Loose connective tissue
Inner circular and outer longitudinal
Mucous neck cells, Parietal (oxyntic) cells, Chief cells, Enteroendocrine cells, Stem cells
Taste buds consist of a taste pore, sensory neuroepithelial cells, supporting cells, and basal cells.
Partially digested food in the stomach.
Dense irregular connective tissue
Adventitia fixes structures to adjacent ones above the diaphragm.
They have relatively long pits and short pyloric glands that are branched, coiled, tubular with a wide lumen.
The specific function of the structure indicated by the arrow needs to be identified based on the image.
The organ and the structures labelled X and Y.
The specific region of the gastrointestinal tract needs to be identified based on the image.
To mix stomach contents (chyme) and force the partially digested food into the small intestines.
Yes, it has the same basic structure throughout, but different parts contain specializations characteristic of that region.
Concentrated in the neck of the gland.
Stratified squamous to simple columnar epithelium.
Cardiac glands of the stomach.
It transitions from one layer to two layers of smooth muscles arranged as inner circular and outer longitudinal.
Into gastric pits
Striated muscles: Extrinsic and Intrinsic.
Mucous neck cells are smaller than surface mucous cells.
Basal cells serve as stem cells in taste buds.
The stomach consists of the cardia, fundus, and pylorus, each with distinct histological features and specialized functions in digestion.
Approximately 25 cm long.
Mucus-secreting cells and enteroendocrine cells.
Mixing, partial enzymatic digestion, and minimal absorption of some water and certain drugs.
Dense connective tissue.
Surface mucous cells
Esophageal proper glands are replaced by no glands in the submucosa.
A single layer of longitudinal muscle.
Taste buds contain sensory neuroepithelial cells, supporting cells, and basal cells.
Taste buds in foliate papillae are rudimentary in adults.
Circumvallate papillae are surrounded by a moat-like invagination that receives ducts of serous Von Ebner’s glands.
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The four layers are the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa/adventitia, each serving specific functions in digestion and absorption.
Above the diaphragm, structures are covered by adventitia, while below the diaphragm, they are covered by serosa, which is continuous with that of the stomach.
To act as a conduit for the bolus of food from the mouth.
Due to the presence of abundant mitochondria for active proton pumps.
Stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium.
In the pyloric antrum.
Innermost oblique, middle circular (which thickens to form the pyloric sphincter), and outer longitudinal.
An innermost oblique layer.
Chief cell
Abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)
The cranial nerves associated are CN VII, IX, and X.
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Surface mucous cells have an elongated nucleus and a large apical cup of mucinogen granules that takes up most of the cytoplasm.
Filiform papillae are small and conical, lined by highly keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, distributed over the entire dorsal surface with tips facing backwards, and have a mechanical function with no taste buds.
Stratified squamous epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
Skeletal muscle.
It contains connective tissue with diffuse lymphatic tissue and lymphatic nodules.
2 - 4 glands
Irreversible dysplasia and potentially adenocarcinoma.
Mucous neck cells secrete soluble mucus that helps transport gastric secretion to the lumen.
Filiform, Fungiform, Circumvallate, and Foliate.
Circumvallate papillae are found anterior to the sulcus terminalis.
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Intrinsic factor is a glycoprotein secreted by parietal cells that binds to vitamin B12, essential for its absorption.
Prostaglandins secreted by the cells of the mucosa stimulate the secretion of bicarbonate and increase the thickness of the mucus.
The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and associated organs such as the tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
The extensive intracellular canalicular system.
The tubulovesicular system.
Gastrin and receptors for histamine (H2).
Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis Externa, Serosa/Adventitia.
Large blood and lymphatic vessels, Submucosal Plexus (Meissner’s plexus)
Fungiform papillae are mushroom-shaped, lined by stratified squamous epithelium, scattered among the filiform papillae, most prominent on the tip of the tongue, and contain taste buds in the epithelium on the dorsal surface.
Slightly acidic mucus that lubricates the lumen
It connects the pharynx to the stomach.
Relatively short pits and short cardiac glands that are tubular with occasional branching.
H +, Cl -, and Intrinsic factor.
It extends from the proximal esophagus to the anal canal.
The serosa below the diaphragm is continuous with that of the stomach.
Gastrin secreting cells, which are more prevalent in the base and typically appear clear with H & E stain.
1. Cardiac region (cardia) - Contains cardiac glands. 2. Fundic region (fundus) - Contains fundic (gastric) glands. 3. Pyloric region (pylorus) - Contains pyloric glands.
The lumen is normally collapsed with longitudinal folds.
Region of the stomach, extent of mucosa, mucous cells, parietal cells, chief cells, muscularis interna, submucosa.
Closed cells, which do not reach the lumen, and open cells, which are exposed to the lumen.
Inner circular and outer longitudinal layers.
Near the esophageal orifice.
A viscous mucus and they also contain enteroendocrine cells.
Pepsin and lipase.
Foveolae
They serve as primary chemoreceptors.
Fundic (gastric) glands.
Isthmus, Neck, Fundus (base)
Mixed skeletal and smooth muscle.
Smooth muscle.
Neutral mucus that protects from regurgitated gastric contents.
They attach the tongue to outside structures and move the entire tongue.
Foliate papillae are arranged in parallel rows separated by deep clefts.
Pepsinogen
Hydrochloric acid (HCl), pepsinogen, mucus, and intrinsic factor.
The microscopic structure of lingual papillae includes various types such as filiform, fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate, each with distinct features and functions.
The gastric mucosa features gastric pits and glands, lined with simple columnar epithelium, containing parietal, chief, and mucous cells.
Lymphatics, blood vessels, and submucosal plexus.
In the terminal part of the esophagus.
Based on anatomy knowledge, the stomach should be covered by serosa.
They originate and insert within the tongue and alter its shape.
The turnover rate for both sensory neuroepithelial and supporting cells is approximately 10 days.
By low pH in the stomach
Hydrochloric acid is produced by parietal cells.
Taste buds are composed of taste receptor cells, supporting cells, and basal cells, organized in a spherical structure that allows for the detection of taste stimuli.
The gastric mucosa contains parietal cells (secreting HCl), chief cells (producing pepsinogen), and mucous cells (providing protection), each with distinct histological characteristics.
It is the distal, funnel-shaped region proximal to the pyloric sphincter.
Metaplastic simple columnar epithelium with mucous cells or sometimes intestinal goblet cells.
In the isthmus/neck of the gland
Foliate papillae are found on the lateral edges of the tongue.
The release of mucinogen granules is triggered by vagal stimulation.
Weak lipase
Pepsinogen is produced by chief cells and is converted to active pepsin by HCl.
A lack of intrinsic factor results in pernicious anemia and vitamin B12 deficiency.
Meissner’s plexus is located in the submucosa, while Auerbach’s plexus is found between the layers of the muscularis externa; both are networks of nerve fibers that regulate gastrointestinal motility.
Rugae are folds in the gastric mucosa that allow for expansion of the stomach when filled with food.
A weakened lower esophageal sphincter which causes reflux back into the lower esophagus.
Some water and certain drugs such as alcohol, aspirin, and NSAIDs.
Chest pain of a burning nature.
Chief cell
Zymogen granules
Taste buds are located in the epithelium of the lateral surface of circumvallate papillae.
Serosa is the outermost layer covering organs within the peritoneal cavity, while adventitia is the connective tissue layer that anchors the GI tract to surrounding structures.
Rugae facilitate the expansion of the stomach and increase the surface area for digestion.
Characteristic temporary longitudinal folds of mucosa and submucosa that accommodate expansion and filling of the stomach.
It innervates the muscularis externa for peristalsis.
It is replaced by simple columnar epithelium due to chronic acid reflux.
A V-shaped depression that divides the tongue into anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3, with the foramen cecum at its apex.
Select papillae such as Fungiform, Circumvallate, and Foliate.
Cells produce up to 2 L/day of gastric juice.
Surface mucous cells secrete thick viscous mucus that adheres to the epithelium, protecting it from rough chyme.
Esophageal cardiac glands are located near the esophagogastric junction and have a simple tubular structure, while proper glands are found in the submucosa and have a more complex structure.
The muscularis externa is responsible for the peristaltic movements that mix and propel food through the stomach.
Mucous neck cells are located in the neck of the gland.
They interact with taste receptors on their apical surface and have microvilli that help detect tastants.
There are typically 8 to 12 large and dome-shaped circumvallate papillae.
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Surface mucous cells line the gastric pits.
The muscularis externa of the esophagus consists of an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer, with the upper third being skeletal muscle and the lower two-thirds being smooth muscle.
The muscularis externa consists of three layers: an inner oblique layer, a middle circular layer, and an outer longitudinal layer, facilitating effective contractions.
Mucous neck cells have a spherical nucleus.
There is no release of mucus in the resting stomach.
HCl gives gastric juice a low pH, converts pepsinogen into pepsin, and kills most bacteria.
The high bicarbonate and potassium content in surface mucous cells protects against the acidity of gastric juice.
Barrett’s Esophagus involves a change from stratified squamous epithelium to intestinal-type columnar epithelium, which can increase the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma.
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Mucus provides a protective coating for the stomach and acts as a physiological barrier.
The esophagus consists of a mucosal layer with stratified squamous epithelium, a submucosal layer with glands, and a muscularis externa with both skeletal and smooth muscle.
Rugae are formed by folds of the mucosal layer, consisting of the epithelium and underlying connective tissue, allowing for flexibility.
The esophagogastric junction features a transition from stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus to simple columnar epithelium of the stomach, along with specialized muscular structures.
Cardiac glands are short and branched, fundic glands are long and tubular with specialized cells, and pyloric glands are coiled and contain mucous cells.
