What characterizes exocrine glands?
They remain connected with the surface epithelium through tubular ducts.
p.8
Types of Simple Epithelium
What is the function of cilia in simple columnar ciliated epithelium?
Cilia aid in the transport of material across the surface of the epithelium.
p.14
Transitional Epithelium
What is a characteristic feature of transitional epithelium?
A superficial layer of large, dome-like cells called umbrella cells.
p.33
Fibers of Connective Tissue
How do reticular fibers appear under staining?
They are stained black with silver.
p.3
Classification of Covering or Lining Epithelium
How are cuboidal cells characterized?
They are as wide as they are tall, resembling cubes.
p.26
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What are the general features of fibroblasts?
Elongated cells with long tapering processes, basophilic cytoplasm, and a large oval central nucleus.
p.36
Connective Tissue Characteristics
What type of tissue is mucous (mucoid) tissue?
A gel-like connective tissue.
p.36
Connective Tissue Characteristics
Where is mucous tissue most abundantly found?
Around blood vessels in the umbilical cord.
p.33
Fibers of Connective Tissue
What are reticular fibers primarily composed of?
A special type of collagen protein (type III).
p.3
Classification of Covering or Lining Epithelium
What is the shape of squamous cells?
They are flat and 'scale' like.
p.7
Types of Simple Epithelium
Where are microvilli commonly found?
In the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney.
p.14
Transitional Epithelium
How does the thickness of transitional epithelium change when the bladder is stretched?
The thickness is much reduced, and surface cells are extremely flattened.
p.34
Classification of Connective Tissue Characteristics
What are the two categories of connective tissue proper?
Loose (Areolar) and Dense (Irregular and Regular).
p.7
Types of Simple Epithelium
What materials do microvilli help absorb?
Fluid and other materials from a lumen.
p.21
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
What type of secretion is produced by serous glands?
Watery secretion, e.g., parotid gland and exocrine pancreas.
p.32
Fibers of Connective Tissue
What are elastic fibers composed of?
The proteins elastin and fibrillin.
p.7
Types of Simple Epithelium
What is the function of microvilli in simple columnar epithelium?
To increase the apical surface area of the cell to aid in absorption.
p.32
Fibers of Connective Tissue
What is a key characteristic of elastic fibers?
They are soft, flexible, and can recoil when the force is removed.
p.25
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What are examples of fixed connective tissue cells?
Fibroblasts and adipocytes.
p.33
Fibers of Connective Tissue
What is the structure of reticular fibers?
They are very fine, branch, and reunite to form a network.
How do glands develop in the fetus?
By cell proliferation and growth into the underlying connective tissue, followed by further differentiation.
p.32
Fibers of Connective Tissue
How do elastic fibers appear?
They are fine, present singly, and can branch.
p.6
Types of Simple Epithelium
How does the height of simple columnar epithelial cells compare to their width?
The height is greater than the width.
p.26
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What is one of the primary functions of fibroblasts?
To produce and maintain most of the tissue's extracellular components.
p.24
Connective Tissue Characteristics
What is the role of connective tissue in the body?
It supports and physically connects other tissues and cells together to form the organs of the body.
p.30
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the primary function of plasma cells?
Synthesis of immunoglobulin antibodies.
p.26
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What substances do fibroblasts synthesize and secrete that comprise the ground substance?
Glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins.
p.28
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
How do macrophages participate in immune responses?
By presenting antigens to lymphocytes.
p.31
Fibers of Connective Tissue
Where is collagen type III (reticular fiber) found?
In lymphoid organs and liver.
p.41
Connective Tissue Characteristics
What is the primary function of elastic connective tissue?
Provides distensible support and accommodates pressure changes.
p.12
Stratified Epithelium Types
What is the composition of stratified columnar epithelium?
It is composed of two or three layers of cells.
p.39
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What are the two types of adipose connective tissue?
Unilocular (white) adipose tissue and multilocular (brown) adipose tissue.
p.14
Transitional Epithelium
What is the function of umbrella cells in transitional epithelium?
To protect underlying tissues from the hypertonic and potentially cytotoxic effects of urine.
p.25
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What are free connective tissue cells?
Cells that originate from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow, circulate in the blood, and then move into connective tissue.
p.24
Connective Tissue Characteristics
What does the extracellular matrix consist of?
Protein fibers and areas of ground substance rich in glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and water.
p.28
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What organelles are well-developed in macrophages?
Golgi complexes and lysosomes.
p.38
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
Where is dense irregular connective tissue commonly found?
In the dermis of the skin.
p.5
Types of Simple Epithelium
What is the structure of simple cuboidal epithelium?
It consists of one layer of cuboidal cells.
p.1
Classification of Covering or Lining Epithelium
Into how many main groups are epithelia divided?
Two main groups: covering and glandular epithelia.
p.5
Types of Simple Epithelium
What are some examples of where simple cuboidal epithelium can be found?
Ducts of glands, follicles of the thyroid gland, tubules of the kidney, and on the surface of the ovaries.
p.29
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What do eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic factors do?
They attract eosinophils and neutrophils.
p.18
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
What defines a simple gland?
A simple gland has a duct that does not branch.
p.18
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
What characterizes a compound gland?
A compound gland has a duct that branches.
p.41
Connective Tissue Characteristics
Where is elastic connective tissue primarily found?
In the walls of arteries closest to the heart, such as the aorta.
p.35
Connective Tissue Characteristics
What does mesenchymal connective tissue give rise to?
All types of connective tissues.
p.11
Stratified Epithelium Types
What is a key characteristic of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
Surface cells are nucleated.
p.35
Connective Tissue Characteristics
What are the main components of mesenchymal connective tissue?
Mesenchymal cells in a gel-like amorphous ground substance.
p.11
Stratified Epithelium Types
Where is nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium commonly found?
Lining the oral cavity, esophagus, and vagina.
p.3
Classification of Covering or Lining Epithelium
What distinguishes columnar cells?
They are taller than they are wide, resembling columns.
p.9
Types of Simple Epithelium
Give two examples of where pseudostratified epithelium can be found.
In the trachea and epididymis.
p.34
Classification of Connective Tissue Characteristics
What are the types of specialized connective tissue?
Adipose (unilocular & multilocular), Reticular, Elastic, Cartilage, Bone, and Blood.
p.1
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What are the general characteristics of epithelium?
Covers exterior surfaces and lines internal cavities and body tubes.
p.6
Types of Simple Epithelium
Where is the nucleus typically located in simple columnar epithelial cells?
In the basal region of the cell.
p.38
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What characterizes dense irregular connective tissue?
Collagen bundles are arranged in different directions.
p.28
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What are Kupffer cells?
Resident macrophages in the liver.
p.24
Connective Tissue Characteristics
What role does connective tissue play in defense mechanisms?
It has a role in defense mechanisms.
p.31
Fibers of Connective Tissue
What is a key characteristic of collagen fibers?
They are unbranched and highly resistant to stretch.
p.4
Types of Simple Epithelium
What are other locations of simple squamous epithelium in the kidney?
Thin segments of the loop of Henle and the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule.
p.29
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What role does histamine play in mast cell reactions?
It promotes increased vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction.
p.35
Connective Tissue Characteristics
What is mesenchymal connective tissue?
A type of connective tissue present in the embryo.
p.21
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
What type of secretion is produced by mucous glands?
Thick secretion, e.g., Brunner’s glands in the duodenum and pyloric glands in the stomach.
p.6
Types of Simple Epithelium
What is the structure of simple columnar epithelium?
It consists of one layer of columnar cells.
p.28
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What are the characteristics of macrophages?
Large, irregular cells with oval or kidney-shaped nucleus.
p.19
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
What are the two types of secretory portions in multicellular exocrine glands?
Tubular and alveolar (or acinar).
p.4
Types of Simple Epithelium
What is simple squamous epithelium composed of?
A single layer of flattened cells.
p.19
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
What is the shape of tubular secretory portions?
They can be either short or long and coiled.
Where are goblet cells found?
In the lining of the small intestine, colon, and respiratory airways.
How do hormones secreted by endocrine glands reach target cells?
They are absorbed by capillaries adjacent to endocrine cells and transported in blood.
p.19
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
Can secretory units be branched in multicellular exocrine glands?
Yes, either type of secretory unit may be branched.
p.22
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
What is the mode of secretion for holocrine glands?
The product of secretion is shed with the whole cell.
p.31
Fibers of Connective Tissue
How many types of collagen exist in vertebrates?
A family of 28 collagens.
p.10
Stratified Epithelium Types
What do the top layers of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium consist of?
Keratinized cells that are flattened, nonnucleated dead cells.
p.13
Stratified Epithelium Types
What type of epithelium is found in the duct of sweat glands?
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium.
p.25
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What are fixed connective tissue cells?
Cells that originate locally from mesenchymal cells and are permanent residents of connective tissue, e.g., fibroblasts and adipocytes.
p.40
Connective Tissue Characteristics
What structures does reticular tissue help form the architectural framework for?
Liver, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen.
p.32
Fibers of Connective Tissue
Where are elastic fibers commonly found?
In large arteries, such as the aorta.
p.11
Stratified Epithelium Types
How does nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium compare to keratinized squamous epithelium?
It is similar except that surface cells are nucleated.
p.2
Classification of Covering or Lining Epithelium
How many layers of cells does stratified epithelium have?
More than one layer of cells.
p.28
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What do macrophages look like under a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)?
They have a characteristic irregular surface with protrusions and indentations.
p.34
Classification of Connective Tissue Characteristics
What is the difference between unilocular and multilocular adipose tissue?
Unilocular has one large fat droplet, while multilocular has multiple smaller fat droplets.
p.22
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
Which glands are classified as merocrine?
Pancreas, salivary glands, and sweat glands.
p.4
Types of Simple Epithelium
What is an example of simple squamous epithelium found in blood vessels?
Endothelium, which lines blood and lymphatic vessels.
p.31
Fibers of Connective Tissue
How are collagen fibers arranged?
In a parallel array forming collagen bundles.
p.31
Fibers of Connective Tissue
What gives collagen fibers their great tensile strength?
The protein called collagen.
p.31
Fibers of Connective Tissue
Where is collagen type I found?
In dermis, bone, tendon, and ligaments.
p.9
Types of Simple Epithelium
What is a key characteristic of pseudostratified epithelium?
All cells rest on the basement membrane, but not all reach the apical surface.
p.21
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
What are mixed (seromucous) glands?
Glands that produce both serous and mucous secretions, e.g., submandibular and sublingual glands.
p.25
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What are examples of free connective tissue cells?
Macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, and leucocytes.
What is the structure of a goblet cell?
Has a narrow base and an oval apical portion expanded with mucin-secreting granules.
What distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrine glands?
Endocrine glands lose the connection to their original epithelium and lack ducts.
p.1
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What do all epithelia rest on?
A basal lamina that separates them from underlying connective tissues.
p.4
Types of Simple Epithelium
What is mesothelium?
A type of simple squamous epithelium that lines serous cavities (peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities).
p.29
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the shape of mast cells?
Oval or irregularly shaped with a rounded central nucleus.
p.29
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What fills the cytoplasm of mast cells?
Granules for the release of various substances.
p.14
Transitional Epithelium
What type of epithelium lines the renal calyces, ureters, bladder, and proximal segment of the urethra?
Transitional epithelium (urothelium).
p.37
Connective Tissue Characteristics
What are the characteristics of Loose (areolar) Connective Tissues?
Delicate, flexible, and contains all constituents of connective tissue.
p.37
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
Where is Loose (areolar) Connective Tissue commonly found?
Beneath the epithelial lining of many organs and filling spaces between fibers of muscle and nerve.
p.38
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What characterizes dense regular connective tissue?
Collagen bundles arranged in a regular pattern with fibroblasts in rows.
p.24
Connective Tissue Characteristics
What are the main components of connective tissue?
Cells and extracellular matrix.
p.27
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What are unilocular adipocytes?
Adipocytes that contain one large central fat droplet.
p.24
Connective Tissue Characteristics
How does connective tissue contribute to nutrient transport?
It plays a role in the transport of nutrients to other tissues.
p.27
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What characterizes multilocular adipocytes?
They contain numerous lipid droplets and are smaller than unilocular adipocytes.
p.19
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
Does the branching of secretory units depend on the duct?
No, a secretory unit may be branched even if the duct is not branched.
p.29
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What is the function of heparin released by mast cells?
It acts as an anticoagulant.
p.22
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
What is the mode of secretion for merocrine glands?
Secretory granules leave the cell by exocytosis with no loss of other cellular material.
p.4
Types of Simple Epithelium
Where are the nuclei located in simple squamous epithelium?
Flattened or ovoid nuclei are located close to the center of the cells.
p.17
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
How are multicellular glands classified?
According to morphology of duct, shape of secretory unit, nature of secretion, and mode of secretion.
p.28
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What is one function of macrophages?
Phagocytosis of foreign objects.
p.28
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
What are dust cells?
Resident macrophages in the lung.
p.29
General Characteristics of Epithelium
What do serine proteases activate?
Various mediators of inflammation.
p.30
General Characteristics of Epithelium
Describe the nucleus of a plasma cell.
Eccentric with a large nucleolus and a clock face appearance due to special chromatin arrangement.
p.1
General Characteristics of Epithelium
How are epithelial cells arranged?
They are closely arranged with very small amounts of intercellular substance.
p.22
Classification of Multicellular Exocrine Glands
What characterizes apocrine glands?
The secretory product is discharged together with parts of apical cytoplasm.
p.5
Types of Simple Epithelium
Where are the nuclei located in simple cuboidal epithelium?
The nuclei are centrally placed and spherical in shape.
p.27
Types of Connective Tissue Cells
How does the nucleus of unilocular adipocytes differ from that of multilocular adipocytes?
Unilocular has a flat and eccentric nucleus, while multilocular has a spherical and central nucleus.
