p.1
DNA Copying in Reproduction
What role do chromosomes play in reproduction?
They contain information for the inheritance of features from parents to the next generation in the form of DNA.
p.2
DNA Copying in Reproduction
Are the DNA copies generated during reproduction absolutely identical?
No, they are similar but may not be identical due to variations in the copying process.
p.1
DNA Copying in Reproduction
What is the basic level of reproduction?
Making copies of the blueprints of body design, which are encoded in DNA.
p.1
Variation and Evolution
What happens if the information in DNA is changed?
Different proteins will be made, leading to altered body designs.
p.2
DNA Copying in Reproduction
What happens during DNA copying in cells?
DNA copying is accompanied by the creation of an additional cellular apparatus, and then the DNA copies separate, each with its own cellular apparatus.
p.2
DNA Copying in Reproduction
What can happen if a new DNA copy cannot work with its inherited cellular apparatus?
The newborn cell will simply die.
p.1
Importance of Reproduction
Why do organisms reproduce if it is not necessary for individual survival?
Reproduction is essential for the continuation of the species and increases the number of organisms, making them more noticeable.
p.1
DNA Copying in Reproduction
How do cells create copies of their DNA?
Cells use chemical reactions to build copies of their DNA.
p.1
Variation and Evolution
How do we identify that two organisms belong to the same species?
They usually look similar to each other.
p.1
DNA Copying in Reproduction
What is a fundamental event in reproduction?
The creation of a DNA copy.
p.6
Asexual Reproduction Methods
How do Bryophyllum plants reproduce?
By producing buds in the notches along the leaf margin that fall on the soil and develop into new plants.
p.12
Reproductive Systems in Humans
How often is an egg produced by the ovaries?
One egg is produced every month.
p.5
Asexual Reproduction Methods
What is budding in Hydra?
A process where a bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell division at a specific site.
p.4
Asexual Reproduction Methods
What is fragmentation in the context of reproduction?
A method where organisms like Spirogyra break up into smaller pieces that grow into new individuals.
p.7
Asexual Reproduction Methods
What is the benefit of reproduction through spores?
It allows for the creation of new individuals that can survive in various environments.
p.7
Asexual Reproduction Methods
Why can't more complex organisms reproduce through regeneration?
Due to their complex structures and systems that require more than just regeneration.
p.6
Asexual Reproduction Methods
What is the significance of the potato experiment?
To observe which potato pieces with buds give rise to fresh green shoots and roots.
p.12
Reproductive Systems in Humans
What structure carries the egg from the ovary to the womb?
The oviduct or fallopian tube.
p.9
Pollination and Fertilization in Plants
What is cross-pollination?
It is the transfer of pollen from one flower to another.
p.15
Variation and Evolution
What are the advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?
Increased genetic diversity and adaptability.
p.12
Reproductive Health and Challenges
What happens if the egg is not fertilized?
The lining of the uterus breaks down and is expelled as menstruation.
p.15
Puberty and Sexual Maturation
Why does menstruation occur?
Due to the shedding of the uterine lining when pregnancy does not occur.
p.5
Asexual Reproduction Methods
Which plants can be propagated through vegetative methods?
Sugarcane, roses, grapes, bananas, oranges, and jasmine.
p.9
Puberty and Sexual Maturation
What changes occur in the human body as it ages?
Changes include growth in height, acquisition of teeth, and loss of milk teeth.
p.15
Importance of Reproduction
How does reproduction help in providing stability to populations of species?
By maintaining population numbers and genetic diversity.
p.10
Puberty and Sexual Maturation
How do germ-cells participate in sexual reproduction?
They must join together from two individuals.
p.6
Asexual Reproduction Methods
What are sporangia in Rhizopus?
Structures that contain cells or spores involved in reproduction.
p.5
Asexual Reproduction Methods
What happens to the buds in Hydra when they mature?
They detach from the parent body and become new independent individuals.
p.4
Asexual Reproduction Methods
Why can't all multi-cellular organisms reproduce by simple cell division?
Because they are organized into specialized tissues and organs, making cell-by-cell division impractical.
p.4
Asexual Reproduction Methods
What is the role of specialized cells in multi-cellular organisms?
Different cell types perform specialized functions, including reproduction.
p.7
Asexual Reproduction Methods
Why is vegetative propagation practiced for growing some plants?
It allows for the rapid and efficient production of new plants with desirable traits.
p.2
Variation and Evolution
What could happen to a population if their niche is drastically altered?
The population could be wiped out unless some individuals have variations that allow them to survive.
p.4
Asexual Reproduction Methods
How does regeneration occur?
Through specialized cells that proliferate and differentiate into various cell types and tissues.
p.13
Contraceptive Methods
What are some potential side effects of hormonal contraceptives?
They can cause side effects due to changes in hormonal balances.
p.11
Sexual Reproduction Overview
What must be identifiable in organisms during the mating process?
Their state of sexual maturity.
p.5
Asexual Reproduction Methods
What is the process referred to as development in organisms?
An organized sequence of changes that occur during regeneration.
p.3
Asexual Reproduction Methods
What is a characteristic of more organized unicellular organisms like Leishmania?
They have a whip-like structure at one end of the cell.
p.10
Puberty and Sexual Maturation
What type of changes occur during puberty besides body enlargement?
Changes in appearance, proportions, and new features.
p.2
Variation and Evolution
What is the basis for evolution according to the text?
The inbuilt tendency for variation during reproduction.
p.13
Reproductive Health and Challenges
What are some diseases that can be sexually transmitted?
Bacterial infections like gonorrhoea and syphilis, and viral infections like warts and HIV-AIDS.
p.14
DNA Copying in Reproduction
What is involved in the process of reproduction?
Creation of a DNA copy and additional cellular apparatus.
p.7
Asexual Reproduction Methods
What are the limitations of asexual reproduction?
It may lead to less genetic variation, making populations more vulnerable to changes.
p.7
Variation and Evolution
What role do accumulated variations play in reproduction?
They provide a basis for new combinations of traits in offspring, enhancing survival.
p.14
Reproductive Systems in Humans
What does the female reproductive system consist of?
Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.
p.3
Asexual Reproduction Methods
What is the primary mode of reproduction for unicellular organisms?
Cell division, or fission.
p.4
Asexual Reproduction Methods
How do yeast reproduce?
Yeast can put out small buds that separate and grow into new individuals.
p.9
Pollination and Fertilization in Plants
What is the process that occurs after fertilization in plants?
The zygote divides to form an embryo within the ovule, which develops into a seed.
p.15
Contraceptive Methods
What are the different methods of contraception?
Barrier methods, hormonal methods, intrauterine devices, and natural methods.
p.15
Asexual Reproduction Methods
How do reproduction modes differ in unicellular and multicellular organisms?
Unicellular organisms often reproduce asexually, while multicellular organisms can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
p.14
Asexual Reproduction Methods
How do hydra reproduce?
By regenerating if broken into pieces and producing buds that mature into new individuals.
p.13
Contraceptive Methods
What surgical methods can prevent fertilization?
Blocking the vas deferens in males or the fallopian tubes in females.
p.12
Puberty and Sexual Maturation
What happens to the immature eggs in a girl's ovaries at puberty?
Some of the immature eggs start maturing.
p.3
Asexual Reproduction Methods
What activity can be performed to observe yeast growth?
Dissolve sugar in water, add yeast, and observe the culture under a microscope.
p.13
Contraceptive Methods
How can the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases be prevented?
By using a condom during sexual intercourse.
p.10
Puberty and Sexual Maturation
What skin changes might occur during puberty?
Skin frequently becomes oily and pimples may develop.
p.10
Puberty and Sexual Maturation
What specific changes occur in girls during puberty?
Breast size increases and menstruation begins.
p.14
Asexual Reproduction Methods
What is fission in terms of reproduction?
A process where many bacteria and protozoa divide into two or more daughter cells.
p.14
Asexual Reproduction Methods
What is vegetative propagation?
A process where roots, stems, and leaves of some plants develop into new plants.
p.14
Puberty and Sexual Maturation
What are some changes that occur in girls during puberty?
Increase in breast size and other physical changes.
p.14
Reproductive Systems in Humans
What does the male reproductive system consist of?
Testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra, and penis.
p.3
Asexual Reproduction Methods
How do many bacteria and protozoa reproduce?
By splitting into two equal halves during cell division.
p.9
Pollination and Fertilization in Plants
What happens during the fusion of male and female gametes in plants?
It results in the formation of a zygote, which can grow into a new plant.
p.11
Reproductive Systems in Humans
Why are the testes located outside the abdominal cavity?
Because sperm formation requires a lower temperature than normal body temperature.
p.7
Asexual Reproduction Methods
How does binary fission differ from multiple fission?
Binary fission involves one organism splitting into two, while multiple fission involves one organism splitting into many.
p.7
DNA Copying in Reproduction
Why is DNA copying essential in reproduction?
It ensures that genetic information is passed on to the next generation.
p.10
Puberty and Sexual Maturation
What specific changes occur in boys during puberty?
Thick hair growth on the face and voice cracking.
p.10
Puberty and Sexual Maturation
Why does sexual maturation occur during puberty?
As the rate of general body growth slows down, reproductive tissues begin to mature.
p.13
Reproductive Health and Challenges
What societal issue arises from illegal sex-selective abortions?
The declining female-male sex ratio.
p.12
Reproductive Systems in Humans
What is the role of the uterus in reproduction?
It is where the embryo is implanted and nurtured.
p.12
Reproductive Health and Challenges
What is the function of the placenta?
It provides nutrition and removes waste for the developing embryo.
p.15
Reproductive Systems in Humans
What functions do the testes perform in human beings?
Production of sperm and hormones like testosterone.
p.4
Asexual Reproduction Methods
What is regeneration?
The ability of fully differentiated organisms to give rise to new individuals from body parts.
p.9
Sexual Reproduction Overview
What mode of reproduction do humans use?
Humans use sexual reproduction.
p.2
Variation and Evolution
How can global warming affect bacterial populations in temperate waters?
Most bacteria may die due to increased temperatures, but heat-resistant variants may survive and grow.
p.8
DNA Copying in Reproduction
What is meiosis?
A process of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half.
p.14
Contraceptive Methods
Does using a copper-T protect against sexually transmitted diseases?
No, it does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases.
p.6
Asexual Reproduction Methods
What protects the spores of Rhizopus?
Thick walls that protect them until they come into contact with a moist surface.
p.5
Asexual Reproduction Methods
How does regeneration differ from reproduction?
Regeneration is not a typical method of reproduction; most organisms do not rely on being cut up to reproduce.
p.7
Asexual Reproduction Methods
What is asexual reproduction?
A mode of reproduction that allows new generations to be created from a single individual.
p.3
Asexual Reproduction Methods
What is the purpose of comparing yeast growth and mould growth in the activities?
To understand the different modes of reproduction in these organisms.
p.5
Asexual Reproduction Methods
Which agricultural methods utilize vegetative propagation?
Methods such as layering or grafting.
p.8
DNA Copying in Reproduction
What is the solution many multicellular organisms use to manage DNA content?
Special lineages of cells in specialized organs that have half the number of chromosomes, achieved through meiosis.
p.8
Sexual Reproduction Overview
What are the two types of gametes in sexual reproduction?
Male gamete (motile) and female gamete (contains food-stores).
p.8
Pollination and Fertilization in Plants
What are the two types of flowers based on reproductive parts?
Unisexual (contains either stamens or pistil) and bisexual (contains both).
p.10
Puberty and Sexual Maturation
What general process do the changes during early teenage years fall under?
Growth, where the body becomes larger.
p.5
Asexual Reproduction Methods
What is vegetative propagation?
A method where parts of plants like roots, stems, and leaves develop into new plants.
p.5
Asexual Reproduction Methods
What are some advantages of vegetative propagation?
Plants can bear flowers and fruits earlier, and all produced plants are genetically similar to the parent.
p.2
DNA Copying in Reproduction
Why is the consistency of DNA copying important for organisms?
It maintains body design features that allow the organism to use its particular niche.
p.13
Reproductive Health and Challenges
What major demands does pregnancy place on a woman?
It makes major demands on both the body and mind.
p.13
Contraceptive Methods
What is one category of contraceptive methods?
Mechanical barriers that prevent sperm from reaching the egg, such as condoms.
p.14
Sexual Reproduction Overview
What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?
Asexual reproduction involves a single individual, while sexual reproduction involves two individuals.
p.13
Variation and Evolution
What determines the size of a population?
The rates of birth and death in that population.
p.14
Contraceptive Methods
What are some contraceptive methods to avoid pregnancy?
Condoms, oral pills, copper-T, and other methods.
p.9
Pollination and Fertilization in Plants
What is the role of the ovary in plant reproduction?
The ovary contains ovules, each with an egg cell, which is essential for fertilization.
p.3
Asexual Reproduction Methods
How does binary fission occur in Leishmania?
In a definite orientation in relation to its body structure.
p.10
Puberty and Sexual Maturation
What common physical change occurs in both boys and girls during puberty?
Thick hair growing in new parts of the body.
p.2
Variation and Evolution
How does variation contribute to the survival of species?
Variation allows some individuals to survive changes in their niche, increasing the chances of species survival over time.
p.9
Pollination and Fertilization in Plants
What is germination?
It is the process by which a seed develops into a seedling under appropriate conditions.
p.14
Importance of Reproduction
Why is reproduction not essential for the survival of an individual organism?
Because it is not necessary for maintaining the life of a single organism.
p.8
DNA Copying in Reproduction
What major difficulty arises from combining DNA from two individuals?
Each new generation would have twice the amount of DNA as the previous generation.
p.13
Contraceptive Methods
What do hormonal contraceptives do?
They change the hormonal balance to prevent egg release and fertilization.
p.13
Contraceptive Methods
What is the purpose of devices like the loop or copper-T?
To prevent pregnancy by being placed in the uterus.
p.13
Variation and Evolution
What is a major concern regarding an expanding population?
It makes it harder to improve everyone's standard of living.
p.6
Asexual Reproduction Methods
What is the process of tissue culture?
New plants are grown by removing tissue or separating cells from the growing tip, placing them in an artificial medium for rapid division, and then transferring to a medium with hormones for growth.
p.11
Puberty and Sexual Maturation
What physical changes during puberty signal sexual maturation?
New hair-growth patterns.
p.4
Asexual Reproduction Methods
What is multiple fission?
A process where single-celled organisms like the malarial parasite Plasmodium divide into many daughter cells simultaneously.
p.9
Pollination and Fertilization in Plants
What is self-pollination?
It is the transfer of pollen from the stamen to the stigma of the same flower.
p.11
Reproductive Systems in Humans
What do the prostate and seminal vesicles add to the sperm during transport?
Secretions that provide nutrition and facilitate transport.
p.4
Asexual Reproduction Methods
Which simple animals can regenerate from pieces?
Hydra and Planaria can be cut into pieces, and each piece can grow into a complete organism.
p.7
Sexual Reproduction Overview
What is the significance of sexual reproduction?
It involves two individuals and allows for genetic variation in the offspring.
p.15
Contraceptive Methods
What could be reasons for adopting contraceptive methods?
To prevent unwanted pregnancies, manage family size, and for health reasons.
p.12
Reproductive Health and Challenges
What pressures can affect decisions about sexual maturation and reproduction?
Pressures from friends, family, and government agencies.
p.12
Reproductive Systems in Humans
How long does the development of a child inside the mother take?
Approximately nine months.
p.7
Sexual Reproduction Overview
How does sexual reproduction create variation?
By combining genetic material from two different individuals, leading to new combinations of traits.
p.14
Pollination and Fertilization in Plants
What is pollination in flowering plants?
The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma.
