Phospholipids are essential molecules that make up cell membranes, consisting of two fatty acids attached to glycerol, with hydrophobic tails and a hydrophilic head that interacts with water.
Polysaccharides are macromolecules composed of many monosaccharides joined by linkages, serving as storage materials or building materials, such as starch in plants and glycogen in animals.
A nucleotide is a monomer of nucleic acids, composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and one or more phosphate groups.
Endocytosis is a cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell by engulfing them in a membrane-bound vesicle.
Denaturation is the process by which proteins unravel and lose their native shape when transferred from an aqueous environment to a non-polar solvent.
Monosaccharides are simple sugars that generally have formulas that are multiples of CH2O, serving as major nutrients for cells and important for energy extraction during cellular respiration.
The three types of lipids are fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
Complementary base pairing refers to the specific pairing of nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids, where adenine pairs with thymine (or uracil in RNA) and guanine pairs with cytosine.
RNA performs various functions during gene expression, including carrying instructions from DNA to ribosomes.
Tertiary structure is the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains (R groups) of various amino acids.
Proteins function as enzymes, storage of amino acids, coordinators of activities like insulin, motor proteins for movement, protect against disease, transport substances, and provide support.
Water acts as a solvent in solutions, dissolving ions and contributing to biological processes such as the formation of hydration shells around dissolved ions.
Purines are larger nitrogenous bases with a structure consisting of a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring, including adenine and guanine.
Prokaryotic Structures refer to the simple cellular organization of prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
A beta-pleated sheet consists of two or more strands of the polypeptide chain lying side by side, connected by hydrogen bonds.
Disaccharides are double sugars formed by two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage, commonly found in foods like maltose and lactose.
Nucleic acids are macromolecules that exist as polymers called polynucleotides, which store, transmit, and help express hereditary information.
Ribose is the sugar found in RNA.
A protein is a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.
Fats are large molecules assembled from smaller molecules, specifically glycerol and fatty acids, through dehydration reactions.
The Extracellular Matrix is a complex network of proteins and carbohydrates that provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
Globular proteins are proteins that are roughly spherical in shape.
Steroids are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings, with different steroids distinguished by the chemical groups attached to these rings.
Evaporative cooling occurs when the hottest molecules of a liquid evaporate, leaving behind cooler molecules, which helps stabilize temperatures in environments like lakes and ponds and prevents overheating in organisms.
A saturated fatty acid is formed when there are no double bonds between carbon atoms in the chain, allowing as many hydrogen atoms as possible to bond to the carbon skeleton.
Antiparallel refers to the arrangement of the two sugar phosphate backbones in DNA and RNA running in opposite directions.
The primary structure is a linked series of amino acids with a unique sequence, determined by inherited genetic information.
An unsaturated fatty acid has one or more double bonds, resulting in one fewer hydrogen atom on each double-bonded carbon, and its double bonds are typically cis, preventing tight packing.
DNA is double-stranded and forms a double helix.
An alpha-helix is a delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid.
It is the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of polypeptide subunits, such as the a and b subunits.
Lipids are a class of biomolecules that do not include true polymers and are generally not large enough to be considered macromolecules; they are grouped together due to their poor mixing with water.
Pyrimidines are a family of nitrogenous bases characterized by a single six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms, including cytosine, thymine, and uracil.
The Plasma Membrane serves as a barrier that regulates the entry and exit of substances in and out of the cell, maintaining homeostasis.
The secondary structure refers to coils and folds resulting from hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone.
Deoxyribose is the sugar found in DNA.
Signal Transduction is the process by which a cell responds to external signals, leading to a series of cellular responses.
Disulfide bridges are formed when two cysteine monomers with sulfhydryl groups are brought closer together by the folding of a protein, reinforcing its shape.
Cellulose.
Cellulose and chitin.
The clinging of one substance to another.
Water.
It helps them resist changes in their own temperature.
Serving as a fuel.
It helps transport water and dissolved nutrients against gravity.
Cellulose.
70% or more.
For their exoskeleton (hard case protecting the soft parts of the body).
Cohesion and adhesion, moderation of temperature.
Hydrogen bonding.
To discuss the differences of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, identify biomolecules, discuss parts of a plasma membrane, and show the components and functions of the extracellular matrix.
Moderation of temperature.
By absorbing heat from warmer air and releasing it to cooler air.
