Proteins are digested by pepsin in the stomach.
Salivary amylase breaks down starches into smaller sugars.
Fatty acids and monoglycerides are absorbed by simple diffusion into the small intestine.
Amino acids that must be obtained from the diet because the body cannot produce them in sufficient quantities.
Pancreatic enzymes such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase, along with brush border enzymes like aminopeptidases.
Most minerals are absorbed in the small intestine.
Water is primarily absorbed in the small intestine and to some extent in the large intestine.
Fats are digested by lingual lipase in the mouth, gastric lipase in the stomach, and pancreatic lipase in the small intestine.
In the small intestine, where monosaccharides like glucose and galactose are absorbed.
Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) are extracted with fats during digestion and absorbed in the small intestine.
Recommendations for each nutrient that should meet the needs of nearly all individuals in a specific gender and age group.
Dysbiosis can reduce nutrient bioavailability and increase gut permeability.
To diagnose and intervene in dietary deficiencies, improve nutritional behaviors, and educate individuals on dietary health.
Race/ethnicity, age, and socioeconomic status significantly impact food security.
Total energy expended in a day.
The amount of nutrient projected to meet the needs of 50% of healthy Americans by age and gender.
Diet shapes the gut microbiome; high-fiber diets promote beneficial bacteria, while high-fat/sugar diets contribute to harmful bacteria.
Chylomicrons package fatty acids and monoglycerides for transport into the lymphatic system.
