They are types of heteropolysaccharides that perform several physiological functions.
Acidic heteropolysaccharides that are constituents of proteoglycans and important structural elements of ECM and connective tissue.
Esterification that leads to the formation of saccharide phosphoesters, important intermediates in metabolic pathways.
They allow the formation of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, and the attachment of sugar moieties to proteins, nitrogen bases, and lipids.
Cyclic form and open chain form.
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Fructose.
Triose.
Galactose is present in lactose; failure of its metabolism can lead to liver cirrhosis, renal failure, brain damage, and cataracts.
Energy storage in humans.
They serve as structural molecules in cellular membranes, extracellular matrix, lubricants in body fluids, hormones, and components of the immune system.
Milk sugar, present in milk and the main dietary saccharide of newborns.
As homopolysaccharides or heteropolysaccharides.
Anomerism refers to the configuration of the hydroxyl group at C1; B anomerism has it on the same side as CH2OH, while A anomerism has it on opposite sides.
Isomerisation is the conversion of one isomer to another.
O-glycosidic bond and N-glycosidic bond.
2-6 monosaccharides.
Ribose is a pentose sugar produced in the liver in the pentose phosphate pathway and is found in RNA.
Beta-D-galactosidase.
D isomers have the hydroxyl group on the right side of the asymmetric carbon furthest from the carbonyl, while L isomers have it on the left side.
Phosphorylation and sulphitation.
Different monosaccharide units.
Bonds formed between two OH groups, found in oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and glycoproteins.
Table sugar, the main dietary disaccharide.
Insulin resistance and obesity.
More than 6 monosaccharides connected through glycosidic bonds.
Alpha-amylase from starch.
According to their number of saccharide units: monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Sorbitol is produced by the reduction of the aldehyde group of D-glucose and accumulates in retinal cells, leading to cataracts.
Mannitol is produced by the reduction of the carbonyl group of fructose or mannose and is used to decrease brain edema and treat renal failure.
Gal – GlcNAc – Gal – Fuc and Gal.
20-25%.
Bonds formed between an OH group and an NH group, found in nucleotides and glycoproteins.
They serve as a rapid energy source, storage of energy, and structural components of nucleotides and nucleic acids.
(2-1) O-glycosidic bond.
Glucose, which is a source of energy for the CNS and erythrocytes.
Branched.
In the liver and muscles.
Starch from potatoes, wheat, corn, and rice.
Esterification and redox reactions.
(CH2O)n.
Oligosaccharides.
It acts as an anticoagulant and is present in mast cells and endothelial cells, used to prevent blood clotting.
Inositol is produced by isomerization and dephosphorylation of glucose-6-phosphate and is a component of membrane phospholipids involved in signaling.
Epimerism refers to stereoisomers that differ in configuration at one chiral carbon atom, such as glucose and mannose.
75-80%.
They catalyze the reaction that leads to the formation of saccharide phosphoesters.
Esterification of saccharides with sulfuric acid, present in some glycosaminoglycans and cerebrosides.
Aldoses contain an aldehyde group, while ketoses contain a keto group.
Two molecules of glucose.
In cartilages.
Mannose is not well metabolized in humans and is excreted uncovered into urine.
Gal – GlcNAc – Gal – Fuc and GalNAc.
It is produced by the oxidation of D-glucose at carbon atom number 6 and is important for excretion of metabolic products and toxins.
In connective tissue and the lung.
Ribitol is produced by the reduction of ribose and is part of flavin mononucleotide and FAD, essential for diet.
Cartilages and bones.
Glucose and fructose.
Gal – GlcNAc – Gal – Fuc.
It can bind water 10,000 times its own volume and functions in the vitreous body of the eye and synovial fluid.
Deoxyribose is a derivative of ribose found in DNA.
It leads to lactose intolerance.
Glycogen and starch.
A(1-4) O-glycosidic bond.
Structural component in plants and bacterial walls.
Amino monosaccharides contain an amine group replacing a hydroxyl group, with glucosamine and galactosamine being the most important.
