p.31
Immune System Response to Allergens
What is the third step in the allergic cascade?
Late-phase response to an allergen.
p.4
Definition and Classification of Food Allergies
What are the two main classifications of adverse reactions to food?
Toxic and Non-toxic (host specific).
p.22
Immune System Response to Allergens
What causes allergies?
Hypersensitivity of the immune system to environmental substances.
p.49
Diagnosis of Food Allergies
What do many insurers consider allergies or asthma related to allergies?
A pre-existing condition.
p.19
Immune System Response to Allergens
What is the primary function of the immune system?
To protect the body from potentially harmful foreign molecules.
p.12
Natural History and Risk Factors of Food Allergies
What is the typical evolution of allergic disease associated with asthma?
It often includes asthma and allergic rhinitis.
p.49
Management and Treatment of Food Allergies
How much does a single consultation with an allergist cost in Hong Kong?
Around HKD 1,600, excluding medications.
p.43
Management and Treatment of Food Allergies
What is the primary strategy for managing food allergies?
Avoid the allergen-containing food(s).
p.19
Immune System Response to Allergens
Why is the intestinal tract significant for the immune system?
Because the majority of potentially harmful molecules enter the body through it.
p.44
Immune System Response to Allergens
When is epinephrine produced?
During the 'flight-or-fight' response.
p.46
Management and Treatment of Food Allergies
What is the primary use of steroids in the context of the immune system?
To calm down the immune system cells.
p.40
Diagnosis of Food Allergies
What is the purpose of the Skin Prick Test?
To identify allergic reactions to specific allergens.
p.35
Immune System Response to Allergens
How long can the late-phase response last?
It can last for about 24 hours before subsiding.
p.46
Anaphylaxis and Emergency Response
Should steroids be used to treat anaphylaxis?
No, they should not be used for anaphylaxis.
p.42
Diagnosis of Food Allergies
What type of allergies can be detected through double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges?
Non-IgE mediated allergies.
p.20
Immune System Response to Allergens
What is the role of macrophage cells in the immune system?
They act as 'scavenger' cells, removing and destroying damaging molecules.
p.37
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
What skin condition is associated with Celiac Disease?
Dermatitis herpetiformis.
p.46
Management and Treatment of Food Allergies
How can steroids be administered?
Orally or through injection.
p.22
Immune System Response to Allergens
What are mast cells?
Tissue cells of the immune system that cause allergic symptoms.
p.27
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
What is atopic dermatitis?
A cutaneous symptom associated with IgE-mediated reactions.
p.14
Prevalence of Food Allergies Worldwide
Is the prevalence of food allergies higher in boys or girls in Hong Kong?
Slightly more among boys.
p.19
Immune System Response to Allergens
Where is the immune system most active in the body?
In areas with direct contact with the outside world, such as the skin, lungs, nose, and gastrointestinal tract.
p.47
Prevention Strategies for Food Allergies
What are the three levels of allergy prevention according to the World Allergy Organization?
Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention.
p.12
Natural History and Risk Factors of Food Allergies
What is the typical evolution of allergic disease without asthma?
It may occur without asthma and allergic rhinitis.
p.45
Management and Treatment of Food Allergies
What is the function of antihistamines?
They block the action of histamine.
p.33
Immune System Response to Allergens
What happens during the sensitization phase of an allergic reaction?
The body produces IgE antibodies specific to an allergen without experiencing a reaction.
p.3
Definition and Classification of Food Allergies
What is the definition of food allergy?
An abnormal immune response to specific food proteins.
p.43
Anaphylaxis and Emergency Response
What emergency therapy is recommended for food allergies?
Epinephrine (adrenaline) shot.
p.37
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
What are common gastrointestinal symptoms of Celiac Disease?
Mouth sores, abdominal bloating and pain, diarrhea, and steatorrhea.
p.30
Prevalence of Food Allergies Worldwide
What trend was observed in the incidence of food-induced anaphylaxis between 2009 and 2019?
There was more than a twofold increase in incidence.
p.10
Prevalence of Food Allergies Worldwide
What is the issue with allergy specialists in Hong Kong?
The ratio of allergy specialists per population is quite low.
p.49
Management and Treatment of Food Allergies
Are allergy tests and treatments expensive in Hong Kong?
Yes, they are very expensive.
p.49
Diagnosis of Food Allergies
What is a potential consequence of having allergies classified as a pre-existing condition by insurers?
You may not be eligible for coverage.
p.31
Immune System Response to Allergens
What occurs following exposure to an allergen?
A series of reactions in the immune system.
p.45
Immune System Response to Allergens
What is histamine?
One of the major mediators that causes blood vessels to dilate and become leaky to plasma proteins.
p.28
Anaphylaxis and Emergency Response
What is anaphylactic shock?
A generalized shock reaction that can lead to multiple organ failure.
p.31
Immune System Response to Allergens
What is the first step in the allergic cascade?
Sensitization to an allergen.
p.14
Prevalence of Food Allergies Worldwide
How does the prevalence of food allergies vary among different age groups in Hong Kong?
It is similar among different age bands (infant, toddler, preschooler, primary school children, early secondary school children).
p.28
Anaphylaxis and Emergency Response
What are the severe symptoms of anaphylactic shock?
Severe loss of blood pressure and cardiac arrhythmia.
p.39
Diagnosis of Food Allergies
What is a food challenge in the context of food allergy diagnosis?
A test where the patient consumes the suspected allergen under medical supervision.
p.31
Immune System Response to Allergens
What is the second step in the allergic cascade?
Early-phase response upon re-exposure to an allergen.
p.43
Management and Treatment of Food Allergies
What can trigger allergic reactions in sensitive individuals?
Trace amounts (ppm concentrations) of the offending food.
p.11
Natural History and Risk Factors of Food Allergies
What is the likelihood of infants outgrowing their food allergies?
Most infants outgrow their allergy within months, especially if it occurs before 3 years of age.
p.7
Prevalence of Food Allergies Worldwide
What is the prevalence of food allergies in Australia?
1 - 2% of the population.
p.35
Immune System Response to Allergens
What is the late-phase response in allergic reactions?
A secondary immune response that begins at the same time as the early-phase response but takes longer to manifest.
p.43
Management and Treatment of Food Allergies
What is a Food Allergy Action Plan?
A plan that includes informing family, friends, and caretakers about the allergy.
p.12
Natural History and Risk Factors of Food Allergies
What is the risk for infants with eczema regarding asthma and allergic rhinitis?
They have a higher risk of developing asthma and allergic rhinitis.
p.18
Definition and Classification of Food Allergies
What are the primary causative agents of food allergies?
Naturally-occurring proteins.
p.21
Immune System Response to Allergens
What role do T-cells play in the immune system?
They conduct surveillance for potentially dangerous molecules and kill dangerous cells such as disease-causing bacteria.
p.18
Definition and Classification of Food Allergies
What type of proteins are usually responsible for food allergies?
Major proteins of the food.
p.5
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
How quickly do food allergy symptoms typically occur after exposure?
Within minutes to several hours.
p.15
Common Allergenic Foods
What should be considered when using oils in relation to allergens?
Proceed with caution; highly refined oils largely remove protein, but cold-pressed oils may contain allergenic proteins.
p.36
Immune System Response to Allergens
What type of allergic response is characterized by T-cells and macrophages?
Non IgE mediated Cell-Mediated Allergic Response.
p.32
Immune System Response to Allergens
What are examples of allergens that can be inhaled?
Pollen, mold, dust mites.
p.33
Immune System Response to Allergens
What are mast cells compared to in the context of sensitization?
Little bombs that are armed and ready for explosion.
p.2
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
How long does it usually take for symptoms of an allergic reaction to appear?
It can take several days.
p.2
Diagnosis of Food Allergies
Does a positive skin prick test guarantee a reaction to that food when eaten?
No, it does not guarantee a reaction.
p.1
Management and Treatment of Food Allergies
What are some management strategies for food allergies?
Avoidance of allergens, carrying emergency medication, and education.
p.2
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
Will reactions always become increasingly severe each time you have one?
No, reactions do not always become increasingly severe.
p.41
Diagnosis of Food Allergies
Can non-IgE mediated allergies be detected by the RAST test?
No, they cannot be detected.
p.11
Natural History and Risk Factors of Food Allergies
Which food allergies are most commonly outgrown within the first ten years of life?
Allergies to milk, eggs, soy, and wheat.
p.47
Prevention Strategies for Food Allergies
What does Secondary Prevention involve?
Staying away from known allergens.
p.44
Management and Treatment of Food Allergies
What effect does epinephrine have on allergic reactions?
It reverses the allergic reaction by improving blood circulation.
p.34
Immune System Response to Allergens
What are the substances released by mast cells during an allergic response?
Histamine and other inflammatory mediators.
p.35
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
What symptoms can be more severe during the late-phase response compared to the initial response?
Congestion and certain other symptoms.
p.33
Immune System Response to Allergens
Where do IgE antibodies bind after being produced?
To special receptors on mast cells.
p.4
Immune System Response to Allergens
What is the role of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) in food allergies?
It is involved in IgE-mediated reactions.
p.25
Immune System Response to Allergens
Which cytokine is involved in the late phase response?
Tumor Necrosis Factor - α (TNF - α).
p.3
Immune System Response to Allergens
What occurs during the early-phase of an allergic reaction?
Immediate release of mediators from mast cells and basophils.
p.32
Immune System Response to Allergens
What does ingestion of an allergen refer to?
Swallowing a type of food or medication.
p.48
Prevention Strategies for Food Allergies
What is the main goal of the Hong Kong Institute of Allergy?
To share the most up-to-date knowledge on the management of allergic diseases.
p.1
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
What are common symptoms of food allergies?
Symptoms can include hives, swelling, abdominal pain, and anaphylaxis.
p.40
Diagnosis of Food Allergies
What type of allergies cannot be detected by the Skin Prick Test?
Non-IgE mediated allergies.
p.3
Diagnosis of Food Allergies
What is involved in the diagnosis of a food allergy?
Clinical history, skin tests, and specific IgE tests.
p.1
Prevalence of Food Allergies Worldwide
What is the prevalence of food allergies worldwide?
Food allergies affect millions of people globally, with varying rates by region.
p.48
Prevention Strategies for Food Allergies
What is the main focus of the Hong Kong Allergy Association?
To raise public awareness of allergy through education and provide support to those with allergies.
p.24
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
What are the effects of smooth muscle contraction in an allergic response?
It can lead to symptoms like dyspnea.
p.24
Immune System Response to Allergens
What role does histamine play in allergic reactions?
Histamine causes symptoms such as itchiness and rhinorrhea.
p.38
Immune System Response to Allergens
How does gluten affect the small intestine in celiac disease?
It damages the villi, making it difficult to absorb nutrients.
p.23
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
What are the effects of IgE mediated allergies?
Acute effect, late-phase effect, and chronic effect.
p.47
Prevention Strategies for Food Allergies
What is an example of Primary Prevention for allergies?
Breastfeeding and avoiding second-hand smoke and air pollutants.
p.34
Immune System Response to Allergens
What happens during the early-phase response upon re-exposure to an allergen?
IgE of mast cells binds to the allergen, leading to cross-linking.
p.43
Management and Treatment of Food Allergies
What is important for early detection of allergic reactions?
Early symptom recognition.
p.11
Natural History and Risk Factors of Food Allergies
Which food allergies are often lifelong?
Peanut, tree nut, fish, and shellfish allergies.
p.22
Immune System Response to Allergens
What type of antibodies are involved in allergic reactions?
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies.
p.47
Prevention Strategies for Food Allergies
What is the focus of Tertiary Prevention?
Treatment and medication to reduce the risk of allergy.
p.22
Immune System Response to Allergens
What do IgE antibodies bind to in the allergic response?
An allergen and then to a receptor on mast cells.
p.44
Management and Treatment of Food Allergies
What is an EpiPen?
A self-injectable device for administering epinephrine.
p.43
Management and Treatment of Food Allergies
What can help identify individuals with food allergies in emergencies?
Medical identification necklaces or bracelets.
p.32
Immune System Response to Allergens
How can a person be initially exposed to an allergen?
Through inhalation, ingestion, touch, or injection.
p.34
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
How quickly do symptoms of an allergic response occur after re-exposure?
Within an hour after initial exposure.
p.33
Natural History and Risk Factors of Food Allergies
What does it mean to be atopic?
Having an inherited sensitivity toward allergic disease.
p.4
Common Allergenic Foods
What are examples of foods that can cause allergies?
Peanut, Mushroom, and Lactose.
p.48
Prevention Strategies for Food Allergies
Who organized the Hong Kong Institute of Allergy?
A group of Allergists, Respirologists, Paediatricians, and Dermatologists.
p.2
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
Are food allergies dangerous?
No, food allergies can be dangerous.
p.26
Immune System Response to Allergens
What are some chronic structural changes caused by allergic inflammation?
Muscle hypertrophy and organ dysfunction.
p.27
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
What gastrointestinal symptoms can occur in IgE-mediated reactions?
Swelling of the lips, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.
p.38
Natural History and Risk Factors of Food Allergies
What are some conditions that celiac disease can lead to?
Infertility, neurological disorders, some cancers, and other autoimmune diseases.
p.41
Diagnosis of Food Allergies
What happens if the patient's serum contains IgE antibodies?
Those antibodies will bind to the allergen.
p.35
Immune System Response to Allergens
How long after the initial allergic reaction can the late-phase response occur?
Anywhere from about three to 10 hours later.
p.42
Diagnosis of Food Allergies
What type of food challenge is conducted in a hospital environment?
Double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges.
p.45
Anaphylaxis and Emergency Response
Do antihistamines completely improve dangerous symptoms in anaphylaxis?
No, they do not completely improve the dangerous symptoms that affect breathing.
p.5
Definition and Classification of Food Allergies
What is a food allergy?
An abnormal immune response to food.
p.20
Immune System Response to Allergens
What happens when an antibody binds to an antigen?
It identifies the molecule as potentially damaging and signals for its removal.
p.33
Immune System Response to Allergens
What do B cells produce in response to allergen sensitization?
IgE antibodies targeted to the specific allergen.
p.15
Common Allergenic Foods
Can the 'Big 8' allergens be consumed raw or cooked?
Yes, they can be raw or cooked.
p.3
Immune System Response to Allergens
What are the two main types of immune responses in food allergies?
IgE mediated allergy and Non IgE mediated allergy.
p.46
Management and Treatment of Food Allergies
What is a limitation of using steroids for treating allergic reactions?
They only relieve symptoms in the contact area and take a long time to work.
p.22
Immune System Response to Allergens
What do mast cells release that causes allergic symptoms?
Inflammatory chemicals such as histamine.
p.10
Prevalence of Food Allergies Worldwide
Where do many patients in Hong Kong go for allergy-related treatments?
To their general practitioners.
p.42
Diagnosis of Food Allergies
Which publication discusses the reaction pattern in food challenges?
Bindslev-Jensen C, BMJ 1998;316:1299.
p.40
Diagnosis of Food Allergies
What serves as a positive control in the Skin Prick Test?
Proven allergens like histamine.
p.36
Immune System Response to Allergens
How is the pathogenesis of non IgE mediated allergic responses defined?
It is not as clearly defined as for IgE mediated allergic responses.
p.37
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
What risk is associated with asymptomatic Celiac Disease?
Increased risk for malnutrition-related symptoms and complications.
p.40
Diagnosis of Food Allergies
What indicates an allergic reaction during the Skin Prick Test?
A hive forming at the injection site.
p.32
Immune System Response to Allergens
What is an example of an allergen that can be encountered through touch?
Poison ivy, latex, or certain metals like nickel.
p.25
Immune System Response to Allergens
What are the two scenarios mentioned for the injection of an antigen?
Injection into the epidermis and response to an inhaled antigen.
p.24
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
What is a key feature of the acute response in IgE mediated allergies?
It occurs within minutes to 2 hours.
p.23
Immune System Response to Allergens
What are the two stages of IgE mediated allergy?
Sensitization and Mast cell activation.
p.27
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
What is anaphylactic shock?
A systemic symptom of IgE-mediated reactions that can be life-threatening.
p.36
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
What type of disorder is Celiac Disease?
A chronic inflammatory disorder of the small intestine.
p.24
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
What are some common symptoms of an IgE mediated allergy?
Symptoms include rhinorrhea, itchiness, dyspnea, itchy rash, throat swelling, and low blood pressure.
p.15
Common Allergenic Foods
What are the 'Big 8' food allergens?
Milk, Eggs, Peanuts, Tree nuts, Soy, Wheat, Fish, Crustacean shellfish.
p.20
Immune System Response to Allergens
What are antibodies?
Long, branched molecules that recognize and bind to specific antigens.
p.33
Immune System Response to Allergens
What role do T cells play in sensitization to allergens?
T cells stimulate B cells to produce IgE antibodies.
p.8
Prevalence of Food Allergies Worldwide
What does the WHO estimate about asthma prevalence by 2025?
400 million people will suffer from asthma.
p.32
Immune System Response to Allergens
What is the first step in the allergic cascade?
Sensitization to an allergen.
p.40
Diagnosis of Food Allergies
What is injected during an intradermal skin test?
A small amount of allergen just beneath the skin surface.
p.26
Immune System Response to Allergens
What can repeated allergen exposure lead to?
A chronic inflammatory response.
p.20
Immune System Response to Allergens
Can an antibody bind to multiple antigens?
No, an antibody will only bind to one specific antigen.
p.21
Immune System Response to Allergens
What is the function of macrophages in the immune system?
They act as scavenger cells to clean up residue and remove potentially dangerous substances.
p.15
Common Allergenic Foods
Is processing and preparation information always available for allergenic foods?
No, it is not always available.
p.20
Immune System Response to Allergens
What do macrophages do after an antibody binds to a dangerous molecule?
They consume the molecule, taking it out of circulation and destroying it.
p.5
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
What can happen during a severe food allergy reaction?
Symptoms may include trouble breathing and low blood pressure.
p.36
Immune System Response to Allergens
What are the primary cells involved in non IgE mediated allergic responses?
T-cells, macrophages, and other cells.
p.32
Immune System Response to Allergens
How can allergens be introduced through injection?
By receiving a medication or being stung by an insect.
p.36
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
What areas of the body are affected by non IgE mediated allergic responses?
The gastrointestinal tract and skin.
p.38
Management and Treatment of Food Allergies
What is the only treatment for celiac disease?
A strict gluten-free diet.
p.38
Definition and Classification of Food Allergies
What type of disease is celiac disease?
A serious, genetic, autoimmune disease.
p.38
Immune System Response to Allergens
What triggers celiac disease?
Consuming gluten found in wheat, barley, and rye.
p.2
Common Allergenic Foods
Are peanuts the only food that can cause a severe reaction?
No, many foods can cause severe reactions.
p.24
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
What is the local response in an IgE mediated allergy?
It includes symptoms like itchiness and localized swelling.
p.41
Diagnosis of Food Allergies
What is added after the patient's serum in the RAST test?
Radiolabeled anti-human IgE antibody.
p.34
Immune System Response to Allergens
What occurs when enough cross-linking of IgE happens?
Mast cells explode with histamine and other inflammatory substances.
p.21
Immune System Response to Allergens
What is the primary function of the immune system?
To protect the body from foreign invaders.
p.9
Prevalence of Food Allergies Worldwide
What percentage of all Americans have food allergies?
4% (approximately 12 million).
p.18
Definition and Classification of Food Allergies
What are some characteristics of proteins that cause food allergies?
They are heat-resistant, resistant to digestion/proteolysis, and resistant to extremes in pH.
p.5
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
What are some common signs and symptoms of a food allergy?
Itchiness, swelling of the tongue, vomiting, diarrhea, hives, trouble breathing, or low blood pressure.
p.47
Prevention Strategies for Food Allergies
Why is education important in allergy prevention?
To teach the general public about allergies and ways to prevent them.
p.34
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
What symptoms can occur during an allergic response?
Wheezing, sneezing, coughing, itchy eyes, runny nose, and shortness of breath.
p.42
Diagnosis of Food Allergies
What is the reaction pattern observed in patients allergic to eggs during food challenges?
Reaction pattern during double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge.
p.30
Prevalence of Food Allergies Worldwide
How many patients were admitted with a physician-reported diagnosis of anaphylaxis over 11 years?
A total of 2,854 patients.
p.26
Immune System Response to Allergens
Which cells are persistently infiltrated during a chronic inflammatory response?
Mast cells, leukocytes, and dendritic cells.
p.5
Anaphylaxis and Emergency Response
What is anaphylaxis?
A serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death.
p.26
Immune System Response to Allergens
How does allergic inflammation affect tissue cells?
It affects epithelial cells and muscle cells, causing chronic structural changes.
p.25
Immune System Response to Allergens
What types of leukocytes migrate to the initial site during the late phase response?
Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Eosinophils, Macrophages.
p.3
Immune System Response to Allergens
What happens during the late-phase of an allergic reaction?
Inflammatory response that occurs hours after the initial reaction.
p.1
Diagnosis of Food Allergies
How are food allergies diagnosed?
Through medical history, skin tests, and blood tests.
p.48
Prevention Strategies for Food Allergies
Who organized the Hong Kong Allergy Association?
Patients with allergy, their caregivers, and medical professionals.
p.2
Prevention Strategies for Food Allergies
Can cooking foods make them less allergenic?
Yes, cooking can make foods less allergenic.
p.36
Common Allergenic Foods
What triggers Celiac Disease?
Hypersensitivity to gluten found in wheat, barley, rye, and certain other grains.
p.41
Diagnosis of Food Allergies
What does the RAST test detect?
Specific IgE antibodies to suspected or known allergens.
p.24
Anaphylaxis and Emergency Response
What is anaphylaxis in the context of allergic reactions?
Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction.
p.41
Diagnosis of Food Allergies
What does the amount of radioactivity indicate in the RAST test?
It is proportional to the serum IgE for the allergen.
p.18
Definition and Classification of Food Allergies
Can foods contain multiple allergens?
Yes, foods can have one or many allergens in them.
p.27
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
What is angioedema?
A cutaneous symptom characterized by swelling beneath the skin.
p.37
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
Can Celiac Disease be asymptomatic?
Yes, it can be potentially asymptomatic.
p.21
Immune System Response to Allergens
What are antibodies?
Proteins produced by B-cells that help identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses.
p.27
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
What is laryngeal edema?
Swelling in the larynx, a respiratory symptom of IgE-mediated reactions.
p.40
Diagnosis of Food Allergies
What is a drawback of the Skin Prick Test?
It has a high false positive rate.
p.3
Common Allergenic Foods
What are allergenic foods?
Foods that can trigger allergic reactions in susceptible individuals.
p.24
Immune System Response to Allergens
What happens to blood vessels during an acute allergic response?
Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability occur.
p.23
Immune System Response to Allergens
What occurs during the sensitization stage?
Production of IgE and binding of IgE to Mast cells.
p.23
Immune System Response to Allergens
What happens during mast cell activation?
Allergen binds to IgE on Mast cells, triggering the release of mediators.
p.1
Prevention Strategies for Food Allergies
What are some prevention strategies for food allergies?
Early introduction of allergenic foods and breastfeeding.
p.24
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
What is a systemic response in an allergic reaction?
A systemic response can include widespread symptoms like low blood pressure and throat swelling.
p.22
Immune System Response to Allergens
What are mediators in the context of mast cells?
Products released by mast cells that cause allergic symptoms.
p.2
Management and Treatment of Food Allergies
Is it safe to have even one little bite of an allergenic food?
No, even one little bite is not okay.
p.1
Anaphylaxis and Emergency Response
What is anaphylaxis?
A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction.
p.2
Natural History and Risk Factors of Food Allergies
Can food allergies develop at any age?
Yes, they can develop at any age.
p.13
Natural History and Risk Factors of Food Allergies
What is the risk of allergy in infants fed with intact cow's milk protein compared to breast-fed infants?
4 times higher in infants fed with intact cow's milk protein.
p.36
Symptoms and Severity of Allergic Reactions
What is a characteristic feature of the small intestine in Celiac Disease?
Scalloping of folds and a 'cracked-mud' appearance.
p.41
Diagnosis of Food Allergies
What is the first step in the RAST test method?
The suspected allergen is bound to an insoluble material.
p.41
Diagnosis of Food Allergies
What is washed away after the binding process in the RAST test?
Unbound anti-human IgE antibodies.
p.1
Definition and Classification of Food Allergies
What are food allergies?
Immune system reactions that occur after consuming certain foods.
p.1
Immune System Response to Allergens
What triggers food allergies?
Proteins in certain foods that the immune system mistakenly identifies as harmful.
