p.24
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What birth defects can result from excess vitamin A or isotretinoin exposure in infants?
Cleft palates and heart abnormalities.
p.50
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What role does Thiamine play in enzymatic reactions?
It acts as a coenzyme for pyruvate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
p.28
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is hypovitaminosis D?
A deficiency of vitamin D.
p.76
Common Disorders from Mineral Deficiencies and Excesses
What will you be able to illustrate at the end of the video?
Key disorders resulting from mineral deficiency and/or excess.
p.93
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What role does hepcidin play in iron regulation?
Hepcidin regulates the absorption of iron.
p.93
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What occurs when iron levels are low?
Low iron levels decrease hepcidin levels.
p.30
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is Vitamin E primarily known for?
Its antioxidant properties.
p.35
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What role does Vitamin K play in gamma-carboxylation?
It acts as a co-factor in the gamma-carboxylation process.
p.9
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Vitamins and Minerals
What are common causes of micronutrient deficiency?
General malnutrition, illness, inadequate intake, and increased demand.
p.9
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What factors can affect micronutrient absorption?
Poor absorption, inefficient utilization, and increased loss.
p.19
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is a potential consequence of Vitamin A deficiency during pregnancy?
It can lead to abnormal pregnancy.
p.57
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What deficiency can result in megaloblastic anemia?
Folate deficiency (Vitamin B9).
p.35
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is the primary function of Vitamin K?
It is essential for the synthesis of clotting factors.
p.98
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the role of the nutrient discussed in enzyme function?
It is contained in approximately 100 enzymes associated with carbohydrate and energy metabolism, protein synthesis and degradation, and nucleic acid synthesis.
p.14
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What should you be able to discuss regarding fat-soluble vitamins?
The causes and symptoms of their deficiencies and toxicities.
p.101
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is one of the functions of the nutrient discussed?
Scavenges superoxide and other reactive oxygen species.
p.98
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
Who commonly experiences deficiency of this nutrient?
Patients with major burns, renal damage, those undergoing dialysis, and individuals on intravenous feeding.
p.9
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Vitamins and Minerals
How does old age affect micronutrient needs?
It may lead to increased demand and potential deficiencies.
p.50
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
In which dietary context is beriberi commonly seen?
Where polished rice is a major diet component.
p.5
Functions and Sources of Vitamins and Minerals
What role do micronutrients play in cell biology?
They are essential for cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation.
p.67
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is a clear health benefit of folic acid during pregnancy?
It helps prevent neural tube defects in the developing fetus.
p.53
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What important molecule does Niacin form part of?
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).
p.68
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
Which vitamins are suggested for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases?
Vitamins B6, B12, A, C, and E.
p.2
Classification of Micronutrients
What are the two main classifications of vitamins?
Fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins.
p.69
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What reduction can occur due to high doses of Vitamin A?
Reduction of bone health.
p.44
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are the major functions of water-soluble vitamins?
They play crucial roles in various metabolic pathways.
p.21
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What happens to rhodopsin when exposed to light?
It undergoes a conformational change and elicits a nerve impulse perceived as light by the brain.
p.1
Definitions of Vitamins and Minerals
What are minerals?
Inorganic elements that are essential for various bodily functions.
p.76
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What will you be able to describe at the end of the video?
The key functions and regulation of minerals.
p.93
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What happens to hepcidin levels when iron levels are high?
High iron levels increase hepcidin levels.
p.93
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
How does high hepcidin affect ferroportin and iron absorption?
High hepcidin decreases ferroportin and reduces iron absorption.
p.70
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
Is there any reason to discourage vitamin supplements?
Only in cases of proven toxicity.
p.14
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is hypovitaminosis?
A deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins.
p.31
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What are free radicals?
Extremely reactive and unstable molecules that can damage biological molecules.
p.78
Classification of Micronutrients
Name some macroelements.
Sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate.
p.22
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What does retinoic acid bind to?
Transcription factors (DNA-binding receptors).
p.39
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Is there a tolerable upper intake level (UL) set for Vitamin K?
No, because there is no clear toxicity associated with it.
p.89
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What is the primary function of Iron in the body?
To transport oxygen in the blood.
p.39
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Why is synthetic Vitamin K (menadione) no longer used?
To treat Vitamin K deficiency due to its toxic effects.
p.72
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Vitamins and Minerals
What is the general recommendation regarding the intake of fruits and vegetables?
It is unequivocally recommended as sources of micronutrients.
p.102
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Vitamins and Minerals
Why is copper important for newborn infants?
Copper is required in trace amounts for optimal human nutrition.
p.72
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Vitamins and Minerals
What is a point of controversy regarding vitamins?
The supplementation of some vitamins.
p.43
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is a key function of water-soluble vitamins?
They play essential roles in energy metabolism and red blood cell formation.
p.23
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
How does vitamin A deficiency affect epithelial cells?
It produces defective epithelialisation.
p.33
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is hypervitaminosis E?
A rare condition caused by excessive intake of Vitamin E supplements.
p.24
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is hypervitaminosis A?
A condition resulting from excessive intake of Vitamin A supplements.
p.9
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Vitamins and Minerals
During which life stages is the demand for micronutrients increased?
Pregnancy, lactation, and growth spurts.
p.9
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Vitamins and Minerals
What can lead to micronutrient toxicity?
Excessive intake of micronutrients.
p.37
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Vitamins and Minerals
What condition is treated with drugs like warfarin?
Deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, or atrial fibrillation at risk of thrombosis.
p.50
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the primary function of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)?
Essential for carbohydrate metabolism.
p.5
Functions and Sources of Vitamins and Minerals
What is one purpose of micronutrients in the body?
They form prosthetic groups of enzymes or serve as their cofactors.
p.19
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is one of the key functions of Vitamin A?
It acts as an antioxidant.
p.4
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
How do nutrients contribute to the synthesis of molecules?
They provide the building blocks for the synthesis of other important molecules.
p.19
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is the role of Vitamin A in the body?
It is essential for vision, immune function, and skin health.
p.19
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What can excessive intake of Vitamin A lead to?
Toxicity and health issues.
p.61
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What was a common issue for sailors during long sea voyages?
Lack of fresh fruit or vegetables.
p.25
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is the primary function of Vitamin D?
To regulate calcium and phosphorus in the body.
p.6
Definitions of Vitamins and Minerals
What are vitamins?
Essential non-caloric organic nutrients needed in very small amounts (μg - mg) in the body.
p.25
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What are common sources of Vitamin D?
Sunlight, fatty fish, fortified dairy products, and egg yolks.
p.14
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What are the major functions of fat-soluble vitamins?
They play crucial roles in various metabolic pathways.
p.6
Definitions of Vitamins and Minerals
What are minerals?
Essential non-caloric inorganic nutrients needed in very small amounts (μg - mg) in the body.
p.25
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What can result from a deficiency of Vitamin D?
Rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults.
p.24
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Can both vitamin A deficiency and excess cause birth defects?
Yes, both can cause birth defects.
p.28
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What are some causes of hypovitaminosis D?
Inadequate dietary intake, disruption of lipid absorption, poor functioning of the liver and kidneys, hypoparathyroidism, and lack of exposure to sunlight.
p.50
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What happens to ATP production in thiamine deficiency?
ATP production decreases, leading to impaired cellular function.
p.4
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is one major purpose of nutrients?
To supply the energy needed for the body to perform work.
p.5
Functions and Sources of Vitamins and Minerals
How do micronutrients function in relation to hormones?
They play a role in hormone production and regulation.
p.4
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What role do nutrients play in metabolic pathways?
They support the function of metabolic pathways.
p.61
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
How was Vitamin C affected during sea voyages?
It was destroyed by the methods used to preserve food.
p.93
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
How does low hepcidin affect ferroportin and iron absorption?
Low hepcidin increases ferroportin and enhances iron absorption.
p.18
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is Vitamin A essential for?
Vision, immune function, and skin health.
p.31
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is the primary function of Vitamin E?
To serve as an antioxidant that protects cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS).
p.35
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What effect does warfarin have on Vitamin K?
Warfarin acts as an anticoagulant by inhibiting Vitamin K.
p.31
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What do reactive oxygen species (ROS) result from?
Free radicals reacting with oxygen.
p.82
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What is one of the key functions of certain minerals in the body?
Maintain osmotic pressure.
p.30
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What are common food sources of Vitamin E?
Nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils.
p.98
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
Is this nutrient stored in the body?
No, it is not stored in the body.
p.2
Fat-Soluble vs Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is a key difference between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins?
Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in body fat, while water-soluble vitamins are not.
p.78
Classification of Micronutrients
What are microelements?
Minerals required in quantities less than 100 mg/day.
p.2
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Vitamins and Minerals
What can lead to micronutrient deficiencies?
Various causes including inadequate dietary intake, absorption issues, and increased needs.
p.64
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is hypervitaminosis C?
A condition resulting from excessive intake of Vitamin C.
p.96
Common Disorders from Mineral Deficiencies and Excesses
What is haemochromatosis?
An inherited disorder resulting from increased absorption of iron.
p.20
Definitions of Vitamins and Minerals
What are the main forms of Vitamin A?
Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and β-carotene.
p.83
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What does regulation in the body control?
What stays and what leaves the body.
p.20
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is the function of β-carotene?
It functions as an antioxidant.
p.44
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Vitamins and Minerals
What should be critiqued regarding vitamin supplements?
Their effectiveness and necessity in the diet.
p.55
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the primary function of Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)?
It is a component of coenzyme A (CoA).
p.1
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is the primary function of vitamins?
To support various biochemical processes in the body.
p.50
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What syndrome is associated with chronic alcoholism related to thiamine deficiency?
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
p.57
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the consequence of diminished synthesis of purines and TMP due to folate deficiency?
Cells are unable to make DNA and cannot divide.
p.67
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Why is Vitamin D important for people living in areas of low sunlight?
It helps maintain healthy bones and supports immune function.
p.18
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What can a deficiency in Vitamin A lead to?
Night blindness and increased risk of infections.
p.62
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
How does Vitamin C function as a reducing agent?
It keeps iron in its reduced state (Fe 3+ → Fe 2+), facilitating collagen folding and stability.
p.101
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
With which type of enzymes is this nutrient associated?
Oxygenase enzymes like cytochrome c oxidase.
p.63
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are some symptoms of scurvy?
Sore and spongy gums, loose teeth, fragile blood vessels, swollen joints, and anaemia.
p.22
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What process does retinoic acid influence?
The transcription of specific genes.
p.64
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the theoretical risk associated with high doses of Vitamin C in patients undergoing dialysis?
Development of renal oxalate stones due to metabolism to oxalate.
p.83
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What does the body regulate in terms of electrolytes?
Electrolytes and body fluids.
p.75
Definitions of Vitamins and Minerals
What are minerals?
Inorganic substances essential for various bodily functions.
p.51
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are the two important coenzymes formed by Riboflavin?
FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide).
p.99
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What symptoms did the man exhibit due to zinc deficiency?
Rash across his face, head, neck, and hair loss.
p.60
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are common dietary sources of Vitamin C?
Citrus fruits, strawberries, kiwi, bell peppers, and broccoli.
p.97
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What are the primary functions of Zinc in the body?
Zinc is essential for immune function, protein synthesis, wound healing, DNA synthesis, and cell division.
p.13
Fat-Soluble vs Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are fat-soluble vitamins?
Vitamins that dissolve in fats and oils and are stored in the body's fatty tissue.
p.75
Definitions of Vitamins and Minerals
What are some examples of essential minerals?
Calcium, potassium, iron, and magnesium.
p.97
Common Disorders from Mineral Deficiencies and Excesses
What can result from Zinc deficiency?
Impaired immune function, hair loss, diarrhea, and delayed wound healing.
p.33
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What were the results of clinical trials using Vitamin E supplementation?
They were uniformly disappointing, showing no cardiovascular benefit and increased incidence of stroke.
p.7
Fat-Soluble vs Water-Soluble Vitamins
Name two types of vitamins based on solubility.
Water-soluble and fat-soluble.
p.13
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is the function of Vitamin E?
It acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage.
p.10
Classification of Micronutrients
What are the two classifications of vitamins?
Fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins.
p.25
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is a potential toxicity of Vitamin D?
Hypercalcemia, which can lead to kidney damage.
p.27
Definitions of Vitamins and Minerals
What is the chemical name for Vitamin D?
25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D3).
p.27
Definitions of Vitamins and Minerals
What is the active form of Vitamin D?
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH2)-D3).
p.44
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is hypovitaminosis?
A deficiency of vitamins, particularly water-soluble vitamins.
p.43
Definitions of Vitamins and Minerals
What are water-soluble vitamins?
Vitamins that dissolve in water and are not stored in the body.
p.43
Definitions of Vitamins and Minerals
Can water-soluble vitamins be stored in the body?
No, they are not stored in the body.
p.49
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Vitamins and Minerals
How does caloric intake affect B vitamin intake?
Increased caloric intake leads to increased B vitamin intake.
p.20
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is the function of retinoic acid?
It contributes to the proper differentiation of epithelial cells.
p.94
Common Disorders from Mineral Deficiencies and Excesses
What can lead to iron depletion aside from dietary issues?
Bleeding, such as traumatic blood loss, abnormal menstruation, or colon cancer.
p.34
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What are the main dietary sources of Vitamin K?
Leafy green vegetables, such as spinach and kale.
p.99
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
Why do patients with major catabolic illness have increased zinc requirements?
Due to major gastrointestinal losses.
p.20
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Why is isotretinoin considered teratogenic?
It can disrupt the development of the embryo or fetus during pregnancy.
p.13
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is a key function of Vitamin A?
It is essential for vision and immune function.
p.92
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are iron-sulfur proteins?
Components of complex I of the electron transport chain.
p.33
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What dietary pattern is associated with a decreased incidence of some chronic diseases?
Diets high in fruits and vegetables.
p.58
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
When does the closure of the neural tube occur after conception?
Between 22 and 28 days after conception.
p.7
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the role of Folic acid (Vitamin B9)?
It is haematopoietic, involved in blood formation.
p.48
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the role of Vitamin B9 (Folate) in the body?
It is crucial for DNA synthesis and repair, and is especially important during pregnancy.
p.18
Definitions of Vitamins and Minerals
What are the two main forms of Vitamin A?
Retinol and beta-carotene.
p.69
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What can high doses of Vitamin A lead to?
Liver toxicity and teratogenicity.
p.69
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is a potential effect of β-carotene supplementation in smokers?
An increase in lung cancer mortality.
p.82
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
How do minerals contribute to the body's acid-base balance?
They help maintain acid-base balance (pH).
p.21
Definitions of Vitamins and Minerals
What is rhodopsin and where is it found?
Rhodopsin is found in the rod cells of the retina.
p.1
Definitions of Vitamins and Minerals
What are vitamins?
Organic compounds that are essential for normal growth and nutrition.
p.64
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are the toxic effects of hypervitaminosis C?
Low toxic effects, but there is a risk of developing renal oxalate stones.
p.23
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is hypovitaminosis A?
A deficiency of vitamin A due to inadequate dietary intake or absorption.
p.59
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the primary function of Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)?
Required in two essential reactions, particularly in rapidly dividing cells.
p.22
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
In which developmental processes is retinoic acid involved?
Embryonic development and organogenesis.
p.87
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What hormone is the active form of Vitamin D that regulates blood levels of Ca²⁺ and PO₄³⁻?
Calcitriol (1,25 - OH₂ - D₃).
p.96
Common Disorders from Mineral Deficiencies and Excesses
What are some potential complications of iron accumulation in haemochromatosis?
Liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, diabetes, arthritis, and heart failure.
p.38
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
When does Vitamin K absorption normalize in newborns?
When food absorption starts, but this may be delayed in preterm infants.
p.83
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What is a key aspect of regulation related to waste?
Regulation of waste in the body.
p.87
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What hormone is produced by the parathyroid gland?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH).
p.65
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Vitamins and Minerals
Why might individuals need vitamin supplementation?
To address deficiencies, support health, or enhance performance.
p.100
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What food sources are rich in Copper?
Shellfish, seeds, nuts, whole grains, and dark chocolate.
p.87
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What are the three key hormones that regulate blood levels of calcium and phosphate?
Calcitriol, Parathyroid hormone (PTH), and Calcitonin.
p.65
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Vitamins and Minerals
What should be considered before starting vitamin supplementation?
Individual dietary needs, potential interactions with medications, and RDA guidelines.
p.95
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Minerals
What is the haematocrit level of the woman, and how does it compare to the reference range?
Her haematocrit is 0.32, which is below the reference range of 0.36 – 0.46.
p.56
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What does FH4•C indicate?
It indicates tetrahydrofolate containing a one-carbon unit at the formyl, methylene, or methyl level of oxidation.
p.48
Definitions of Vitamins and Minerals
What is Vitamin B-Complex?
A group of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism.
p.10
Classification of Micronutrients
What are some key minerals mentioned?
Sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphate, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper.
p.32
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What coordination issue is associated with hypovitaminosis E?
Ataxia, characterized by poor muscle coordination with tremors.
p.14
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is hypervitaminosis?
A toxicity of fat-soluble vitamins.
p.78
Classification of Micronutrients
What are macroelements?
Minerals required in quantities over 100 mg/day.
p.35
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Why is Vitamin K important for newborn infants?
Newborns typically have low levels of Vitamin K.
p.36
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is the role of Gamma-carboxylase in blood clotting?
It is involved in the activation of Vitamin K-dependent proteins necessary for blood clotting.
p.30
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Can Vitamin E be toxic?
Yes, excessive intake can lead to bleeding problems.
p.98
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are the effects of deficiency of this nutrient?
It affects growth, skin integrity, and wound healing.
p.36
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is the active form of Vitamin K?
Vitamin K (Hydroquinone).
p.49
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What role do B vitamins play in metabolism?
They serve as coenzymes in many reactions.
p.39
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What can excessive intake of synthetic Vitamin K (menadione) cause?
Liver toxicity and haemolytic anaemia.
p.96
Common Disorders from Mineral Deficiencies and Excesses
What organs can accumulate excess iron in haemochromatosis?
Heart, liver, and pancreas.
p.43
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What happens to excess water-soluble vitamins?
They are excreted in urine.
p.1
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What is the primary function of minerals?
To support structural and functional roles in the body.
p.64
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What beneficial property does Vitamin C have?
Antioxidant properties that may prevent the development of chronic diseases.
p.92
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is an important function of iron in the body?
It serves as an important component of heme, binding oxygen and participating in redox reactions.
p.102
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What condition can copper deficiency lead to in premature infants?
Anaemia and cardiomyopathy.
p.59
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What processes does Vitamin B12 participate in?
Nucleic acid synthesis, production of erythrocytes, and recycling of folates.
p.97
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are common dietary sources of Zinc?
Meat, shellfish, legumes, seeds, nuts, dairy, and whole grains.
p.23
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What are some other effects of vitamin A deficiency?
Growth impediment and impaired wound healing.
p.90
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are heme-containing proteins?
Proteins that include hemoglobin and myoglobin, which contain iron that binds to oxygen.
p.56
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the key role of Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)?
It plays a key role in one-carbon metabolism essential for biosynthesis of several compounds.
p.100
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are the potential toxic effects of excess Copper?
Liver damage and gastrointestinal distress.
p.56
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is TMP and where is it found?
TMP is deoxythymidine monophosphate, a pyrimidine found in DNA.
p.86
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What are the roles of phosphate ions (PO4^3-) in the body?
They are components of DNA, RNA, and ATP, and are involved in phosphorylation.
p.58
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Vitamins and Minerals
When should folic acid supplementation begin for women wishing to conceive?
Before conception and especially during the first trimester.
p.45
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the role of Ascorbic acid?
It is Vitamin C, important for various bodily functions.
p.52
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is retinal dehydrogenase's relationship with Vitamin B2?
It is an enzyme that utilizes FAD as a coenzyme.
p.7
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What is the function of Magnesium in the body?
It plays a role in muscle function and energy production.
p.18
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What are some food sources of Vitamin A?
Liver, fish, dairy products, and orange or green vegetables.
p.62
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is one of the key functions of Vitamin C?
It acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from harmful effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
p.30
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is a deficiency of Vitamin E associated with?
Neuromuscular problems and impaired immune function.
p.18
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What can excessive intake of Vitamin A cause?
Toxicity, leading to symptoms like nausea and headaches.
p.39
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is hypervitaminosis K?
A condition with no clear toxicity associated with Vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinone).
p.72
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Vitamins and Minerals
How does high caloric intake affect B vitamin demand?
It increases the demand for B vitamins.
p.22
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What are the roles of retinoic acid in cell biology?
Growth, differentiation, and proliferation of cells.
p.72
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Vitamins and Minerals
What effect does high protein intake have on vitamin demand?
It increases the demand for pyridoxine (Vitamin B6).
p.27
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
Where is Vitamin D primarily metabolized?
In the liver and kidneys.
p.38
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Why are newborn infants at risk for hypovitaminosis K?
Their gut is sterile and lacks a source of Vitamin K.
p.15
Fat-Soluble vs Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are the two types of vitamins based on solubility?
Water-soluble and fat-soluble.
p.43
Classification of Micronutrients
What are some examples of water-soluble vitamins?
Vitamin C and the B vitamins.
p.54
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the role of Vitamin B3 (Niacin) in the body?
It forms part of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), which serves as an electron carrier.
p.92
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What proteins contain heme?
Hemoglobin and myoglobin.
p.102
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
How does copper deficiency affect ATP production?
It impairs ATP production by failing to synthesize adequate amounts of cytochrome c oxidase.
p.100
Common Disorders from Mineral Deficiencies and Excesses
What can result from Copper deficiency?
Anemia, bone abnormalities, and immune dysfunction.
p.86
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What role do calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) play in muscle function?
They are essential for the contraction of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
p.58
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
Why is folic acid important during pregnancy?
It is crucial for nucleic acid synthesis and rapid cell growth during neural tube development.
p.7
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is an example of a water-soluble vitamin?
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C).
p.13
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is the primary function of Vitamin K?
It is crucial for blood clotting.
p.58
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Vitamins and Minerals
What is the periconception period for folic acid supplementation?
4 weeks before and 8 weeks after conception.
p.84
Common Disorders from Mineral Deficiencies and Excesses
What are some potential consequences of mineral deficiencies?
Arrhythmia, cerebral edema, dehydration.
p.84
Common Disorders from Mineral Deficiencies and Excesses
What can lead to mineral deficiencies?
Increase in renal excretion, vomiting, and diarrhea.
p.40
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What are common sources of Vitamin A?
Liver, kidney, cream, butter, egg yolk, and yellow and dark green vegetables and fruits (beta-carotene).
p.31
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What types of biological molecules can free radicals damage?
Nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids.
p.82
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What role do minerals play in nerve and muscle function?
They maintain nerve and muscle excitability.
p.36
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is the primary dietary source of Vitamin K?
Phylloquinone, found in green leafy vegetables.
p.63
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What causes the symptoms of scurvy?
Deficiency in the hydroxylation of collagen, resulting in defective connective tissue.
p.96
Common Disorders from Mineral Deficiencies and Excesses
In which population is haemochromatosis most common?
Persons of Northern European ancestry.
p.89
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are common dietary sources of Iron?
Red meat, poultry, fish, lentils, beans, and fortified cereals.
p.20
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What role does retinal play in vision?
It is used to produce the visual pigment rhodopsin.
p.65
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Vitamins and Minerals
What is dietary supplementation of vitamins?
The process of adding vitamins to the diet to meet nutritional needs.
p.55
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What symptoms can arise from Vitamin B6 deficiency?
Neurological symptoms and anemia.
p.34
Definitions of Vitamins and Minerals
What are the two main forms of Vitamin K?
Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and Vitamin K2 (menaquinone).
p.99
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
How can zinc deficiency affect a patient's health?
It can prevent healing of gastrointestinal lesions and increase susceptibility to infection.
p.34
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What can a deficiency in Vitamin K lead to?
Increased bleeding and bruising.
p.90
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What role do redox enzymes play in the body?
They include proteins that function in the electron transport chain, such as cytochromes.
p.86
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
How do calcium ions (Ca2+) contribute to blood functions?
They are involved in blood clotting and hormonal signaling.
p.86
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What is the significance of magnesium ions (Mg2+) in enzymatic reactions?
Mg2+ is an important cofactor for many enzymes that utilize ATP.
p.29
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is calcinosis?
Deposition of calcium around the joints and arteries.
p.32
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is hypovitaminosis E?
A deficiency of vitamin E, primarily affecting premature infants.
p.56
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are some examples of one-carbon donors for tetrahydrofolate?
Serine, glycine, and histidine.
p.45
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Which vitamins are considered fat-soluble?
Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K.
p.48
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is a key function of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)?
It helps convert carbohydrates into energy.
p.7
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What is the role of Zinc in the body?
It is essential for immune function and enzyme activity.
p.16
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is the primary function of Vitamin A?
Vision; promotion of growth; differentiation and maintenance of epithelial tissues; gene expression; maintenance of reproduction.
p.16
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What are common sources of Vitamin A?
Liver, kidney, cream, butter, egg yolk, and yellow/dark green vegetables and fruits (beta-carotene).
p.62
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What role does Vitamin C play in collagen stability?
It facilitates hydroxylation, which is essential for collagen folding and stability.
p.38
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What causes hypovitaminosis K?
Disrupted absorption of lipids, absence of gut bacteria that synthesize Vitamin K, and use of anticoagulation drugs like warfarin.
p.1
Classification of Micronutrients
How are vitamins classified?
Into water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins.
p.38
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What are common symptoms of hypovitaminosis K?
Susceptibility to bleeding and bruising, anemia, weakness, nosebleeds, bleeding gums, heavy menstrual bleeding, and gastrointestinal bleeding.
p.49
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
In which types of metabolism do B vitamins participate?
Carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.
p.22
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is one of the maintenance roles of retinoic acid?
Maintenance of epithelia.
p.20
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is isotretinoin used for?
It is used to treat severe acne.
p.100
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What are some key functions of Copper in the body?
Copper is essential for iron metabolism, the formation of connective tissue, and the functioning of the immune system.
p.54
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What does NADH do in the electron transport chain?
Transfers electrons from the TCA cycle to complex I of the electron transport chain.
p.102
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Vitamins and Minerals
Why is cow's milk unsuitable for premature infants regarding copper?
Because it is low in copper.
p.29
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What can result from hypercalcemia due to hypervitaminosis D?
Deposition of calcium in organs, particularly arteries and kidneys.
p.102
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the consequence of impaired ATP production in the heart?
It can lead to pathology in the heart, where energy demand is high.
p.56
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What does tetrahydrofolate do in one-carbon metabolism?
It receives one-carbon fragments from donors and transfers them to intermediates in the synthesis of amino acids, purines, and TMP.
p.90
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the role of hemoglobin?
To bind oxygen in the blood for transport.
p.86
Common Disorders from Mineral Deficiencies and Excesses
What happens to metabolism in case of ATP deficiency?
It impairs virtually all of metabolism because ATP cannot be made or utilized adequately.
p.32
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
In adults, what conditions are associated with hypovitaminosis E?
Defective lipid absorption or transport, such as cystic fibrosis and abetalipoproteinemia.
p.10
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?
Alongside dietary fats into lymph and transported by carrier proteins.
p.44
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is hypervitaminosis?
A condition resulting from excessive intake of vitamins, particularly water-soluble vitamins.
p.94
Common Disorders from Mineral Deficiencies and Excesses
What is the primary cause of iron deficiency?
Generally due to insufficient dietary uptake.
p.34
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is Vitamin K primarily known for?
Its role in blood clotting.
p.51
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
Which enzyme complex is FAD a coenzyme for?
Succinate dehydrogenase/complex II.
p.51
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What role does FAD play in metabolism?
It acts as a coenzyme for various dehydrogenases.
p.29
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is a major consequence of hypervitaminosis D?
Elevated levels of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia).
p.92
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are redox enzymes?
Proteins that function in the electron transport chain, such as cytochromes.
p.54
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are the three Ds associated with pellagra?
Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia.
p.52
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the coenzyme form of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)?
FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide).
p.29
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What condition can form due to hypercalciuria?
Formation of kidney stones.
p.95
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Minerals
What is the haemoglobin concentration of the woman, and how does it compare to the normal range?
Her haemoglobin concentration is 90 g/L, which is below the normal range of 120 – 160 g/L.
p.32
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is a common blood-related condition caused by hypovitaminosis E?
Haemolytic anaemia, where erythrocytes are susceptible to rupture.
p.32
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What muscle-related issue can occur due to hypovitaminosis E?
Muscle weakness, also known as myopathy.
p.10
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Where are fat-soluble vitamins stored in the body?
In the liver and fat tissues.
p.40
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What excess condition can result from Vitamin A?
Liver toxicity; birth defects.
p.32
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What sensation can be decreased as a result of hypovitaminosis E?
Decreased vibratory sensation.
p.40
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin D?
Rickets (children) and osteomalacia (adults).
p.79
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are the dietary sources of Calcium?
Milk and dairy products, soybeans, dark green vegetables (kale, broccoli, spinach).
p.8
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
How common are deficiencies in fat-soluble vitamins?
Relatively rare due to storage; intake is usually required in weeks.
p.40
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin K?
Defective blood clotting.
p.79
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What is the function of Copper?
Scavenges superoxide and other reactive oxygen species; associated with oxygenase enzymes like cytochrome c oxidase.
p.46
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin B5?
Rare and not well-established.
p.59
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
In which tissues are the effects of Vitamin B12 most prominent?
In rapidly dividing cells, such as erythropoietic tissue of bone marrow.
p.99
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What was the zinc concentration in the serum of the 34-year-old man?
Less than 1 μmol/L (6.5 μg/dL).
p.60
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are the primary functions of Vitamin C?
Antioxidant protection, collagen synthesis, and immune function.
p.55
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What role does Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) play in the body?
It acts as a coenzyme for a variety of enzymes, especially in amino acid metabolism.
p.29
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is hypervitaminosis D?
A condition characterized by elevated levels of vitamin D in the body.
p.60
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What can a deficiency in Vitamin C lead to?
Scurvy, characterized by fatigue, gum disease, and skin issues.
p.90
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is an important function of iron in the body?
It serves as an important component of heme, binding oxygen and participating in redox reactions.
p.65
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Vitamins and Minerals
What are some common forms of vitamin supplements?
Tablets, capsules, powders, and liquids.
p.33
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Is Vitamin E recommended for the prevention of chronic diseases?
No, it is NOT recommended for prevention of chronic diseases.
p.13
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed in the body?
They are absorbed along with dietary fat in the intestines.
p.29
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is hypercalciuria?
Elevated levels of calcium in urine.
p.33
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What was the outcome for subjects in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study trial who received high doses of Vitamin E?
They lacked cardiovascular benefit and had an increased incidence of stroke.
p.7
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Which vitamins are classified as fat-soluble?
Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, and Vitamin K.
p.45
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
Which vitamins are classified as B-complex?
Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pantothenic acid (B5), Biotin (B7), Pyridoxine (B6), Folic acid (B9), Cobalamin (B12).
p.48
Classification of Micronutrients
What are the main vitamins included in the B-Complex group?
B1 (Thiamine), B2 (Riboflavin), B3 (Niacin), B5 (Pantothenic Acid), B6 (Pyridoxine), B7 (Biotin), B9 (Folate), and B12 (Cobalamin).
p.32
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What visual impairment can result from hypovitaminosis E?
Impaired vision due to retinal degeneration.
p.45
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the function of Folic acid (Vitamin B9)?
It is important for haematopoiesis (blood formation).
p.48
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are common food sources of B-Complex vitamins?
Whole grains, meat, eggs, dairy products, legumes, seeds, and leafy greens.
p.79
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are common sources of Sodium?
Ubiquitous in foods of animal origin and in dietary salt (NaCl in preserved, prepared, and processed foods).
p.8
Fat-Soluble vs Water-Soluble Vitamins
How are surplus fat-soluble vitamins excreted?
Surplus vitamins are usually stored instead of excreted.
p.16
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What are common sources of Vitamin E?
Vegetable oils, liver, eggs.
p.79
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What role does Zinc play in the body?
Contained in approximately 100 enzymes associated with carbohydrate and energy metabolism, protein synthesis and degradation, and nucleic acid synthesis.
p.8
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What can excess water-soluble vitamins cause?
Usually hypervitaminosis does not occur, but it can happen at very high dosage or problems in the removal mechanism (except Vitamin B3 & B6).
p.64
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
Are claims that massive doses of Vitamin C can prevent the common cold and cancer grounded?
No, those claims are ungrounded.
p.55
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are the established effects of Vitamin B5 deficiency?
Deficiency is not well-established.
p.75
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
Why are minerals important for the body?
They play key roles in processes such as bone formation, fluid balance, and nerve transmission.
p.89
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is a potential toxicity associated with excessive Iron intake?
Iron overload can lead to organ damage.
p.75
Common Disorders from Mineral Deficiencies and Excesses
What can result from mineral deficiencies?
Common disorders such as anemia, osteoporosis, and impaired immune function.
p.59
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are the symptoms of Vitamin B12 deficiency?
Symptoms of megaloblastic anaemia.
p.55
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the primary function of Vitamin B7 (Biotin)?
It serves as a coenzyme for the synthesis of fat, glycogen, and amino acids.
p.51
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the function of FMN and FAD in relation to enzymes?
They are coenzymes that activate enzymes.
p.99
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Vitamins and Minerals
What should be regularly checked in patients receiving intravenous feeding?
Their micronutrient status.
p.97
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are the potential toxic effects of excessive Zinc intake?
Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, stomach cramps, diarrhea, and headaches.
p.65
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Can excessive vitamin supplementation be harmful?
Yes, it can lead to toxicity and adverse health effects.
p.13
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What role does Vitamin D play in the body?
It helps regulate calcium and phosphorus, promoting healthy bones.
p.90
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the role of myoglobin?
To bind oxygen in muscle tissues.
p.45
Fat-Soluble vs Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are the two types of vitamins based on solubility?
Water-soluble and fat-soluble.
p.86
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What complex is required in all reactions involving ATP?
ATP readily forms a complex with magnesium ions, which is required for all ATP-related reactions.
p.52
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
Which enzyme does acyl CoA dehydrogenase relate to?
It is another enzyme that uses FAD as a coenzyme.
p.77
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What are some examples of minerals?
Sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphate, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper.
p.32
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What reflex-related condition can result from hypovitaminosis E?
Areflexia, which is the loss of reflexes in limbs.
p.10
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
Why are deficiencies of water-soluble vitamins relatively common?
Because they are not stored in the body.
p.77
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the role of Biotin (Vitamin B7)?
Energy metabolism and fatty acid synthesis.
p.8
Fat-Soluble vs Water-Soluble Vitamins
How are water-soluble vitamins transported in the body?
They travel freely in the body without the need for carrier proteins (except B12).
p.103
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What is the function of Calcium?
Component of bone, muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, blood clotting, and hormonal signaling.
p.79
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are common sources of Magnesium?
Meat, fish, vegetables, nuts, legumes, and grains (wheat bran, cereal, and oats).
p.40
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What are common sources of Vitamin K?
Cabbage, kale, spinach, egg yolk, and liver; synthesized by gut bacteria.
p.8
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What can excess fat-soluble vitamins cause?
Usually causes hypervitaminosis.
p.75
Common Disorders from Mineral Deficiencies and Excesses
How can mineral excesses affect health?
They can lead to toxicity and health issues such as kidney stones or heart problems.
p.58
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What can folate deficiency result in?
Neural tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly.
p.52
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
Which enzyme complex does FAD serve as a coenzyme for?
Succinate dehydrogenase/complex II.
p.52
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What role does FAD play in the Electron Transport Chain?
It acts as a coenzyme for NADH dehydrogenase/complex I.
p.95
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Minerals
What happens when there is an iron deficiency?
It impairs oxygen transport and energy metabolism processes.
p.45
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the significance of Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)?
It is crucial for red blood cell formation and neurological function.
p.88
Common Disorders from Mineral Deficiencies and Excesses
What is a potential consequence of osteoporosis?
Increased risk of fractures.
p.103
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What is the function of Potassium?
Maintain nerve and muscle function.
p.16
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What are common sources of Vitamin D?
Sun, fatty fish, liver, egg yolk, and Vitamin D-fortified foods (e.g., milk and cereals).
p.40
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What are common sources of Vitamin E?
Vegetable oils, liver, eggs.
p.71
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are common sources of Vitamin B6?
Meat, vegetables, grains.
p.77
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
Name a water-soluble vitamin.
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C).
p.52
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the role of FMN in relation to Vitamin B2?
FMN is also a coenzyme for vitamin-activating enzymes.
p.95
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What role does iron play in the body?
It is required to maintain normal amounts of haemoglobin and is central to oxygen transport and energy metabolism.
p.48
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What can result from a deficiency in Vitamin B12?
Anemia and neurological issues.
p.8
Fat-Soluble vs Water-Soluble Vitamins
How are water-soluble vitamins absorbed?
They are absorbed through simple intestinal absorption into blood.
p.16
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What excess condition can result from Vitamin D?
Elevated Ca2+ in blood and urine; deposition of calcium in organs.
p.40
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is the primary function of Vitamin K?
Gamma-carboxylation of proteins, blood clotting.
p.16
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin E?
Haemolytic anaemia, neurological & neuromuscular dysfunctions, retinopathy.
p.46
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the function of Vitamin B7?
Coenzyme in synthesis of fat, glycogen, and amino acids.
p.40
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is the primary function of Vitamin A?
Vision; promotion of growth; differentiation and maintenance of epithelial tissues; gene expression; maintenance of reproduction.
p.103
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What is the function of Sodium?
Maintain osmotic pressure, acid-base balance (pH), and nerve and muscle excitability.
p.79
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What is the function of Sodium in the body?
Maintains osmotic pressure, acid-base balance (pH), and nerve and muscle excitability.
p.10
Common Disorders from Mineral Deficiencies and Excesses
What can cause a deficiency of a micronutrient?
Inadequate intake, increased demand, poor absorption, inefficient utilization, or increased loss.
p.8
Fat-Soluble vs Water-Soluble Vitamins
How are fat-soluble vitamins transported in the body?
By carrier proteins and receptors.
p.16
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin D?
Rickets (children) and osteomalacia (adults).
p.46
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin B1?
Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff (in alcoholics).
p.103
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What is the function of Magnesium?
Cofactor for many enzymes and involved in muscle contraction.
p.8
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
How common are deficiencies in water-soluble vitamins?
Relatively common due to no storage; intake is usually required in frequent doses (1-3 days).
p.16
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin K?
Defective blood clotting.
p.46
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are common sources of Vitamin B7?
Yeast products, legumes, nuts.
p.71
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are common sources of Vitamin B7?
Yeast products, legumes, nuts.
p.71
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are common sources of Vitamin B9?
Fresh green vegetables, liver.
p.16
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin A?
Night blindness; keratomalacia; abnormal pregnancy; retardation of growth; wound healing.
p.40
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What are common sources of Vitamin D?
Sun, fatty fish, liver, egg yolk, and Vitamin D-fortified foods (e.g., milk and cereals).
p.79
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What is the function of Magnesium?
Important cofactor for many enzymes, involved in ATP utilization.
p.79
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are the dietary sources of Iron?
Meat, legumes, dark green vegetables (spinach, Swiss chard), whole grains, wheat germ, nuts, and legumes.
p.16
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What is the primary function of Vitamin K?
Gamma-carboxylation of proteins, blood clotting.
p.103
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What is the function of Iron?
Important component of heme, binds oxygen, and participates in redox reactions.
p.79
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are dietary sources of Copper?
Cheese, liver, mussels and oysters, poultry, legumes, wheat, cereal, yeast, mushrooms, fruit, nuts, chocolate, and cocoa.
p.71
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin B1?
Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff (in alcoholics).
p.71
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are common sources of Vitamin B3?
Meat, yeast products, fruits, vegetables, synthesized from tryptophan.
p.40
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin A?
Night blindness; keratomalacia; abnormal pregnancy; retardation of growth; wound healing.
p.32
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What sensory issue related to body position can occur due to hypovitaminosis E?
Poor proprioception, affecting the sensation of one’s position and movement.
p.16
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What excess condition can result from Vitamin A?
Liver toxicity; birth defects.
p.40
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What excess condition can result from Vitamin D?
Elevated Ca2+ in blood and urine; deposition of calcium in organs.
p.8
Fat-Soluble vs Water-Soluble Vitamins
Are water-soluble vitamins stored in the body?
No, they are not stored (except B12).
p.46
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are common sources of Vitamin B6?
Meat, vegetables, grains.
p.46
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin B7?
Depression, dermatitis, muscle pain.
p.71
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the function of Vitamin B1?
Coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism.
p.71
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin B7?
Depression, dermatitis, muscle pain.
p.8
Fat-Soluble vs Water-Soluble Vitamins
How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?
Bile salts are required and they are absorbed into lymph.
p.79
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What is the primary function of Chloride?
Ubiquitous in dietary salt (ingested as NaCl).
p.79
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What role does Calcium play in the body?
Component of bone, involved in muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, blood clotting, and hormonal signaling.
p.46
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are common sources of Vitamin B1?
Grain, yeast products, pork.
p.8
Fat-Soluble vs Water-Soluble Vitamins
How are surplus water-soluble vitamins excreted?
Surplus vitamins are removed by urine.
p.16
Functions and Sources of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What are common sources of Vitamin K?
Cabbage, kale, spinach, egg yolk, liver, and synthesized by gut bacteria.
p.46
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the function of Vitamin B12?
Coenzyme for reactions: Homocysteine → methionine, Methymalonyl CoA → succinyl CoA.
p.71
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are common sources of Vitamin B1?
Grain, yeast products, pork.
p.71
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin B5?
Rare and not well-established.
p.71
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin B6?
Neurological symptoms and anemia.
p.79
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are the main sources of Potassium?
Unprocessed foods such as meats, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and legumes.
p.46
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the function of Vitamin B1?
Coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism.
p.40
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Fat-Soluble Vitamins
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin E?
Haemolytic anaemia, neurological & neuromuscular dysfunctions, retinopathy.
p.79
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What is the primary function of Iron?
Important component of heme, binds oxygen, and participates in redox reactions.
p.46
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are common sources of Vitamin B3?
Meat, yeast products, fruits, vegetables, synthesized from tryptophan.
p.46
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the function of Vitamin B6?
Coenzyme of various enzymes, particularly in amino acid metabolism.
p.46
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the function of Vitamin B9?
One-carbon metabolism, coenzyme in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism.
p.46
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin B9?
Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects.
p.46
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the function of Vitamin C?
Maintains connective tissues, iron absorption, antioxidant.
p.71
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the function of Vitamin B9?
One-carbon metabolism, coenzyme in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism.
p.71
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the function of Vitamin B12?
Coenzyme for reactions: Homocysteine → methionine, Methymalonyl CoA → succinyl CoA.
p.8
Fat-Soluble vs Water-Soluble Vitamins
Where are fat-soluble vitamins stored?
In the liver and fat tissues.
p.79
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are common sources of Zinc?
Grains (oats, cereal, wheat), liver, meat, oysters, nuts, and eggs.
p.103
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What is the function of Zinc?
Involved in carbohydrate and energy metabolism, protein synthesis, and nucleic acid synthesis.
p.46
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What are common sources of Vitamin B9?
Fresh green vegetables, liver.
p.103
Key Functions and Regulation of Minerals
What is the function of Copper?
Scavenges superoxide and other reactive oxygen species; associated with oxygenase enzymes.
p.46
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin B6?
Neurological symptoms and anemia.
p.71
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the function of Vitamin B7?
Coenzyme in synthesis of fat, glycogen, and amino acids.
p.71
Deficiencies and Toxicities of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What deficiency is associated with Vitamin B9?
Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects.
p.71
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the function of Vitamin B6?
Coenzyme of various enzymes, particularly in amino acid metabolism.
p.71
Functions and Sources of Water-Soluble Vitamins
What is the function of Vitamin C?
Maintains connective tissues, iron absorption, antioxidant.
