesenteric artery
C) Is in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen
D) Is located between the ileum and the jejunum
E) Has the lumen of the ileum opening into it

C) Is in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen
Explanation: The cecum is located in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen, making option C incorrect.

p.5
Thoracic Nerves and Reflexes

Which structure does NOT pass through the thoracic inlet?
A) Apices of the lungs
B) Common carotid artery
C) Trachea
D) Phrenic nerves
E) Bronchial arteries

B) Common carotid artery
Explanation: The common carotid artery does not pass through the thoracic inlet; it ascends in the neck and bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries.

p.30
Anatomy of the Kidney

At which vertebral level is the hyoid bone located?
A) C1
B) C3
C) C4
D) C6
E) C5

C) C4
Explanation: The hyoid bone is typically found at the level of the C4 vertebra, which is significant in anatomical studies.

p.24
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which artery is a branch of the external carotid artery?
A) Facial a.
B) Supraorbital a.
C) Supratrochlear a.
D) Basilar a.
E) Internal carotid a.

A) Facial a.
Explanation: The facial artery is a branch of the external carotid artery, while the other arteries listed are not branches of the external carotid.

p.35
Sympathetic Nervous System and Splanchnic Nerves

In which type of peripheral nerves do preganglionic sympathetic fibers travel to reach the sympathetic trunk?
A) Dorsal roots
B) Gray rami
C) Primary dorsal rami
D) Vagus branches
E) White rami

E) White rami
Explanation: Preganglionic sympathetic fibers travel through white rami to reach the sympathetic trunk, where they can synapse with postganglionic neurons.

p.12
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

Trauma to the posterior cranial fossa might involve the:
A) Facial nerve
B) Internal carotid artery
C) Mandibular division of CN V
D) Middle meningeal artery
E) Olfactory nerves

A) Facial nerve
Explanation: The facial nerve is located in the posterior cranial fossa, and trauma in this area could potentially affect its function.

p.28
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

Which part of the brain mediates the tracking motions of the eye as you follow an object from left to right?
A) The superior colliculus
B) The inferior colliculus
C) The calcarine fissure
D) The cuneus gyrus
E) The lingual gyrus

A) The superior colliculus
Explanation: The superior colliculus is involved in the coordination of eye movements and visual tracking, making it essential for following moving objects.

p.21
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

Most projections must synapse with cells in which structure before sending axons to the appropriate area of the cerebral cortex?
A) Thalamus
B) Pons
C) Medulla
D) Meninges
E) Cerebellum

A) Thalamus
Explanation: The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, requiring most projections to synapse here first.

p.28
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Which of the following is a remnant of the umbilical vein of the embryo?
A) Ligamentum teres hepatis
B) Median umbilical ligament
C) Ligamentum anteriosum
D) Medial umbilical ligament

A) Ligamentum teres hepatis
Explanation: The ligamentum teres hepatis is the remnant of the umbilical vein, which carried oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus.

p.15
Mediastinum and Its Contents

An epidural hematoma results from blood collecting where?
A) Between the arachnoid and the dura mater
B) Between the calvaria and the dura mater
C) Between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater
D) Between the pia mater and the brain
E) In the subarachnoid space

B) Between the calvaria and the dura mater
Explanation: An epidural hematoma occurs when blood collects between the calvaria (the skull) and the dura mater, often due to trauma.

p.23
Digestive and Respiratory Functions of Organs

Which of the following organs is supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery?
A) Pancreas
B) Jejunum
C) Ileum
D) Cecum
E) Sigmoid colon

E) Sigmoid colon
Explanation: The inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the distal part of the colon, including the sigmoid colon.

p.14
Anatomy of the Kidney

The portions of the skull derived from primitive branchial arches are collectively known as the:
A) Viscerocranium
B) Neurocranium
C) Chondrocranium
D) Dermatocranium
E) Splanchnocranium

A) Viscerocranium
Explanation: The viscerocranium refers to the portions of the skull that are derived from the primitive branchial (pharyngeal) arches, which include the facial bones.

p.34
Thoracic Nerves and Reflexes

Which condition is associated with thoracic inlet syndrome?
A) A broken clavicle
B) A cervical rib
C) An extra lumbar vertebra
D) Failure of the vertebral arches to fuse
E) Failure of sternum to fuse

B) A cervical rib
Explanation: Thoracic inlet syndrome can be caused by the presence of a cervical rib, which can compress nerves and blood vessels in the thoracic inlet area.

p.34
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

What must be true for commissural axons to remain on the contralateral side after crossing the midline?
A) DCC must be expressed to bind the Netrin
B) Expression of Slit must be silenced
C) Netrin must be expressed and secreted
D) Robo must be expressed to silence DCC
E) SHH must be silenced in the floorplate

C) Netrin must be expressed and secreted
Explanation: For commissural axons to remain on the contralateral side after crossing, Netrin must be expressed and secreted, guiding the axons appropriately.

p.2
Digestive and Respiratory Functions of Organs

Which statement about the stomach is true?
A) Has an angular notch that marks the junction of the fundus and the body
B) Has a muscular wall that is folded into longitudinal ridges called rugae
C) Has a fundus that is closely associated with the right dome of the diaphragm
D) Has a pyloric sphincter that limits the passage of stomach contents into the duodenum
E) Is innervated by postganglionic sympathetic axons that synapse in the sympathetic trunk

D) Has a pyloric sphincter that limits the passage of stomach contents into the duodenum
Explanation: The pyloric sphincter is a critical structure in the stomach that regulates the flow of partially digested food into the duodenum.

p.22
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which of the following structures would you NOT expect to find in a C7 cross section?
A) Thyroid gland
B) External carotid a.
C) Internal jugular v.
D) Scalenus anterior m.
E) Omohyoid m.

A) Thyroid gland
Explanation: The thyroid gland is located lower in the neck and would not be found at the level of C7, making this the correct answer.

p.5
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

A subdural hematoma results from blood collecting where?
A) Between the arachnoid and the dura mater
B) Between the calvaria and the dura mater
C) Between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater
D) Between the pia mater and the brain
E) In the subarachnoid space

A) Between the arachnoid and the dura mater
Explanation: A subdural hematoma occurs when blood collects in the space between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater, often due to trauma.

p.19
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which of the following structures would you NOT expect to find in a C7 cross section?
A) Thyroid gland
B) External carotid a.
C) Internal jugular v.
D) Scalenus anterior m.
E) Omohyoid m.

A) Thyroid gland
Explanation: The thyroid gland is located lower in the neck and would not typically be found in a cross section at the C7 vertebral level.

p.21
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

In the primary sensory cortex, where is the representation of the receptive field of the toes found?
A) Medial aspect of the postcentral gyrus
B) Lateral aspect of the postcentral gyrus
C) Medial aspect of the precentral gyrus
D) Lateral aspect of Heschl's gyrus
E) Lateral aspect of the precentral gyrus

A) Medial aspect of the postcentral gyrus
Explanation: The representation of the receptive field of the toes is located in the medial aspect of the postcentral gyrus, which is responsible for processing sensory information from the lower limbs.

p.22
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

In the primary sensory cortex, where are representations of the receptive field for the toes found?
A) Medial aspect of the postcentral gyrus
B) Lateral aspect of the postcentral gyrus
C) Medial aspect of the precentral gyrus
D) Lateral aspect of the postcentral gyrus
E) Lateral aspect of Heschl's gyrus

A) Medial aspect of the postcentral gyrus
Explanation: The medial aspect of the postcentral gyrus corresponds to the sensory representation of the toes, which is important for understanding sensory mapping in the brain.

p.12
Mediastinum and Its Contents

Which venous sinus extends along the border of the falx cerebelli?
A) Inferior sagittal sinus
B) Superior sagittal sinus
C) Transverse sinus
D) Sigmoid sinus
E) Occipital sinus

E) Occipital sinus
Explanation: The occipital sinus runs along the border of the falx cerebelli, which is important for venous drainage from the posterior cranial fossa.

p.19
Mediastinum and Its Contents

Which structure drains directly into the internal jugular vein?
A) Cavernous sinus
B) Transverse sinus
C) Confluence of sinuses
D) Superior sagittal sinus
E) Inferior petrosal sinus

E) Inferior petrosal sinus
Explanation: The inferior petrosal sinus drains directly into the internal jugular vein, playing a crucial role in venous drainage from the cranial cavity.

p.8
Scalp and Facial Muscles

Which muscle can act as an antagonist of the tongue during chewing?
A) Buccinator
B) Levator labii superioris proprius
C) Medial pterygoid
D) Mentalis
E) Platysma

A) Buccinator
Explanation: The buccinator muscle can act as an antagonist to the tongue during chewing by helping to keep food positioned between the teeth.

p.26
Thoracic Nerves and Reflexes

During the removal of an old crown, where has it most probably come to be lodged if dropped into the trachea?
A) The trachea itself
B) The left primary bronchus
C) The left lower secondary bronchus
D) The right primary bronchus
E) The right lower tertiary bronchus

D) The right primary bronchus
Explanation: Foreign objects that enter the trachea are more likely to lodge in the right primary bronchus due to its wider and more vertical orientation compared to the left.

p.13
Anatomy of the Kidney

At which of the following vertebral levels do you find the hyoid bone?
A) C1
B) C3
C) C4
D) C6
E) T1

C) C4
Explanation: The hyoid bone is typically located at the level of the C4 vertebra, making it an important landmark in neck anatomy.

p.14
Scalp and Facial Muscles

Which muscle is responsible for raising the eyebrows?
A) Procerus
B) Frontalis
C) Orbicularis oculi
D) Corrugator supercilii
E) Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

B) Frontalis
Explanation: The frontalis muscle is primarily responsible for raising the eyebrows, contributing to facial expressions of surprise or curiosity.

p.13
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which of the following structures IS NOT a content of the carotid sheath?
A) Common carotid a.
B) Phrenic n.
C) Internal jugular vein
D) Vagus n.
E) Internal carotid a.

B) Phrenic n.
Explanation: The phrenic nerve is not contained within the carotid sheath; instead, the carotid sheath contains the common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve.

p.2
Digestive and Respiratory Functions of Organs

What is the term for inflammation of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal cavity?
A) Mumps
B) Peritonitis
C) Colitis
D) Dysentery
E) Appendicitis

B) Peritonitis
Explanation: Peritonitis refers to the inflammation of the peritoneum, which can be a serious medical condition requiring prompt treatment.

p.31
Digestive and Respiratory Functions of Organs

Which of the following statements about the gut is UNTRUE?
A) The forgut parasympathetic fibers are conveyed by the vagus n.
B) The hindgut parasympathetic fibers are conveyed by S2-4.
C) The midgut’s blood supply comes from the superior mesenteric a.
D) The hindgut’s blood supply comes from the inferior mesenteric a.
E) The celiac trunk supplies forgut and midgut organs

E) The celiac trunk supplies forgut and midgut organs
Explanation: The celiac trunk supplies the forgut, while the midgut is supplied by the superior mesenteric artery, making option E untrue.

p.5
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which of the following associations of a bone and a foramen or canal it contains is NOT correct?
A) Maxilla - Infraorbital foramen
B) Occipital - Hypoglossal canal
C) Sphenoid - Internal acoustic meatus
D) Temporal - Stylomastoid foramen
E) Ethmoid - Olfactory foramina

C) Sphenoid - Internal acoustic meatus
Explanation: The internal acoustic meatus is actually located in the temporal bone, not the sphenoid bone, making this association incorrect.

p.9
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which structure would you NOT expect to find in a C7 cross section?
A) Thyroid gland
B) External carotid a.
C) Internal jugular v.
D) Scalenus anterior m.
E) Omohyoid m.

A) Thyroid gland
Explanation: The thyroid gland is located lower in the neck and would not typically be found in a cross section at the C7 level.

p.6
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

A meningioma has compressed all structures entering or exiting the internal acoustic meatus. Which muscle will NOT exhibit paralysis/paresis?
A) Stapedius m.
B) Anterior digastric m.
C) Buccinator m.
D) Risorius m.
E) Zygomatic major m.

B) Anterior digastric m.
Explanation: The anterior digastric muscle is innervated by the mylohyoid nerve (a branch of CN V3), while the other muscles listed are innervated by branches of CN VII, which would be affected by the meningioma.

p.26
Mediastinum and Its Contents

How many PAIRS of ribs articulate with the sternum via their costal cartilages?
A) 3
B) 4
C) 7
D) 8
E) 11

C) 7
Explanation: Seven pairs of ribs (the true ribs) articulate directly with the sternum through their costal cartilages, which is essential for understanding rib anatomy and thoracic structure.

p.26
Pleura and Lung Anatomy

Which impression can be seen on the mediastinal surface of the right lung only?
A) Descending aorta
B) Cardiac fossa
C) Common carotid a.
D) Azygos v.
E) Inferior vena cava

D) Azygos v.
Explanation: The impression of the azygos vein is unique to the right lung's mediastinal surface, highlighting its anatomical significance in relation to the lung and mediastinum.

p.26
Pleura and Lung Anatomy

Which of the following statements is CORRECT with reference to the pleura?
A) The parietal pleura and visceral pleura are continuous
B) The pleura derived from the somites
C) Visceral pleura is sensitive to pain
D) There is air between the visceral and parietal pleura

A) The parietal pleura and visceral pleura are continuous
Explanation: The parietal and visceral pleura are indeed continuous, forming a protective covering around the lungs and facilitating their movement during respiration.

p.17
Thoracic Nerves and Reflexes

In the primary sensory cortex, where is the representation of the receptive field of the toes found?
A) Medial aspect of the postcentral gyrus
B) Lateral aspect of the postcentral gyrus
C) Anterior aspect of the postcentral gyrus
D) Posterior aspect of the precentral gyrus
E) Central sulcus

A) Medial aspect of the postcentral gyrus
Explanation: The representation of the toes in the primary sensory cortex is located on the medial aspect of the postcentral gyrus, reflecting the somatotopic organization of the sensory homunculus.

p.14
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which structure forms from the 1st branchial pouch?
A) External auditory meatus
B) Pharyngotympanic tube
C) Masseter m.
D) Facial m.
E) Stapes

B) Pharyngotympanic tube
Explanation: The 1st branchial pouch develops into the pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube), which connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx.

p.34
Thoracic Nerves and Reflexes

What muscle is primarily responsible for inhalation during breathing?
A) External intercostal mm.
B) Internal intercostal mm.
C) Diaphragm
D) Innermost intercostal mm.
E) All of the above

C) Diaphragm
Explanation: The diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for inhalation, contracting to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, while the external intercostal muscles assist in this process.

p.11
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which of the following is/are found in the occipital bone?
A) Foramen rotundum
B) Stylomastoid foramen
C) Olfactory foramina
D) Foramen magnum
E) Jugular foramen

D) Foramen magnum
Explanation: The foramen magnum is a large opening in the occipital bone that allows the spinal cord to connect with the brain, making it a significant anatomical feature of the occipital bone.

p.16
Sympathetic Nervous System and Splanchnic Nerves

Which artery is a terminal branch of the internal carotid artery?
A) Anterior cerebral artery
B) Middle cerebral artery
C) Posterior cerebral artery
D) Vertebral artery
E) Basilar artery

A) Anterior cerebral artery
Explanation: The anterior cerebral artery is one of the terminal branches of the internal carotid artery, supplying blood to the medial portions of the frontal lobes and superior medial parietal lobes.

p.22
Esophagus and Diaphragm Interaction

At which of the following vertebral levels do you find the cricoid cartilage?
A) C1
B) C3
C) C4
D) C6
E) T1

D) C6
Explanation: The cricoid cartilage is located at the level of C6, which is significant for anatomical orientation in the neck.

p.19
Mediastinum and Its Contents

Which of the following blood vessels passes posterior to the mandible?
A) Retromandibular v.
B) External jugular v.
C) Internal jugular v.
D) Carotid a.
E) Inferior thyroid a.

A) Retromandibular v.
Explanation: The retromandibular vein passes posterior to the mandible, which is important for understanding venous drainage in the head and neck.

p.15
Scalp and Facial Muscles

The superficial surface of the masseter muscle is crossed by all of the following, EXCEPT:
A) Parotid duct
B) Transverse facial artery and vein
C) Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
D) Buccal branches of facial nerve
E) Mandibular branches of facial nerve

C) Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
Explanation: The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve does not cross the superficial surface of the masseter muscle, while the other options do.

p.8
Scalp and Facial Muscles

The following statements are true of the superficial infraorbital region of the face EXCEPT:
A) It can be the site of origin of infections spreading to the meninges
B) Many of its muscles originally evolved in association with sense organs that no longer exist in humans
C) Its principal sensory nerve supply is from CN V2
D) Its sensory nerves are embryologically associated with the first pharyngeal arch, but many of its motor nerves are associated with the second arch
E) Its blood supply is from branches of the internal carotid artery

E) Its blood supply is from branches of the internal carotid artery
Explanation: The blood supply to the superficial infraorbital region primarily comes from branches of the maxillary artery, not the internal carotid artery.

p.5
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Which bone forms by intramembranous ossification from tissues of the first pharyngeal arch?
A) Ethmoid
B) Maxilla
C) Parietal
D) Palatine
E) Stapes

B) Maxilla
Explanation: The maxilla is formed by intramembranous ossification from the first pharyngeal arch, distinguishing it from other bones that develop through different ossification processes.

p.35
Mediastinum and Its Contents

Which of the following is NOT a content of the posterior mediastinum?
A) Thoracic aorta
B) Thoracic duct
C) Coronary sinus
D) Azygos v.
E) Sympathetic Trunk

C) Coronary sinus
Explanation: The coronary sinus is located in the heart and is not a structure found in the posterior mediastinum, which contains the thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein, and sympathetic trunk.

p.32
Thoracic Nerves and Reflexes

Which of the following structures passes immediately anterior to the scalenus medius?
A) Supraclavicular n.
B) Ansa cervicalis
C) Transverse cervical n.
D) Subclavian v.

D) Subclavian v.
Explanation: The subclavian vein passes immediately anterior to the scalenus medius muscle, distinguishing its anatomical position.

p.13
Anatomy of the Kidney

An epidural hematoma results from blood collecting where?
A) Between the arachnoid and the dura mater
B) Between the calvaria and the dura mater
C) Between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater
D) Between the pia mater and the brain
E) In the subarachnoid space

B) Between the calvaria and the dura mater
Explanation: An epidural hematoma occurs when blood collects between the calvaria (the skull) and the dura mater, often due to trauma that tears blood vessels in that area.

p.23
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

What is the function of the fimbria?
A) Transport ova from ovary to uterus
B) Are fingerlike processes that project over the ovary
C) Is the uterine projection into vagina
D) Covers the vaginal orifice
E) Is where implantation of the blastocyst occurs

B) Are fingerlike processes that project over the ovary
Explanation: The fimbria are fingerlike projections that help guide the ova from the ovary into the fallopian tube.

p.7
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

Which cranial nerve innervates the mucosa of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
A) CN V
B) CN VII
C) CN IX
D) CN X
E) CN XII

D) CN X
Explanation: The mucosa of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X), which is responsible for sensory and motor functions in that region.

p.34
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Which neurons utilize tangential migration to reach their final location?
A) Cerebral cortex layer 6 neurons
B) Hindbrain motor neurons
C) Olfactory bulb neurons
D) Spinal cord motor neurons
E) Spinal cord sensory neurons

A) Cerebral cortex layer 6 neurons
Explanation: Neurons in the cerebral cortex, particularly layer 6, are known to use tangential migration to arrive at their final positions during development.

p.8
Scalp and Facial Muscles

Traumatic separation of the scalp from the skull occurs at this level:
A) Skin of scalp
B) Connective tissue layer of scalp
C) Aponeurotic layer of scalp
D) Loose areolar layer of scalp
E) Pericranium

D) Loose areolar layer of scalp
Explanation: Traumatic separation of the scalp from the skull typically occurs at the loose areolar layer of the scalp, which allows for movement and separation.

p.5
Scalp and Facial Muscles

The eyebrows are raised by which muscle?
A) Procerus
B) Orbicularis oculi
C) Frontalis
D) Corrugator supercilia
E) Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

C) Frontalis
Explanation: The frontalis muscle is responsible for raising the eyebrows, contributing to facial expressions.

p.6
Anatomy of the Kidney

At which vertebral level is the hyoid bone located?
A) C1
B) C3
C) C5
D) C7
E) T1

B) C3
Explanation: The hyoid bone is typically found at the level of the third cervical vertebra (C3), serving as an important anatomical landmark in the neck.

p.6
Thoracic Nerves and Reflexes

Which nerve passes on the anterior surface of the scalenus anterior muscle?
A) Lesser occipital n.
B) Greater auricular n.
C) Transverse cervical n.
D) Phrenic n.
E) Supraclavicular nn.

D) Phrenic n.
Explanation: The phrenic nerve passes on the anterior surface of the scalenus anterior muscle, providing motor innervation to the diaphragm.

p.17
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Which bone ossifies endochondrally?
A) Maxilla
B) Palatine
C) Frontal
D) Malleus
E) Vomer

A) Maxilla
Explanation: The maxilla is one of the bones that undergoes endochondral ossification, which is a process where bone develops from cartilage.

p.23
Anatomy of the Kidney

Superior to which line does the rectus sheath contain the inferior epigastric arteries?
A) Arcuate line
B) Linea semilunaris
C) Linea semicircularis
D) Transpyloric plane
E) Linea alba

A) Arcuate line
Explanation: The arcuate line is the anatomical landmark above which the inferior epigastric arteries are found within the rectus sheath.

p.13
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which of the following blood vessels passes over the superficial surface of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
A) Lingual v.
B) External jugular v.
C) Internal jugular v.
D) Carotid a.
E) Inferior thyroid a.

B) External jugular v.
Explanation: The external jugular vein runs over the superficial surface of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, making it a key vessel in neck anatomy.

p.34
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Which flexure defines the boundary between the spinal cord and hindbrain?
A) Activation of the isthmic boundary
B) Cephalic flexure
C) Cervical flexure
D) Pontine flexure
E) The anterior neural ridge

C) Cervical flexure
Explanation: The cervical flexure is the specific flexure that demarcates the boundary between the spinal cord and the hindbrain during development.

p.7
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

What is the result of premature and asymmetrical closure of cranial sutures?
A) Acrania
B) Anencephaly
C) Microcephaly
D) Plagiocephaly
E) Scaphocephaly

D) Plagiocephaly
Explanation: Premature and asymmetrical closure of cranial sutures leads to plagiocephaly, characterized by an asymmetrical head shape due to uneven growth.

p.9
Thoracic Nerves and Reflexes

Which of the following structures IS NOT a content of the carotid sheath?
A) Common carotid a.
B) Phrenic n.
C) Internal jugular vein
D) Vagus n.
E) Internal carotid a.

B) Phrenic n.
Explanation: The phrenic nerve is not contained within the carotid sheath; instead, the sheath contains the common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve.

p.15
Scalp and Facial Muscles

The frontalis muscle is found in which layer?
A) Skin of scalp
B) Connective tissue layer of scalp
C) Aponeurotic layer of scalp
D) Loose areolar layer of scalp
E) Pericranium

C) Aponeurotic layer of scalp
Explanation: The frontalis muscle is located in the aponeurotic layer of the scalp, which is part of the epicranial aponeurosis.

p.21
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

What is the most likely result of losing the prefrontal cortex?
A) Blindness
B) Deafness
C) Loss of motor skills
D) Personality disorders
E) Memory loss

D) Personality disorders
Explanation: Damage to the prefrontal cortex is associated with changes in personality and behavior, leading to personality disorders.

p.21
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Which structure forms from the 1st branchial pouch?
A) External auditory meatus
B) Pharyngotympanic tube
C) Masseter m.
D) Facial m.
E) Stapes

B) Pharyngotympanic tube
Explanation: The pharyngotympanic tube (also known as the Eustachian tube) develops from the 1st branchial pouch during embryonic development.

p.28
Digestive and Respiratory Functions of Organs

Which organ is NOT considered to be a part of the digestive grouping?
A) Stomach
B) Cecum
C) Duodenum
D) Spleen
E) Liver

D) Spleen
Explanation: The spleen is primarily involved in immune functions and blood filtration, rather than digestion, making it the correct answer.

p.14
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

What is the result of premature closure of the sagittal suture?
A) Acrocephaly
B) Microcephaly
C) Plagiocephaly
D) Scaphocephaly
E) Anencephaly

D) Scaphocephaly
Explanation: Premature closure of the sagittal suture leads to scaphocephaly, characterized by a long, narrow head shape due to restricted growth.

p.7
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Which muscle is derived from the 3rd branchial arch?
A) Sternocleidomastoid m.
B) Procerus m.
C) Masseter m.
D) Stylopharyngeus m.
E) Anterior belly of digastric m.

D) Stylopharyngeus m.
Explanation: The stylopharyngeus muscle is derived from the 3rd branchial arch, which is innervated by CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve).

p.34
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

From which structure are neurons in dorsal root ganglia derived?
A) Floor plate of the spinal cord
B) Migrated neural crest cells
C) Neuroblasts in the neuroepithelium
D) Paraxial mesoderm
E) The subventricular zone

B) Migrated neural crest cells
Explanation: Neurons in the dorsal root ganglia are derived from migrated neural crest cells during embryonic development.

p.6
Mediastinum and Its Contents

Which of the following is NOT a content or boundary of the carotid triangle of the neck?
A) Sternocleidomastoid m.
B) Inferior belly of the omohyoid m.
C) Carotid body
D) Posterior belly of digastric m.
E) Subclavian v.

E) Subclavian v.
Explanation: The subclavian vein is not part of the carotid triangle; the triangle is defined by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the omohyoid muscle, and the digastric muscle.

p.17
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which bone is part of the viscerocranium?
A) Frontal
B) Parietal
C) Occipital
D) Temporal
E) Maxilla

E) Maxilla
Explanation: The maxilla is classified as part of the viscerocranium, which comprises the facial bones, distinguishing it from the neurocranium.

p.14
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

Which cranial nerve induces the development of the papillae of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?
A) CN V
B) CN VII
C) CN IX
D) CN X
E) CN XII

B) CN VII
Explanation: Cranial nerve VII (Facial nerve) is responsible for inducing the development of the papillae in the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue, which includes taste sensation.

p.11
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

In the primary sensory cortex, where can the representation of the receptive field of the toes be found?
A) Medial aspect of the postcentral gyrus
B) Lateral aspect of the postcentral gyrus
C) Medial aspect of the precentral gyrus
D) Lateral aspect of the postcentral gyrus
E) Lateral aspect of Heschl's gyrus

A) Medial aspect of the postcentral gyrus
Explanation: The representation of the receptive field of the toes is located in the medial aspect of the postcentral gyrus, which is part of the primary sensory cortex responsible for processing sensory information from the lower limbs.

p.11
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Which bone of the neurocranium forms by membranous ossification?
A) Ethmoid
B) Palatine
C) Malleus
D) Maxilla
E) Parietal

E) Parietal
Explanation: The parietal bone of the neurocranium forms through membranous ossification, which is a process where bone develops directly from mesenchymal tissue.

p.7
Anatomy of the Kidney

Which bone of the viscerocranium forms by membranous ossification?
A) Ethmoid
B) Occipital
C) Malleus
D) Maxilla
E) Parietal

D) Maxilla
Explanation: The maxilla forms by membranous ossification, which is a process distinct from endochondral ossification seen in other bones.

p.8
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

This structure is involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid and maintains the ionic environment of the brain:
A) Pineal gland
B) Infundibulum
C) Choroid plexus
D) Mammillary bodies
E) Cuneate nucleus

C) Choroid plexus
Explanation: The choroid plexus is responsible for the production of cerebrospinal fluid and plays a crucial role in maintaining the ionic balance in the brain.

p.26
Thoracic Nerves and Reflexes

Which nerve supplies the innermost intercostal muscle?
A) Phrenic nerve
B) Intercostal nerve
C) Vagus nerve
D) Long thoracic nerve
E) Thoracodorsal nerve

B) Intercostal nerve
Explanation: The innermost intercostal muscles are supplied by the intercostal nerves, which are responsible for motor innervation to the muscles between the ribs.

p.14
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

What is the condition called when the medial nasal prominences fail to fuse completely?
A) Bilateral cleft lip
B) Median cleft lip (hare’s lip)
C) Unilateral cleft secondary palate
D) Bilateral cleft lip and unilateral cleft palate
E) Single nostril

B) Median cleft lip (hare’s lip)
Explanation: The failure of the two medial nasal prominences to fuse completely along the mid-sagittal line results in a condition known as median cleft lip, commonly referred to as hare’s lip.

p.11
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

What is the term for the representation of a function, such as speech production and understanding, in only one cerebral hemisphere?
A) Functional symmetry
B) Lateralization of brain function
C) Somatotopic organization
D) Tonotopic organization
E) Bilateral symmetry

B) Lateralization of brain function
Explanation: Lateralization of brain function refers to the phenomenon where certain cognitive processes, such as speech production and understanding, are predominantly managed by one hemisphere of the brain.

p.11
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

What is the result of premature closure of the sagittal suture?
A) Acrania
B) Anencephaly
C) Microcephaly
D) Plagiocephaly
E) Scaphocephaly

E) Scaphocephaly
Explanation: Premature closure of the sagittal suture leads to scaphocephaly, a condition characterized by a long, narrow head shape due to restricted growth in the width of the skull.

p.34
Digestive and Respiratory Functions of Organs

To which part of the nervous system does the gut submucosal plexus belong?
A) Central
B) Enteric
C) Parasympathetic
D) Somatic
E) Sympathetic

B) Enteric
Explanation: The gut submucosal plexus is part of the enteric nervous system, which governs the function of the gastrointestinal tract.

p.28
Digestive and Respiratory Functions of Organs

What are the double folds of peritoneum that connect the parietal to the visceral peritoneum and support the small intestine called?
A) Mesenteries
B) Mesocolon
C) Mesoappendix
D) Mesosalpinx
E) Mesometrium

A) Mesenteries
Explanation: Mesenteries are the double folds of peritoneum that support the small intestine, anchoring it to the abdominal wall and providing a pathway for blood vessels and nerves.

p.21
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Which of the following muscles is derived from the 1st branchial arch?
A) Sternocleidomastoid m.
B) Procerus m.
C) Masseter m.
D) Orbicularis oculi m.
E) Temporalis m.

C) Masseter m.
Explanation: The masseter muscle, which is responsible for chewing, is derived from the 1st branchial arch.

p.11
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

Which structure is involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid and maintains the ionic environment of the brain?
A) Pineal gland
B) Infundibulum
C) Choroid plexus
D) Mammillary bodies
E) Cuneate nucleus

C) Choroid plexus
Explanation: The choroid plexus is responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plays a crucial role in maintaining the ionic environment of the brain, making it essential for proper brain function.

p.11
Cranial Nerves and Their Functions

Which of the following is part of Brodmann’s Area 17?
A) Postcentral gyrus
B) Inferior temporal gyrus
C) Middle frontal gyrus
D) Heschl’s gyrus
E) Lingual gyrus

E) Lingual gyrus
Explanation: Brodmann’s Area 17 corresponds to the primary visual cortex, which includes the lingual gyrus, an area involved in visual processing.

p.13
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

Which of the following statements concerning the development of the tongue is NOT TRUE?
A) The lateral lingual swelling develops from the first arch
B) The muscles of the tongue are innervated by CN XI
C) The tongue develops from multiple embryonic structures
D) The anterior two-thirds of the tongue is innervated by CN V
E) The posterior one-third of the tongue is innervated by CN IX

B) The muscles of the tongue are innervated by CN XI
Explanation: The muscles of the tongue are primarily innervated by CN XII (hypoglossal nerve), not CN XI (accessory nerve), making this statement incorrect.

p.7
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

What is the term for the failure of the two maxillary prominences to fuse completely along the mid-sagittal line?
A) Bilateral cleft lip
B) Bilateral cleft lip and unilateral cleft palate
C) Median cleft lip (hare’s lip)
D) Unilateral cleft secondary palate
E) Single nostril

C) Median cleft lip (hare’s lip)
Explanation: The failure of the two maxillary prominences to fuse along the mid-sagittal line results in a median cleft lip, commonly referred to as hare's lip.

p.7
Developmental Anatomy and Cleft Lip

What occurs when both maxillary prominences fail to fuse with the two medial nasal prominences?
A) Bilateral cleft lip
B) Bilateral cleft lip and unilateral cleft palate
C) Oblique cleft
D) Unilateral cleft secondary palate
E) Single nostril

A) Bilateral cleft lip
Explanation: The failure of both maxillary prominences to fuse with the medial nasal prominences results in a bilateral cleft lip, affecting the upper lip structure.

Study Smarter, Not Harder
Study Smarter, Not Harder