p.1
Neurological Bases of Speech and Language
What are the neurological bases of speech and language?
The brain structures and functions that support the ability to produce and understand speech.
p.5
Myelination and Brain Maturation
What does myelination allow for in the nervous system?
Rapid transmission of nerve impulses.
p.24
Joint Reference and Intentionality in Language Acquisition
What is the definition of reference in language development?
The ability to differentiate one entity from many and to note its presence.
p.14
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What influences brain organization and behavioral development in early life?
Sensory, motor, and perceptual experiences.
p.21
Role of Caregivers in Language Development
What is the significance of caregiver techniques in infant participation?
They play a crucial role in language development.
p.10
Information Processing in Language Development
What are automatic processes?
Processes that are unintentional or have become routinized and require very little cognitive capacity.
p.1
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What do cognitive, perceptual, and motor bases of early language involve?
The mental processes, sensory experiences, and physical actions that contribute to the development of language and speech in early childhood.
p.1
Social and Communicative Bases of Early Language
What role do social and communicative bases play in early language development?
They encompass the interactions and social contexts that facilitate the learning and use of language in young children.
p.9
Language Processing Myths and Facts
What is the role of productive linguistic processing?
It involves the ability to produce language.
p.20
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What is a schema?
A mental representation in terms of organized patterns of reaction to stimuli.
p.29
Communication Behaviors of Newborns and Infants
What characterizes the behaviors of infants in the Pre-intentional stage?
Behaviors without intentional outcomes.
p.13
Role of Caregivers in Language Development
What role do caregivers play in early childhood development?
They provide an environment that supports learning and development.
p.24
Joint Reference and Intentionality in Language Acquisition
What does intentionality in communication mean for a child?
It means the child begins to encode a message for someone else and considers the audience.
p.2
Language Processing Myths and Facts
What do models of linguistic processing help to explain?
They help to explain how language is understood and produced in the brain.
p.7
Language Processing Myths and Facts
What is the order of processing for comprehension in language?
Sounds → Grammar → Meaning.
p.7
Language Processing Myths and Facts
What is the order of processing for production in language?
Meaning → Grammar → Sounds.
p.28
Communication Behaviors of Newborns and Infants
How do infants respond to different people at 7 to 12 months?
They respond differentially to different people.
p.17
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What are the three classifications of vocalizations according to Nathani, Ertmer, & Stark (2006)?
Pre-canonical, canonical, and expansion.
p.26
Communication Behaviors of Newborns and Infants
What ability do infants develop by 1 month regarding voices?
They can discriminate their mother's voice from a stranger's.
p.27
Communication Behaviors of Newborns and Infants
What association do infants make by 2 months?
Certain people are associated with particular behaviors, e.g., mommy is the one who feeds.
p.17
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What is the significance of fully resonant nuclei in vocal development?
Phonation gradually improves, with vowels becoming predominant.
p.23
Joint Reference and Intentionality in Language Acquisition
What is intentionality in the context of language development?
The ability to communicate with purpose and meaning.
p.11
Information Processing in Language Development
What is Near Transfer in information processing?
Tasks involve skills and knowledge being applied in the same situation the same way every time.
p.10
Information Processing in Language Development
Can you give an example of an automatic process?
Writing our name while answering a phone call.
p.14
Development of the Human Brain
What establishes the foundations of brain architecture?
The interaction of genetic influences and environmental conditions and experiences.
p.8
Language Processing Myths and Facts
What does language processing involve?
The activation of different areas of both left and right hemispheres in an integrated manner.
p.15
Role of Caregivers in Language Development
Which organization provides resources on child development?
The Family Health Service.
p.8
Language Processing Myths and Facts
What factors influence the activation of regions during language processing?
Memory loading, level of difficulty and familiarity, attentional demands, and competition from other tasks.
p.30
Communication Behaviors of Newborns and Infants
What role does joint attention play in the Illocutionary Stage?
Joint attention and eye gaze are important for communication.
p.27
Communication Behaviors of Newborns and Infants
What do infants begin to vocalize for between 3 to 6 months?
Different purposes other than eating.
p.2
Neurological Bases of Speech and Language
What are the major brain areas involved in linguistic processing?
Broca's area and Wernicke's area are key regions.
p.6
Development of the Human Brain
What are infants' brains tuned to during the early years?
Sounds of virtually all languages.
p.24
Joint Reference and Intentionality in Language Acquisition
What does joint reference imply?
That two or more individuals share a common focus on one entity.
p.10
Information Processing in Language Development
What are effortful processes?
Processes that require concentration and attention, are slower to develop, and require greater effort.
p.8
Language Processing Myths and Facts
How do the number and location of activated regions in language processing vary?
They differ across individuals and vary with the task.
p.22
Neurological Bases of Speech and Language
What are the neurological bases of speech and language?
The brain structures and functions that support the production and comprehension of speech and language.
p.8
Language Processing Myths and Facts
Which regions are considered more important in language processing?
Frontal and temporal regions of the left hemisphere.
p.22
Social and Communicative Bases of Early Language
What role do social and communicative bases play in early language development?
They involve the interactions and social contexts that facilitate the learning and use of language in young children.
p.20
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
Give an example of how schemas are used in daily activities.
Going to school and then the playground on weekdays.
p.4
Development of the Human Brain
Does the number of neurons in the human brain change significantly during early development?
No, it does not change significantly.
p.5
Development of the Human Brain
How do early childhood experiences affect the brain?
They contribute to the formation of functional networks across different brain regions.
p.32
Joint Reference and Intentionality in Language Acquisition
How do infants coordinate attention with parents during joint attention?
By directing parents' attention to objects and events in their immediate context.
p.32
Joint Reference and Intentionality in Language Acquisition
Give an example of joint attention in infants.
An infant finds a toy under a chair, looks at mommy, and directs mommy's attention to the toy.
p.31
Role of Caregivers in Language Development
What do caregivers continue to encourage in infants during this stage?
Interactions that acknowledge and enhance communication.
p.12
Social and Communicative Bases of Early Language
What role do social and communicative bases play in early language development?
They involve the interactions and social contexts that facilitate the learning and use of language in young children.
p.20
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What role do schemas play in sensory information processing?
They are used for processing incoming sensory information.
p.5
Myelination and Brain Maturation
What is myelination?
The process where dendrites and axons grow to form a dense interconnected web of myelin sheath around nerves.
p.6
Development of the Human Brain
What do infants learn to discriminate within the first year of life?
Sounds specific to the language they are exposed to in their environment.
p.6
Development of the Human Brain
When is pruning completed in the parts of the cortex involved in visual and auditory perception?
Between the 4th and 6th year of life.
p.13
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What are the key areas of development in early childhood?
Sensory, perceptual, motor, and cognitive development.
p.12
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What do cognitive, perceptual, and motor bases of early language involve?
The mental processes, sensory experiences, and physical actions that contribute to the development of language and speech in early childhood.
p.27
Communication Behaviors of Newborns and Infants
What do infants' expressions result in by 2 months?
Predictable outcomes, such as crying for milk.
p.25
Joint Reference and Intentionality in Language Acquisition
What does Owen's Table 5.6 address?
Development of Joint Reference.
p.23
Communication Behaviors of Newborns and Infants
What are communication behaviors of newborns and infants?
Non-verbal cues such as crying, cooing, and eye contact to express needs.
p.11
Information Processing in Language Development
What is Far Transfer in information processing?
Tasks involve skills and knowledge being applied in situations that change.
p.24
Joint Reference and Intentionality in Language Acquisition
Why is joint reference important for language development?
Because it is within this context that infants develop gestural, vocal, and verbal signals of attention.
p.14
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What are the key areas of development mentioned in early life?
Sensory, perceptual, motor, and cognitive development.
p.12
Neurological Bases of Speech and Language
What are the neurological bases of speech and language?
The brain structures and functions that support the production and comprehension of speech and language.
p.22
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What do cognitive, perceptual, and motor bases of early language involve?
The mental processes, sensory experiences, and physical actions that contribute to the development of language and speech in early childhood.
p.29
Communication Behaviors of Newborns and Infants
What is the significance of the Pre-intentional stage in communication development?
It lays the foundational basis for the development of intentional communication.
p.16
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What is the sucking/swallow reflex?
It involves rhythmic sucking and swallowing when a finger or nipple is inserted into the mouth, occurring from 0 to 3 months.
p.32
Joint Reference and Intentionality in Language Acquisition
What does joint attention involve according to Tomasello (1995)?
It involves more than just two people looking at the same thing at the same time.
p.10
Information Processing in Language Development
How do automatic processes affect multitasking?
They won't interfere with other tasks.
p.15
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What areas are covered in child development according to the provided text?
Sensory, perceptual, motor, and cognitive development.
p.33
Role of Caregivers in Language Development
Who are the authors cited in Owen (2020) regarding face-to-face communication?
Tronick, AIs, and Adamson (1979).
p.30
Communication Behaviors of Newborns and Infants
What is the primary characteristic of the Illocutionary Stage in infants aged 9 to 12 months?
Infants express intentions through signals to others.
p.30
Communication Behaviors of Newborns and Infants
How are signals expressed by infants in the Illocutionary Stage?
Signals are not yet conventional forms.
p.17
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What characterizes pre-canonical vocalizations (0-6 months)?
Includes reflexive sounds, quasi-resonant nuclei, and fully resonant nuclei.
p.20
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What are mental maps?
Complex webs linking related stored information.
p.16
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What characterizes munching in infants?
It is rhythmic up-and-down jaw movement occurring from 4 to 6 months.
p.16
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What are the characteristics of rotary chewing in infants aged 10 to 12 months?
Food is moved side-to-side by the tongue, positioned between jaws for chewing, and involves diagonal jaw movement.
p.23
Joint Reference and Intentionality in Language Acquisition
What is joint reference?
The shared focus of two or more individuals on an object or event.
p.2
Information Processing in Language Development
What is involved in information processing in language?
It includes perception, comprehension, and production of language.
p.33
Role of Caregivers in Language Development
What is the primary focus of Table 5.4 in Owen (2020)?
Caregiver Foundations for Face-to-Face Communication.
p.7
Language Processing Myths and Facts
Are different areas of the brain responsible for processing sensory input and motor output information?
Yes, different areas are responsible.
p.28
Communication Behaviors of Newborns and Infants
What gesture do infants imitate for conventional meanings?
Pointing for 'This one' to request.
p.20
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
How are events perceived and organized for storage and retrieval?
According to common characteristics.
p.29
Communication Behaviors of Newborns and Infants
How do adults perceive infant behaviors in the Pre-intentional stage?
Adults attribute intentionality to these behaviors.
p.16
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What are the key features of chewing in infants aged 6 to 9 months?
It involves rotary chewing movements.
p.18
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What are basic canonical syllables in vocal development?
Repetitive or reduplicated babbling in the form of CV syllables and disyllables (CV CV).
p.5
Myelination and Brain Maturation
What is the role of myelin in the nervous system?
It acts as an insulating layer that speeds up nerve impulse transmission.
p.31
Communication Behaviors of Newborns and Infants
What do infants continue to express from 12 months onwards?
Intentions through signals to others.
p.19
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What is variegated babbling?
Babbling that consists of successive syllables that are not identical.
p.19
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What forms of speech emerge during advanced vocal development?
Jargon, protowords, or phonetic consistent word forms.
p.13
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What are the characteristics of vocal development in early childhood?
Includes the progression of sounds and speech patterns.
p.3
Development of the Human Brain
What is highly correlated with language development?
Brain maturation and specialization.
p.21
Role of Caregivers in Language Development
What is the focus of Table 4.2 in Owen (2016)?
Maternal techniques for infant participation.
p.9
Language Processing Myths and Facts
What is the focus of Figure 3.4?
Path of Receptive Processing.
p.9
Language Processing Myths and Facts
What does Figure 3.5 illustrate?
Receptive Linguistic Processing.
p.9
Language Processing Myths and Facts
What is the significance of understanding receptive processing?
It helps in comprehending how individuals understand language.
p.34
Social and Communicative Bases of Early Language
What is the DOI for the study 'Understanding and sharing intentions'?
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X05000129.
p.26
Communication Behaviors of Newborns and Infants
What interactional behavior do infants engage in by 1 month?
Interactional sequences through eye contact and vocalizations.
p.30
Communication Behaviors of Newborns and Infants
What is encouraged to enhance communication during the Illocutionary Stage?
Interactions that acknowledge and enhance communication.
p.16
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What happens during the rooting reflex?
When the cheek is stroked at the corner of the mouth, the head turns toward the side, and sucking movements begin, occurring from 0 to 3 months.
p.4
Development of the Human Brain
When do weight changes in the human brain occur most rapidly?
In the first 2 years of life.
p.2
Development of the Human Brain
What is a significant aspect of the development of the human brain?
The brain undergoes significant growth and maturation during early childhood.
p.34
Social and Communicative Bases of Early Language
Who are the authors of the study on understanding and sharing intentions?
Tomasello, Carpenter, Call, Behne, and Moll.
p.34
Social and Communicative Bases of Early Language
What is the main focus of the study by Tomasello et al. (2005)?
The origins of cultural cognition.
p.9
Language Processing Myths and Facts
What is depicted in Figure 3.6?
Productive Linguistic Processing.
p.31
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What grows continuously in infants during the locutionary stage?
Understanding of functions and meanings of communication.
p.13
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What aspects of cognitive development contribute to the ability to symbolize and represent?
Understanding of symbols and representation in thought processes.
p.16
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What is the phasic bite reflex and its age range?
It is a bite-release mouth pattern triggered by touching or rubbing the gums, occurring from 0 to 3 months.
p.20
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
Can representations in the brain be distinctly separate entities?
No, they are not distinctly separate and are linked to related information.
p.25
Joint Reference and Intentionality in Language Acquisition
What is the focus of Owen's Table 5.2?
Development of Intentionality.
p.7
Language Processing Myths and Facts
What techniques are used to identify brain regions activated during language processing tasks?
Brain imaging techniques.
p.18
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What type of intonation variation is consistent during vocal development?
Consistent intonation variation.
p.18
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
When do early non-reduplicated CV sequences typically appear?
They appear before the first word, around 10 months.
p.34
Social and Communicative Bases of Early Language
In which journal was the study 'Understanding and sharing intentions' published?
The Behavioral and Brain Sciences.
p.29
Communication Behaviors of Newborns and Infants
What cognitive skills are not yet developed in infants during the Pre-intentional stage?
The ability to represent ideas and plan goal-oriented actions.
p.17
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What happens during the expansion stage of vocal development?
Consonants emerge, leading to consonant plus vowel combinations and intonation variation.
p.33
Role of Caregivers in Language Development
What type of communication is emphasized in the context of caregiver interactions?
Face-to-face communication.
p.15
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
Where can additional information on child development be found?
In Appendix 1 of the textbook.
p.17
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Motor Bases of Early Language
What are quasi-resonant nuclei?
Vowel-like sounds with insufficient control over respiration and phonation.
p.27
Communication Behaviors of Newborns and Infants
What skills develop in infants between 3 to 6 months?
Facial imitation and prosody associated with particular emotions.
