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What shape are lymph nodes? A) Spherical B) Cylindrical C) Bean-shaped D) Cuboidal E) Irregular
C) Bean-shaped Explanation: Lymph nodes are encapsulated, bean-shaped structures.
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune system? A) Producing antibodies B) Engulfing pathogens through phagocytosis C) Presenting antigens to T cells D) Releasing histamines E) Producing cytokines
B) Engulfing pathogens through phagocytosis Explanation: Neutrophils are capable of engulfing pathogens through phagocytosis, which is a key mechanism in the body's defense against infections.
1/115
p.8
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

What shape are lymph nodes?
A) Spherical
B) Cylindrical
C) Bean-shaped
D) Cuboidal
E) Irregular

C) Bean-shaped
Explanation: Lymph nodes are encapsulated, bean-shaped structures.

p.14
Myeloid Lineage Immune Cells

What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune system?
A) Producing antibodies
B) Engulfing pathogens through phagocytosis
C) Presenting antigens to T cells
D) Releasing histamines
E) Producing cytokines

B) Engulfing pathogens through phagocytosis
Explanation: Neutrophils are capable of engulfing pathogens through phagocytosis, which is a key mechanism in the body's defense against infections.

p.10
Innate and Adaptive Immunity

What is the primary function of Mucus Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)?
A) To produce red blood cells
B) To guard against pathogen entry
C) To store fat
D) To regulate body temperature
E) To produce hormones

B) To guard against pathogen entry
Explanation: MALT organs are covered by epithelial layers, like the skin, which play a key role in guarding against pathogen entry, thus contributing to innate immunity.

p.10
Innate and Adaptive Immunity

What type of immunity do the epithelial layers of MALT contribute to?
A) Adaptive immunity
B) Passive immunity
C) Innate immunity
D) Artificial immunity
E) Humoral immunity

C) Innate immunity
Explanation: The epithelial layers of MALT play a key role in innate immunity by acting as physical barriers to pathogen entry.

p.8
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

What is the organizational structure of lymph nodes designed to do?
A) Store nutrients
B) Produce energy
C) Encounter antigens that enter the tissue spaces
D) Regulate body temperature
E) Produce red blood cells

C) Encounter antigens that enter the tissue spaces
Explanation: Lymph nodes have an organized lymphoid structure to encounter antigens that enter the tissue spaces.

p.8
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

How are lymph nodes interconnected?
A) By blood vessels
B) By nerves
C) By lymphatic vessels
D) By tendons
E) By ligaments

C) By lymphatic vessels
Explanation: Lymph nodes are interconnected by a system of lymphatic vessels.

p.5
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

What type of cells primarily compose the framework of secondary lymphoid organs?
A) Leukocytes
B) Erythrocytes
C) Stromal cells
D) Platelets
E) Neurons

C) Stromal cells
Explanation: The framework of secondary lymphoid organs is composed of non-leukocyte stromal cells, which provide structural support for the lymphocytes.

p.15
Myeloid Lineage Immune Cells

Where do dendritic cells migrate to activate T lymphocytes?
A) Bone marrow
B) Thymus
C) Lymph nodes
D) Spleen
E) Liver

C) Lymph nodes
Explanation: Dendritic cells migrate from the blood to the lymph nodes, where they play a crucial role in activating T lymphocytes.

p.9
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Where do T cells navigate MHC-peptide combinations presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
A) In the follicles
B) In the paracortex
C) In the medulla
D) In the cortex
E) In the germinal centers

B) In the paracortex
Explanation: T cells navigate MHC-peptide combinations presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the T-cell zone, also known as the paracortex, within the lymph nodes.

p.6
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Which of the following is NOT a secondary lymphoid organ?
A) Spleen
B) Thymus
C) Lymph nodes
D) Tonsils
E) Peyer's patches

B) Thymus
Explanation: The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ, whereas the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and Peyer's patches are all secondary lymphoid organs.

p.8
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

What is the primary function of lymph nodes?
A) Regulating red blood cell flow
B) Regulating an immune response
C) Producing hormones
D) Filtering blood
E) Storing fat

B) Regulating an immune response
Explanation: Unlike the spleen, which regulates red blood cell flow and fate, lymph nodes are fully committed to regulating an immune response.

p.7
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

What is the role of the marginal zone (MZ) in the spleen?
A) Producing antibodies
B) Acting as a cellular border between blood and the spleen's white pulp
C) Filtering lymph
D) Producing red blood cells
E) Storing iron

B) Acting as a cellular border between blood and the spleen's white pulp
Explanation: The marginal zone (MZ) acts as a cellular border between blood and the spleen's white pulp, housing specific immune cells.

p.2
Primary Lymphoid Organs

What is the primary function of primary lymphoid tissues?
A) To filter blood
B) To initiate immune responses
C) To maintain immune cells
D) To originate or mature immune cells
E) To produce antibodies

D) To originate or mature immune cells
Explanation: Primary lymphoid tissues are responsible for the origination or maturation of immune cells, which is a crucial step in the development of the immune system.

p.5
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

What significant event occurs in secondary lymphoid organs?
A) Hematopoiesis
B) Lymphocyte activation by an antigen
C) Apoptosis of old cells
D) Production of red blood cells
E) Storage of platelets

B) Lymphocyte activation by an antigen
Explanation: Secondary lymphoid organs are the site where lymphocyte activation by an antigen occurs, which is essential for initiating adaptive immune responses.

p.4
Primary Lymphoid Organs

Where are mature T cells found in the thymus?
A) In the cortex
B) In the medulla
C) In the follicles
D) In the red pulp
E) In the germinal centers

B) In the medulla
Explanation: Mature T cells are found in the medulla of the thymus, indicating their progression through the maturation process.

p.20
T Cell Subtypes and Functions

Where are γδ T cells primarily found?
A) Thymus
B) Bone marrow
C) Spleen
D) Gut
E) Skin

D) Gut
Explanation: γδ T cells are primarily present in the gut, where they play a role in the immune response within the gastrointestinal tract.

p.22
Myeloid Lineage Immune Cells

What markers are characteristic of Dendritic Cells?
A) CD3+, CD4+
B) CD3+, CD8+
C) CD19+, CD20+
D) CD11c+, HLA-DR+, CD123+, CD207+
E) CD11b+, CD14+

D) CD11c+, HLA-DR+, CD123+, CD207+
Explanation: Dendritic Cells are characterized by the presence of CD11c+, HLA-DR+, CD123+, and CD207+ markers.

p.18
Innate and Adaptive Immunity

What is the primary role of NK cells in immunity?
A) Producing antibodies
B) Providing first line of defense against pathogens
C) Activating T cells
D) Phagocytosing bacteria
E) Presenting antigens to B cells

B) Providing first line of defense against pathogens
Explanation: NK cells play a crucial role in providing the first line of defense against pathogens, making them an essential component of the innate immune system.

p.16
Myeloid Lineage Immune Cells

What is a primary function of mast cells?
A) Producing antibodies
B) Engulfing bacteria
C) Playing a major role in allergic responses
D) Destroying cancer cells
E) Activating T cells

C) Playing a major role in allergic responses
Explanation: Mast cells are similar to basophils and play a major role in allergic responses by releasing substances such as histamine.

p.15
Myeloid Lineage Immune Cells

What is the primary function of dendritic cells in the immune system?
A) Producing antibodies
B) Phagocytosis of pathogens
C) Presenting antigens to T cells
D) Destroying infected cells
E) Producing cytokines

C) Presenting antigens to T cells
Explanation: Dendritic cells are the primary antigen-presenting cells to T cells, which is essential for initiating the adaptive immune response.

p.9
T Cell Subtypes and Functions

What happens when T cells bind specific MHC-peptide combinations?
A) They become dormant
B) They initiate proliferation and differentiation into effector cells
C) They migrate to the bone marrow
D) They undergo apoptosis
E) They transform into B cells

B) They initiate proliferation and differentiation into effector cells
Explanation: When T cells bind specific MHC-peptide combinations, they initiate proliferation and differentiation into effector cells, such as CD8+ killer cells and CD4+ helper cells.

p.19
T Cell Subtypes and Functions

What is the role of T helper 2 (Th2) cells?
A) Enhancing the cytotoxic immune response
B) Enhancing B cell production of IgE and response to pathogenic worms
C) Enhancing an inflammatory immune response
D) Suppressing immune responses
E) Producing interferons

B) Enhancing B cell production of IgE and response to pathogenic worms
Explanation: T helper 2 (Th2) cells enhance B cell production of IgE and the immune response to pathogenic worms, which is crucial for combating such infections.

p.21
Primary Lymphoid Organs

Where do B cells mature?
A) Thymus
B) Spleen
C) Bone marrow
D) Lymph nodes
E) Liver

C) Bone marrow
Explanation: B cells mature in the bone marrow, which is a primary lymphoid organ responsible for the development of these cells.

p.4
Primary Lymphoid Organs

Where are immature T cells located in the thymus?
A) In the medulla
B) In the cortex
C) In the follicles
D) In the red pulp
E) In the germinal centers

B) In the cortex
Explanation: Immature T cells are located in the cortex of the thymus, where they undergo initial stages of development.

p.11
Immune System Overview

How do white blood cells reach infected tissues?
A) Through the digestive system
B) Via the respiratory system
C) Through the lymphatic and blood systems
D) Via the nervous system
E) Through the skeletal system

C) Through the lymphatic and blood systems
Explanation: White blood cells travel to infected tissues through the lymphatic and blood systems, guided by chemokines to the sites of infection.

p.22
Myeloid Lineage Immune Cells

What markers are characteristic of Eosinophils?
A) CD3+, CD4+
B) CD3+, CD8+
C) CD19+, CD20+
D) CD11b+, CD11c+, Siglec-8+
E) CD11b+, CD14+

D) CD11b+, CD11c+, Siglec-8+
Explanation: Eosinophils are characterized by the presence of CD11b+, CD11c+, and Siglec-8+ markers.

p.3
Primary Lymphoid Organs

Where do B lymphocytes mature?
A) Thymus
B) Spleen
C) Bone marrow
D) Lymph nodes
E) Tonsils

C) Bone marrow
Explanation: B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow, which is one of the primary lymphoid organs responsible for immune cell development and maturation.

p.8
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Which cells are found within the lymph nodes?
A) Erythrocytes, platelets, and neutrophils
B) Lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells
C) Osteocytes, chondrocytes, and fibroblasts
D) Hepatocytes, adipocytes, and myocytes
E) Neurons, glial cells, and astrocytes

B) Lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells
Explanation: Lymph nodes are networks of stromal cells packed with lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

p.10
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Which of the following is NOT a component found in MALT?
A) T-cell zones
B) Lymphoid follicles
C) Red blood cells
D) Cytokines
E) Chemokines

C) Red blood cells
Explanation: MALT includes T-cell zones, lymphoid follicles, cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial substances, but not red blood cells.

p.16
Myeloid Lineage Immune Cells

Where are mast cells commonly found?
A) In the liver
B) In the brain
C) In the skin
D) In the kidneys
E) In the heart

C) In the skin
Explanation: Mast cells are present in many tissues, including the skin, where they play a significant role in allergic responses and defense against parasitic worms.

p.14
Myeloid Lineage Immune Cells

What is one of the primary roles of macrophages in the immune system?
A) Producing antibodies
B) Engulfing pathogens through phagocytosis
C) Presenting antigens to T cells
D) Releasing histamines
E) Producing cytokines

C) Presenting antigens to T cells
Explanation: Macrophages are primary antigen-presenting cells to T cells, which is crucial for initiating the adaptive immune response.

p.16
Myeloid Lineage Immune Cells

Which type of receptor do mast cells express?
A) IgG receptors
B) IgA receptors
C) IgM receptors
D) IgE receptors
E) IgD receptors

D) IgE receptors
Explanation: Mast cells express IgE receptors (FcεRI), which play a crucial role in allergic responses.

p.15
Myeloid Lineage Immune Cells

What is a notable feature of dendritic cells' interaction with T lymphocytes?
A) They inhibit T cell activation
B) They activate T lymphocytes
C) They destroy T lymphocytes
D) They produce antibodies for T lymphocytes
E) They do not interact with T lymphocytes

B) They activate T lymphocytes
Explanation: Dendritic cells are crucial for activating T lymphocytes by presenting antigens to them, thereby initiating the adaptive immune response.

p.4
Primary Lymphoid Organs

How is the thymus structurally organized?
A) Into lobes and lobules
B) Into an outer cortex and an inner medulla
C) Into follicles and sinuses
D) Into red pulp and white pulp
E) Into germinal centers and marginal zones

B) Into an outer cortex and an inner medulla
Explanation: The thymus is organized into an outer cortex and an inner medulla, which are distinct regions involved in the maturation process of T cells.

p.6
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Which secondary lymphoid tissue is found in the skin?
A) MALT
B) SALT
C) BALT
D) GALT
E) Thymus

B) SALT
Explanation: Skin Associated Lymphoid Tissue (SALT) is the secondary lymphoid tissue found in the skin, playing a role in immune responses at the skin level.

p.1
Hematopoiesis and Immune Cell Development

Where do immune cells originate?
A) In the liver
B) In the spleen
C) In the bone marrow
D) In the thymus
E) In the lymph nodes

C) In the bone marrow
Explanation: Immune cells originate in the bone marrow, which is the primary site for the production of white blood cells before they migrate to other parts of the body.

p.3
Hematopoiesis and Immune Cell Development

What is the primary function of bone marrow in the immune system?
A) Production of antibodies
B) Source of all hematopoietic progenitor (stem) cells
C) Site of pathogen destruction
D) Production of red blood cells only
E) Site of T lymphocyte maturation

B) Source of all hematopoietic progenitor (stem) cells
Explanation: Bone marrow is the source of all hematopoietic progenitor (stem) cells, which are essential for the production of various immune cells.

p.3
Hematopoiesis and Immune Cell Development

Which lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow?
A) T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes
B) Only T lymphocytes
C) Only B lymphocytes
D) Natural Killer cells
E) Macrophages

A) T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes
Explanation: The bone marrow is the site of production for both T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, which are crucial components of the adaptive immune system.

p.12
Hematopoiesis and Immune Cell Development

Into which two main lineages do hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiate?
A) Erythroid and myeloid
B) Myeloid and lymphoid
C) Lymphoid and erythroid
D) Platelet and erythroid
E) Myeloid and platelet

B) Myeloid and lymphoid
Explanation: Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiate into two main lineages: myeloid and lymphoid. These lineages give rise to various types of blood cells, including immune cells.

p.12
Hematopoiesis and Immune Cell Development

Why is hematopoiesis critical for the immune system?
A) It produces antibodies
B) It activates T cells
C) It provides a continuous supply of immune cells
D) It regulates body temperature
E) It transports oxygen

C) It provides a continuous supply of immune cells
Explanation: Hematopoiesis is critical for the immune system because it ensures a continuous supply of immune cells, which are essential for maintaining the body's defense mechanisms against pathogens.

p.2
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

What is the main role of secondary lymphoid tissues?
A) To produce red blood cells
B) To initiate immune responses
C) To originate immune cells
D) To break down pathogens
E) To store fat

B) To initiate immune responses
Explanation: Secondary lymphoid tissues are where immune cells are maintained and where they initiate immune responses, playing a critical role in the body's defense mechanisms.

p.19
T Cell Subtypes and Functions

Which type of T helper cell enhances the cytotoxic immune response against intracellular pathogens?
A) Th1
B) Th2
C) Th17
D) Treg
E) Th9

A) Th1
Explanation: T helper 1 (Th1) cells enhance the cytotoxic immune response against intracellular pathogens, making them vital for fighting such infections.

p.9
B Cell Activation and Antibody Production

What do B cells differentiate into after activation?
A) Memory T cells
B) Natural killer cells
C) Antibody-secreting plasma cells
D) Dendritic cells
E) Macrophages

C) Antibody-secreting plasma cells
Explanation: After activation, B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells, which are responsible for producing antibodies to neutralize pathogens.

p.20
T Cell Subtypes and Functions

Where do T cells mature?
A) Bone marrow
B) Thymus
C) Spleen
D) Lymph nodes
E) Liver

B) Thymus
Explanation: T cells mature in the thymus, which is essential for their development and function in mediating T-cell mediated immunity.

p.20
T Cell Subtypes and Functions

What is the role of Regulatory T cells (CD25+)?
A) Destroy infected cells
B) Produce antibodies
C) Modulate the immune response and suppress autoimmune activities
D) Present antigens to T cells
E) Activate macrophages

C) Modulate the immune response and suppress autoimmune activities
Explanation: Regulatory T cells (CD25+) modulate the immune response and suppress autoimmune activities, helping to maintain immune system balance.

p.22
T Cell Subtypes and Functions

What CD markers are found on Cytotoxic T Cells?
A) CD3+, CD4+
B) CD3+, CD8+
C) CD19+, CD20+
D) CD16+, CD56+
E) CD11b+, CD14+

B) CD3+, CD8+
Explanation: Cytotoxic T Cells are characterized by the presence of CD3+ and CD8+ markers, and the absence of CD4-.

p.3
Primary Lymphoid Organs

Which organs are considered primary sites for immune cell development and maturation?
A) Spleen and lymph nodes
B) Bone marrow and thymus
C) Tonsils and adenoids
D) Liver and kidneys
E) Skin and mucous membranes

B) Bone marrow and thymus
Explanation: The bone marrow and thymus are primary lymphoid organs where immune cells develop and mature, playing a crucial role in the immune system.

p.18
Lymphoid Lineage Immune Cells

What types of cells are targeted by NK cells?
A) Bacteria and fungi
B) Virus-infected or tumor cells
C) Healthy red blood cells
D) Platelets
E) Neurons

B) Virus-infected or tumor cells
Explanation: NK cells target virus-infected or tumor cells, helping to control infections and prevent the spread of cancerous cells.

p.17
T Cell Subtypes and Functions

Which subtype of T cells is involved in cell-mediated immunity?
A) T-helper, T-cytotoxic, T-regulatory
B) B-helper, B-cytotoxic, B-regulatory
C) NK-helper, NK-cytotoxic, NK-regulatory
D) Macrophage-helper, Macrophage-cytotoxic, Macrophage-regulatory
E) Dendritic-helper, Dendritic-cytotoxic, Dendritic-regulatory

A) T-helper, T-cytotoxic, T-regulatory
Explanation: T cells are central to cell-mediated immunity and include T-helper, T-cytotoxic, and T-regulatory subtypes.

p.7
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

What happens to naïve B cells and T cells in the spleen?
A) They produce antibodies immediately
B) They encounter antigens, leading to immune activation
C) They migrate to the bone marrow
D) They become red blood cells
E) They remain inactive

B) They encounter antigens, leading to immune activation
Explanation: Naïve B cells and T cells in the spleen encounter antigens, leading to immune activation.

p.14
Myeloid Lineage Immune Cells

Which cells are responsible for releasing cytokines to regulate immune responses?
A) Neutrophils
B) Basophils
C) Macrophages
D) Eosinophils
E) Lymphocytes

C) Macrophages
Explanation: Macrophages release cytokines to regulate immune responses, playing a key role in coordinating the body's defense mechanisms.

p.16
Myeloid Lineage Immune Cells

What is the role of eosinophils?
A) Engulfing bacteria
B) Producing antibodies
C) Combating multicellular parasites and allergic reactions
D) Activating T cells
E) Destroying cancer cells

C) Combating multicellular parasites and allergic reactions
Explanation: Eosinophils are involved in combating multicellular parasites and play a role in allergic reactions.

p.21
B Cell Activation and Antibody Production

What is typically required for B cell activation?
A) Activation by macrophages
B) Activation by dendritic cells
C) Activation by T cells
D) Activation by neutrophils
E) Activation by NK cells

C) Activation by T cells
Explanation: B cells mostly require activation by T cells to become fully functional and produce antibodies.

p.21
B Cell Activation and Antibody Production

What additional role do B cells have besides antibody production?
A) Phagocytosis
B) Antigen presentation
C) Cytokine production
D) Direct killing of pathogens
E) Tissue repair

B) Antigen presentation
Explanation: B cells also function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which present antigens to T cells to initiate an immune response.

p.22
Myeloid Lineage Immune Cells

What markers are characteristic of Mast Cells?
A) CD3+, CD4+
B) CD3+, CD8+
C) CD19+, CD20+
D) CD117+, FcεRI+
E) CD11b+, CD14+

D) CD117+, FcεRI+
Explanation: Mast Cells are characterized by the presence of CD117+ and FcεRI+ markers, which are not CD markers but are characteristic features.

p.17
Lymphoid Lineage Immune Cells

Which cells are part of the lymphoid lineage?
A) Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
B) B cells, T cells, NK cells
C) Macrophages, Dendritic cells, Mast cells
D) Red blood cells, Platelets, Plasma cells
E) Fibroblasts, Osteoclasts, Chondrocytes

B) B cells, T cells, NK cells
Explanation: The lymphoid lineage consists of B cells, T cells, and NK cells, which are crucial components of the immune system.

p.17
Lymphoid Lineage Immune Cells

What is the primary function of NK cells?
A) Producing antibodies
B) Phagocytosing bacteria
C) Targeting virus-infected and tumor cells
D) Presenting antigens to T cells
E) Regulating blood clotting

C) Targeting virus-infected and tumor cells
Explanation: NK cells are involved in innate immunity and are responsible for targeting virus-infected and tumor cells.

p.7
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

What is the primary function of the spleen?
A) Regulating blood pressure
B) Regulating red blood cell flow and fate
C) Producing digestive enzymes
D) Filtering lymph
E) Producing hormones

B) Regulating red blood cell flow and fate
Explanation: The spleen mainly regulates red blood cell flow and fate, and contains germinal centers that regulate an immune response.

p.5
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

What are secondary lymphoid organs also known as?
A) Central lymphoid organs
B) Peripheral lymphoid organs
C) Primary lymphoid organs
D) Hematopoietic organs
E) Myeloid organs

B) Peripheral lymphoid organs
Explanation: Secondary lymphoid organs are also referred to as peripheral lymphoid organs or tissues, indicating their role in the immune system outside of the primary lymphoid organs.

p.17
B Cell Activation and Antibody Production

What is the primary role of B cells in the immune system?
A) Cell-mediated immunity
B) Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity
C) Phagocytosis
D) Antigen presentation
E) Blood clotting

B) Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity
Explanation: B cells are responsible for antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity, producing antibodies that neutralize pathogens.

p.15
Myeloid Lineage Immune Cells

What is a key characteristic of dendritic cells?
A) They are non-phagocytic
B) They have short, stubby processes
C) They have long finger-like processes called dendrites
D) They remain in the blood
E) They do not interact with T lymphocytes

C) They have long finger-like processes called dendrites
Explanation: Dendritic cells are characterized by their long finger-like processes known as dendrites, which help them in their role as antigen-presenting cells.

p.7
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

What is the fate of germinal center B cells in the spleen?
A) They become red blood cells
B) They evolve into memory or plasma cells
C) They die off
D) They migrate to the thymus
E) They become macrophages

B) They evolve into memory or plasma cells
Explanation: Germinal center B cells evolve into memory or plasma cells, spreading to various tissues, including bone marrow.

p.9
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

How do naïve T lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes?
A) Through the bloodstream
B) Through high endothelial venules (HEVs)
C) Through the skin
D) Through the digestive tract
E) Through the respiratory system

B) Through high endothelial venules (HEVs)
Explanation: Naïve T lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes through high endothelial venules (HEVs), which are specialized blood vessels that facilitate their entry into the T-cell zone (paracortex).

p.19
T Cell Subtypes and Functions

What is the primary function of Helper T cells (CD4+)?
A) Directly killing infected cells
B) Activating B cells and macrophages
C) Producing antibodies
D) Engulfing pathogens
E) Secreting histamines

B) Activating B cells and macrophages
Explanation: Helper T cells (CD4+) play a crucial role in activating B cells and macrophages, which are essential for the immune response.

p.15
Myeloid Lineage Immune Cells

Which lineage do dendritic cells belong to?
A) Lymphoid lineage
B) Myeloid lineage
C) Erythroid lineage
D) Megakaryocyte lineage
E) Neural lineage

B) Myeloid lineage
Explanation: Dendritic cells belong to the myeloid lineage, which includes various types of immune cells involved in the innate immune response.

p.18
Lymphoid Lineage Immune Cells

What percentage of lymphocytes in human peripheral blood are Natural Killer (NK) cells?
A) 1% to 2%
B) 5% to 10%
C) 15% to 20%
D) 25% to 30%
E) 35% to 40%

B) 5% to 10%
Explanation: NK cells comprise 5% to 10% of lymphocytes in human peripheral blood, indicating their relatively small but significant presence in the immune system.

p.18
Lymphoid Lineage Immune Cells

In which tissues are NK cells particularly active?
A) Bone marrow and spleen
B) Liver and kidneys
C) Skin and mucosal tissues
D) Brain and spinal cord
E) Heart and lungs

C) Skin and mucosal tissues
Explanation: NK cells are particularly active in skin and mucosal tissues, where they help protect against infections at these common entry points for pathogens.

p.14
Myeloid Lineage Immune Cells

Which type of white blood cell is the most abundant and acts as the first responder to microbial infection?
A) Eosinophils
B) Basophils
C) Neutrophils
D) Lymphocytes
E) Monocytes

C) Neutrophils
Explanation: Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cells and are the first responders to microbial infection, playing a crucial role in the innate immune response.

p.10
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

How do MALT organs actively combat pathogens?
A) By producing insulin
B) By releasing cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial substances
C) By storing calcium
D) By producing digestive enzymes
E) By regulating blood pressure

B) By releasing cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial substances
Explanation: MALT organs actively combat pathogens by releasing cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial substances, which help in the immune response.

p.14
Myeloid Lineage Immune Cells

Which cells are known for their microbiocidal activity involving degradative enzymes and free radicals?
A) Neutrophils
B) Basophils
C) Macrophages
D) Eosinophils
E) Lymphocytes

C) Macrophages
Explanation: Macrophages have microbiocidal activity, utilizing degradative enzymes and nitrogen and oxygen free radicals to destroy pathogens.

p.5
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

What is the role of naïve lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs?
A) They remain dormant
B) They re-circulate between the blood and these organs until they encounter their specific antigen
C) They immediately differentiate into effector cells
D) They only stay in the blood
E) They migrate to primary lymphoid organs

B) They re-circulate between the blood and these organs until they encounter their specific antigen
Explanation: Naïve lymphocytes continuously re-circulate between the blood and secondary lymphoid organs until they encounter their specific antigen, which is crucial for initiating an adaptive immune response.

p.2
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Which of the following is NOT a function of secondary lymphoid tissues?
A) Maintaining immune cells
B) Initiating immune responses
C) Originating immune cells
D) Filtering lymph
E) Housing mature lymphocytes

C) Originating immune cells
Explanation: Secondary lymphoid tissues do not originate immune cells; this function is carried out by primary lymphoid tissues. Secondary lymphoid tissues are involved in maintaining immune cells and initiating immune responses.

p.9
B Cell Activation and Antibody Production

How are B cells activated in the lymph nodes?
A) By direct antigen recognition and helper T cell interaction
B) By exposure to cytokines
C) By binding to MHC-peptide combinations
D) By migrating to the thymus
E) By interacting with dendritic cells

A) By direct antigen recognition and helper T cell interaction
Explanation: B cells are activated in the follicles of the lymph nodes by direct antigen recognition and interaction with helper T cells, leading to their differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells.

p.2
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Which of the following statements is true about secondary lymphoid tissues?
A) They are the sites where immune cells originate
B) They are involved in the maturation of T cells
C) They are where immune cells are maintained and initiate immune responses
D) They produce antibodies directly
E) They are not involved in immune responses

C) They are where immune cells are maintained and initiate immune responses
Explanation: Secondary lymphoid tissues are crucial for maintaining immune cells and initiating immune responses, making them essential for the body's defense against pathogens.

p.21
Innate and Adaptive Immunity

What type of immunity do B cells mediate?
A) Cell-mediated immunity
B) Innate immunity
C) Humoral immunity
D) Passive immunity
E) Autoimmunity

C) Humoral immunity
Explanation: B cells mediate humoral immunity, which involves the production of antibodies that circulate in body fluids.

p.1
Immune System Overview

What is the role of white blood cells in the immune system?
A) They produce hormones
B) They transport oxygen
C) They conduct immune responses
D) They store energy
E) They regulate body temperature

C) They conduct immune responses
Explanation: White blood cells are crucial for the immune system as they conduct both innate and adaptive immune responses, playing a key role in defending the body against pathogens.

p.14
Myeloid Lineage Immune Cells

What do monocytes differentiate into upon entering tissues?
A) Neutrophils
B) Basophils
C) Macrophages
D) Eosinophils
E) Lymphocytes

C) Macrophages
Explanation: Monocytes circulate in the blood and differentiate into macrophages upon entering tissues, where they perform various immune functions.

p.16
Myeloid Lineage Immune Cells

What do the granules of mast cells contain?
A) Antibodies
B) Histamine
C) Enzymes
D) Cytokines
E) Hormones

B) Histamine
Explanation: The granules of mast cells contain allergic substances such as histamine, which are released during allergic reactions.

p.24
Clinical Relevance of Immune System Knowledge

Which CD marker is important for diagnosing B-cell lymphomas?
A) CD3
B) CD4
C) CD8
D) CD19
E) CD20

D) CD19
Explanation: CD19 is a crucial marker for diagnosing B-cell lymphomas, as it is specifically expressed on B cells.

p.16
Myeloid Lineage Immune Cells

What do basophils release during allergic responses?
A) Antibodies
B) Enzymes
C) Histamine and other mediators
D) Cytokines
E) Hormones

C) Histamine and other mediators
Explanation: Basophils play roles in allergic responses by releasing histamine and other mediators.

p.24
Clinical Relevance of Immune System Knowledge

Which therapy is used to treat autoimmune disorders like lupus and Crohn's disease?
A) Chemotherapy
B) Radiation therapy
C) T cell modulation therapies
D) Antibiotic therapy
E) Hormone therapy

C) T cell modulation therapies
Explanation: Therapies that modulate T cells are used to treat autoimmune disorders such as lupus and Crohn's disease by adjusting the immune response.

p.6
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Which secondary lymphoid tissue is associated with the gut?
A) MALT
B) SALT
C) BALT
D) GALT
E) Thymus

D) GALT
Explanation: Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) is the secondary lymphoid tissue associated with the gut, including structures like Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes.

p.21
B Cell Activation and Antibody Production

How do B cells recognize specific antigens?
A) Through T cell receptors (TCRs)
B) Through major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
C) Through B cell receptors (BCRs)
D) Through cytokine receptors
E) Through complement receptors

C) Through B cell receptors (BCRs)
Explanation: B cells recognize specific antigens via B cell receptors (BCRs), which are membrane-bound immunoglobulins.

p.1
Immune System Overview

Where can immune cells be found in the body?
A) Only in the bone marrow
B) Only in the brain
C) In tissues and circulating in the blood or lymph
D) Only in the heart
E) Only in the digestive system

C) In tissues and circulating in the blood or lymph
Explanation: Immune cells can reside in tissues or circulate in the blood or lymph, allowing them to provide a widespread defense against pathogens throughout the body.

p.22
Myeloid Lineage Immune Cells

Which CD markers are found on Basophils?
A) CD3+, CD4+
B) CD3+, CD8+
C) CD19+, CD20+
D) CD123+, HLA-DR-, CD11b+, CD11c-
E) CD11b+, CD14+

D) CD123+, HLA-DR-, CD11b+, CD11c-
Explanation: Basophils are characterized by the presence of CD123+, HLA-DR-, CD11b+, and CD11c- markers.

p.7
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

What types of cells inhabit the marginal zone (MZ) of the spleen?
A) Neutrophils and eosinophils
B) Unique dendritic cells, macrophages, and MZ B cells
C) Red blood cells and platelets
D) T cells and NK cells
E) Fibroblasts and endothelial cells

B) Unique dendritic cells, macrophages, and MZ B cells
Explanation: The marginal zone (MZ) is crucial for trapping blood-borne pathogens and is inhabited by unique dendritic cells, macrophages, and MZ B cells.

p.5
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Which cells are mostly found as residents in secondary lymphoid organs?
A) Neutrophils and eosinophils
B) Resident macrophages and dendritic cells
C) Basophils and mast cells
D) B cells and T cells
E) Natural killer cells

B) Resident macrophages and dendritic cells
Explanation: Secondary lymphoid organs mostly contain resident macrophages and dendritic cells, which play crucial roles in antigen presentation and immune response activation.

p.24
Clinical Relevance of Immune System Knowledge

What is the significance of CD4/CD8 ratios in medical diagnosis?
A) Diagnosing diabetes
B) Diagnosing cardiovascular diseases
C) Diagnosing HIV/AIDS and autoimmune diseases
D) Diagnosing respiratory infections
E) Diagnosing neurological disorders

C) Diagnosing HIV/AIDS and autoimmune diseases
Explanation: CD4/CD8 ratios are important in diagnosing conditions such as HIV/AIDS and autoimmune diseases, as they provide critical information about the immune system's status.

p.6
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

What is the primary function of secondary lymphoid organs?
A) Production of red blood cells
B) Filtration of blood
C) Maintenance and initiation of immune responses
D) Storage of fat
E) Regulation of body temperature

C) Maintenance and initiation of immune responses
Explanation: Secondary lymphoid organs are crucial for maintaining immune cells and initiating immune responses.

p.21
B Cell Activation and Antibody Production

Into what do B cells differentiate upon activation?
A) Memory cells
B) Plasma cells
C) Helper T cells
D) Cytotoxic T cells
E) Natural killer cells

B) Plasma cells
Explanation: Upon activation, B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which are responsible for producing antibodies.

p.11
Innate and Adaptive Immunity

What role do endothelial and innate immune cells play in the immune response?
A) They produce antibodies
B) They recruit white blood cells to infected tissues
C) They digest pathogens
D) They store nutrients
E) They regulate blood pressure

B) They recruit white blood cells to infected tissues
Explanation: Endothelial and innate immune cells are responsible for recruiting white blood cells to infected tissues, facilitating the immune response.

p.10
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Which of the following is similar to the structure of MALT?
A) Bone marrow
B) Liver
C) Spleen and lymph nodes
D) Kidneys
E) Heart

C) Spleen and lymph nodes
Explanation: MALT includes T-cell zones and lymphoid follicles, which are similar to the structures found in the spleen and lymph nodes.

p.19
T Cell Subtypes and Functions

Where do T cells mature?
A) Bone marrow
B) Thymus
C) Spleen
D) Lymph nodes
E) Liver

B) Thymus
Explanation: T cells mature in the thymus, which is essential for their development and function in mediating T-cell mediated immunity.

p.4
Primary Lymphoid Organs

What is the primary function of the thymus?
A) Production of antibodies
B) Development and maturation of T cells
C) Filtration of blood
D) Production of red blood cells
E) Storage of iron

B) Development and maturation of T cells
Explanation: The thymus is specifically responsible for the development and maturation of T cells, which are crucial components of the adaptive immune system.

p.24
Clinical Relevance of Immune System Knowledge

What is Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) effective in treating?
A) Diabetes
B) Hypertension
C) Leukemia and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
D) Asthma
E) Alzheimer's disease

C) Leukemia and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
Explanation: Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) is effective in treating conditions like leukemia and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) by replacing damaged or diseased bone marrow with healthy stem cells.

p.20
T Cell Subtypes and Functions

Which molecule do Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) target on infected cells?
A) MHC class II
B) MHC class I
C) CD4
D) CD25
E) BCR

B) MHC class I
Explanation: Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) target cells bearing antigenic peptides complexed with MHC class I molecules.

p.22
Myeloid Lineage Immune Cells

Which CD markers are found on Macrophages?
A) CD3+, CD4+
B) CD3+, CD8+
C) CD19+, CD20+
D) CD16+, CD56+
E) CD11b+, CD14+, CD68+

E) CD11b+, CD14+, CD68+
Explanation: Macrophages are characterized by the presence of CD11b+, CD14+, and CD68+ markers.

p.24
Clinical Relevance of Immune System Knowledge

What type of cancer is targeted by CAR-T cell therapy?
A) Skin cancer
B) Breast cancer
C) Lymphoma
D) Lung cancer
E) Prostate cancer

C) Lymphoma
Explanation: CAR-T cell therapy is a form of cancer immunotherapy that targets cancers like lymphoma by modifying T cells to attack cancer cells.

p.4
Primary Lymphoid Organs

What happens to the thymus after puberty?
A) It enlarges further
B) It remains the same size
C) It undergoes involution and becomes smaller
D) It starts producing B cells
E) It becomes part of the spleen

C) It undergoes involution and becomes smaller
Explanation: After puberty, the thymus undergoes a process called involution, where it gradually becomes smaller.

p.20
T Cell Subtypes and Functions

What is the primary function of Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)?
A) Produce antibodies
B) Destroy infected or malignant cells
C) Suppress autoimmune activities
D) Present antigens to B cells
E) Produce cytokines

B) Destroy infected or malignant cells
Explanation: Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) are responsible for destroying cells infected with intracellular pathogens, such as viruses, or malignant cells.

p.1
Hematopoiesis and Immune Cell Development

What happens to immune cells after they originate in the bone marrow?
A) They stay in the bone marrow
B) They migrate to guard peripheral tissues
C) They are immediately destroyed
D) They transform into red blood cells
E) They become inactive

B) They migrate to guard peripheral tissues
Explanation: After originating in the bone marrow, immune cells migrate to guard peripheral tissues, where they play a role in protecting the body from pathogens.

p.22
Lymphoid Lineage Immune Cells

Which CD markers are found on B Cells?
A) CD3+, CD4+
B) CD3+, CD8+
C) CD19+, CD20+, CD21+, CD22+
D) CD16+, CD56+
E) CD11b+, CD14+

C) CD19+, CD20+, CD21+, CD22+
Explanation: B Cells are characterized by the presence of CD19+, CD20+, CD21+, and CD22+ markers.

p.2
Primary Lymphoid Organs

Which of the following is a primary lymphoid organ?
A) Spleen
B) Lymph nodes
C) Thymus
D) Tonsils
E) Peyer's patches

C) Thymus
Explanation: The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ where T cells mature, distinguishing it from secondary lymphoid organs like the spleen and lymph nodes.

p.19
T Cell Subtypes and Functions

Which cytokine is secreted by T helper 17 (Th17) cells?
A) IL-2
B) IL-4
C) IL-10
D) IL-17
E) IL-6

D) IL-17
Explanation: T helper 17 (Th17) cells secrete IL-17, which plays a significant role in enhancing an inflammatory immune response against some fungi and bacteria.

p.6
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Which of the following is a component of Mucus Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)?
A) Spleen
B) Thymus
C) Tonsils
D) Bone marrow
E) Liver

C) Tonsils
Explanation: Tonsils are a component of Mucus Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT), which also includes adenoids and other mucosal tissues.

p.1
Innate and Adaptive Immunity

What are the two main mechanisms through which the immune system defends against pathogens?
A) Chemical and physical barriers
B) Innate and adaptive mechanisms
C) Mechanical and biological processes
D) Genetic and environmental factors
E) Nutritional and hormonal responses

B) Innate and adaptive mechanisms
Explanation: The immune system defends against pathogens through innate and adaptive mechanisms, which are essential for providing a comprehensive defense strategy.

p.11
Immune System Overview

What guides white blood cells to infection sites?
A) Hormones
B) Enzymes
C) Chemokines
D) Neurotransmitters
E) Vitamins

C) Chemokines
Explanation: Chemokines are signaling molecules that guide white blood cells to infection sites, ensuring they reach the areas where they are needed most.

p.22
T Cell Subtypes and Functions

Which markers are characteristic of Regulatory T Cells?
A) CD3+, CD8+
B) CD3+, CD4+, CD25+, FoxP3+
C) CD19+, CD20+
D) CD16+, CD56+
E) CD11b+, CD14+

B) CD3+, CD4+, CD25+, FoxP3+
Explanation: Regulatory T Cells are characterized by the presence of CD3+, CD4+, CD25+, and FoxP3+ markers.

p.24
Clinical Relevance of Immune System Knowledge

How does knowledge of lymphoid organs enhance vaccine development?
A) By improving antibiotic resistance
B) By enhancing the body's metabolic rate
C) By improving vaccines for infectious diseases like flu and COVID-19
D) By reducing allergic reactions
E) By increasing muscle strength

C) By improving vaccines for infectious diseases like flu and COVID-19
Explanation: Understanding lymphoid organs is crucial for enhancing vaccine development for infectious diseases such as flu and COVID-19, as it helps in designing effective immune responses.

p.11
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

What is the primary function of the lymphatic system in the immune response?
A) Site of antigen presentation
B) Production of red blood cells
C) Regulation of body temperature
D) Digestion of food
E) Storage of fat

A) Site of antigen presentation
Explanation: The lymphatic system is crucial for the immune response as it serves as the site of antigen presentation, where immune cells can recognize and respond to pathogens.

p.11
Secondary Lymphoid Organs

What is the function of lymphatic vessels in preventing lymphedema?
A) They produce lymphocytes
B) They return seeped fluid to the circulatory system
C) They store excess fat
D) They regulate blood sugar levels
E) They produce antibodies

B) They return seeped fluid to the circulatory system
Explanation: Lymphatic vessels return seeped fluid to the circulatory system, preventing the accumulation of fluid in tissues, which can lead to lymphedema.

p.22
T Cell Subtypes and Functions

Which Cluster of Differentiation (CD) markers are characteristic of T Helper Cells?
A) CD3+, CD8+
B) CD3+, CD4+
C) CD19+, CD20+
D) CD16+, CD56+
E) CD11b+, CD14+

B) CD3+, CD4+
Explanation: T Helper Cells are characterized by the presence of CD3+ and CD4+ markers, and the absence of CD8-.

p.22
Lymphoid Lineage Immune Cells

What markers are characteristic of Natural Killer Cells?
A) CD3+, CD4+
B) CD3+, CD8+
C) CD19+, CD20+
D) CD16+, CD56+
E) CD11b+, CD14+

D) CD16+, CD56+
Explanation: Natural Killer Cells are characterized by the presence of CD16+ and CD56+ markers, with low levels of CD3.

p.22
Myeloid Lineage Immune Cells

Which CD markers are found on Neutrophils?
A) CD3+, CD4+
B) CD3+, CD8+
C) CD19+, CD20+
D) CD11b+, CD16+, CD66b+
E) CD11b+, CD14+

D) CD11b+, CD16+, CD66b+
Explanation: Neutrophils are characterized by the presence of CD11b+, CD16+, and CD66b+ markers.

p.12
Hematopoiesis and Immune Cell Development

What is hematopoiesis?
A) The process of blood clotting
B) The process of blood cell formation from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
C) The process of oxygen transport in blood
D) The process of immune response activation
E) The process of nutrient absorption in the intestines

B) The process of blood cell formation from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
Explanation: Hematopoiesis is specifically defined as the process of blood cell formation from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which is essential for producing various types of blood cells, including immune cells.

Study Smarter, Not Harder
Study Smarter, Not Harder