Studying human development in nursing is important because it helps describe, explain, and predict behavior, which is essential for providing effective care.
The superego begins around 5 years old and represents internalized moral standards and values, making judgments and creating feelings of guilt and remorse based on learned societal rules.
Development is influenced by multiple, interacting forces.
Discontinuous development refers to distinct changes where infants and children have unique ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving, involving stages in the life span.
How do people become who they are?
The Id, which is associated with psychic energy and the pleasure principle.
The pleasure principle.
Human development research benefits from interdisciplinary efforts as it incorporates insights from various fields such as sociology, biology, education, medicine, nursing, anthropology, social science, psychology, and public health.
Freud's psychosexual theory suggests that development is primarily unconscious and that behavior is a superficial characteristic, with true meaning found by analyzing the mind.
During middle adulthood, individuals become more aware of their own mortality, reach the height of their careers or leadership positions, and may rear children while also caring for aging parents.
Children become aware of morality around 4 to 6 years old during the phallic stage.
It leads to tension and anxiety, as seen when an infant cries for food.
Psychoanalytic, Cognitive, Behavioral, Social Cognitive, Ethological, Ecological, and Attachment.
Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual’s life, such as winning a lottery.
Development involves Growth, Maintenance, and Regulation of Loss, with individual capacities differing at each stage of growth.
3 to 6 years
Freud's theory addresses the conflicts between biological drives and social expectations, which can lead to either resolution or fixation, impacting personality development.
Contemporary concerns related to health include health-related behaviors, psychopathology, personality, environmental factors, and biological influences.
Growth refers to the increase in physical size.
Adolescents experience puberty, develop an adult-sized body and sexual maturity, think abstractly and idealistically, define personal values and goals, achieve in school, and establish autonomy from their family.
It is known as the 'play years' where motor, perceptual, and intellectual capacities further develop, a sense of morality starts to emerge, and ties with peers are established.
The life-span perspective emphasizes that development is influenced by multiple factors, including age-graded, history-graded, and nonnormative influences.
Gender affects human social relationships and identity roles.
Social policy influences various aspects of development, including education, healthcare, and family support systems.
Nurture refers to an individual's environmental experiences, including biological factors like nutrition and medical care, as well as social factors like peers, family, schools, media, community, and culture.
Motor, perceptual, and intellectual capacities develop, along with attachment to others.
1 to 3 years
The central focus of Freud's psychosexual theory is pleasure, specifically the shifting of impulse/energy (sexual/libido) through various zones of erogenous development.
It confronts conflicts between biological drives and social expectations at different stages, with experiences shaping individuals.
It refers to a joint expression of growth and decline throughout the lifespan.
During the Latency stage (6 years to puberty), the child represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills.
Children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world.
Multidimensional models predict that traits can exhibit both continuity and discontinuity, depending on the multiple, interacting forces in play.
A theory provides an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts human growth, development, and learning.
An ethnic group shares culture, traditions, attitudes, values, and beliefs passed from one generation to the next, while a racial group is genetically different and identified by physiological markers.
The two main concepts are organization and adaptation.
Immediate gratification of wants and desires.
An imbalance leads to a maladaptive personality, while a well-balanced interaction results in a healthy and well-adjusted personality.
It is primitive, illogical, irrational, and fantasy-oriented.
Traditional Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory.
Students will develop an understanding of multicultural and international influences on human lifespan development.
Development is the progressive acquisition of skills and the capacity to function.
Birth to 12 months
Socioeconomic status affects social standing and power, which includes characteristics such as educational background, income, and occupation of the household.
There are four stages in understanding the world.
Biological processes, Cognitive processes, and Socio-emotional processes.
Students will discuss the major theories and theoretical issues surrounding human development across the lifespan.
A desire to affiliate with other people.
Each stage consists of a unique development task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved.
Attitudes and skills.
Generativity vs Stagnation
Nature refers to an organism’s biological inheritance and genetic foundation, which produces commonalities in growth and development.
The organism transforms into a human baby.
Development is contextual and influenced by multiple, interacting forces.
Athletic abilities, logical thought processes, basic literacy skills, and self-understanding regarding morality and friendship develop, along with peer-group membership.
6 to 12 years
12 to 18 years
Psychopathology is a significant contemporary concern as it affects mental health and can influence overall health behaviors and outcomes.
There are 8 stages.
Increased vulnerability vs enhanced potential.
Influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, such as learning to talk in preschool or going through puberty.
Piaget's view is that mental development occurs through interaction with the environment, structured into 4 stages of cognitive development.
According to Freud, early experiences with parents extensively shape development and influence personality outcomes.
In late adulthood, individuals may experience decreased physical strength and health, reflect on the meaning of their lives, adjust to retirement, and cope with the death of a spouse.
Nonnormative influences are unique, individual experiences that do not occur at the same time for everyone and can significantly affect development.
The unconscious mind is a significant aspect of Freud's theory, influencing behavior and personality.
Biological, historical, social, and cultural factors.
Stability is the result of heredity and possibly early experiences in life.
Infants need warm, nurturant caregiving in the first year of life for their development to be optimal.
Continuous development is characterized by gradual cumulative change from conception to death, where development and change occur steadily and gradually over time.
Influences that are common to people of a particular generation, linked to historical circumstances, such as the Great Depression.
In early adulthood, individuals complete their education, leave home, begin full-time work, develop a career, form intimate partnerships or marry, rear children, and establish other lifestyles.
The three components are the id, ego, and superego.
The primary focus of pleasure during the Anal stage (18 - 36 months) is bowel and bladder control.
Students will understand physical, cognitive, psychological, social, and moral development across the lifespan.
As a lifelong process that keeps changing across multiple dimensions.
Biological factors such as genetics, neurobiology, and physiological responses are contemporary concerns that can influence health outcomes and behaviors.
Parental behaviors, like overprotection, can act as maintaining factors that influence the dynamic interaction in an individual's development.
Love
Freud's perspective focuses on managing internal (unconscious) psychosexual conflicts that influence personality development.
It emphasizes conscious thoughts and how a person actively constructs their understanding of the world.
The superego develops through learning from parents and society, often influenced by punishment and the consequences of behavior.
The brain shapes culture through thought processes, while culture and individual experiences also shape the brain.
A healthy personality is a balance between the id, the ego, and the superego.
Freud's theory focuses on how children acquire moral rules and the motivation to act morally.
The ego is responsible for dealing with reality, controlling basic instincts and unacceptable urges of the id, and learning delayed gratification.
Piaget’s Stages (Cognitive Theory).
Some qualities, once established, are intractable and unaffected by the flux of experience in an individual’s life.
Purpose
Erikson's theory emphasizes managing psychological conflicts in relation to one’s social situation across 8 psychosocial stages.
The superego suppresses all unacceptable urges of the id and establishes rules and standards of behavior, contributing to the ego ideal.
Development is the co-construction of biology, culture, and the individual, where factors like inheritance and environment play significant roles.
Age-graded influences are factors that are linked to specific ages and have a significant impact on development.
History-graded influences are events that shape the development of a cohort due to their occurrence at a specific time in history.
It emphasizes learning through stimuli and responses.
An overly dominant superego is extremely moralistic and judgmental.
The ego helps individuals behave in a socially acceptable way and be realistic, determining the appropriate time and place for actions.
Dynamic interaction refers to the influence of multiple, interacting forces in play, such as the presence or absence of a maintaining factor.
Industry vs Inferiority
Contemporary concerns include parenting styles, divorce, child maltreatment, intergenerational relationships, bilingual education, and childhood poverty.
It focuses on qualitative, age-related development and a distinct way of thinking.
Freud’s Theory (Psychosexual Theory) and Erikson’s Theory (Psychosocial Theory).
An overly dominant id leads to impulsive and uncontrollable behavior.
The environment can affect health through factors such as pollution, access to healthcare, and social support systems, which can influence both physical and mental well-being.
Developmental change throughout the life-span.
The first stage is the Oral stage, which occurs from 0 to 18 months.
The main goal is to optimize our lives through understanding the interplay of various developmental factors.
The Phallic stage occurs from 3 to 6 years and focuses on pleasure from the genitals, particularly masturbation.
It refers to the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change, such as whether a shy child becomes a sociable adult.
Plasticity refers to the potential for change in an individual's development, indicating that later experiences can produce change.
The three elements are the id, ego, and superego.
Personality can influence health-related behaviors, impacting how individuals manage stress, make health choices, and adhere to medical advice.
The ego operates under the reality principle, which involves making decisions based on the cost vs benefit of an action.
The primary thinking process of the ego involves decision making.
Toilet training
It refers to the capacity for change in intellectual performance and abilities.
The Genital stage, which begins at puberty, is characterized by the reawakening and maturation of sexual orientation, with sources of sexual pleasure coming from outside the family.
Older adults generally have less capacity for change in learning new things, although many continue to be good at practicing skills.
Wisdom
Students will use knowledge and theories about human development to understand, predict, and explain human behavior.
Trust vs Mistrust
Social relationships
