p.1
Bronchial Tree and Alveoli
What is the significance of the alveoli in the respiratory system?
They are the sites of gas exchange in the lungs.
p.1
Control of Ventilation
How does the respiratory system contribute to homeostasis?
By regulating the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
p.2
Gas Transport Mechanisms
How is oxygen transported in the body?
Primarily through hemoglobin in red blood cells.
p.3
Overview of the Respiratory System
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
To facilitate gas exchange, primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide.
p.1
Structure and Function of the Respiratory Tract
What are the main components of the respiratory system?
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
p.2
Overview of the Respiratory System
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
To facilitate gas exchange and transport oxygen to the body.
p.1
Overview of the Respiratory System
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
To facilitate gas exchange between the body and the environment.
p.3
Structure and Function of the Respiratory Tract
What are the main structures involved in the respiratory system?
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
p.3
Bronchial Tree and Alveoli
What role do alveoli play in the respiratory system?
They are the sites of gas exchange between air and blood.
p.5
Gas Exchange Processes
What is external respiration?
The exchange of gases between air and blood.
p.5
Gas Exchange Processes
What is internal respiration?
The exchange of gases between blood and tissue fluid.
p.6
Gas Exchange Processes
What is the primary function of the lungs (肺)?
To facilitate gas exchange between air and blood.
p.6
Structure and Function of the Respiratory Tract
What is the function of the trachea (氣管)?
To provide a clear airway for air to enter and exit the lungs.
p.6
Structure and Function of the Respiratory Tract
What are the two main divisions of the respiratory tract?
Upper respiratory tract (上呼吸道) and lower respiratory tract (下呼吸道).
p.7
Structure and Function of the Respiratory Tract
How is air cleansed in the respiratory tract?
By nasal hairs, cilia, and mucus.
p.6
Role of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
What is the primary function of the nasal cavity (鼻腔)?
To filter, warm, and humidify the air we breathe.
p.4
Gas Exchange Processes
What is the major function of the respiratory system?
Gas exchange, allowing oxygen to enter the blood and carbon dioxide to exit into the air.
p.6
Pharynx and Larynx Functions
What does the pharynx (咽) connect?
It connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus.
p.2
Mechanism of Breathing
What is the mechanism of breathing?
The process by which air is inhaled and exhaled from the lungs.
p.5
Mechanism of Breathing
What is pulmonary ventilation?
The entrance and exit of air into and out of the lungs.
p.3
Mechanism of Breathing
How does the diaphragm contribute to breathing?
It contracts and relaxes to change the volume of the thoracic cavity, facilitating inhalation and exhalation.
p.4
Mechanism of Breathing
How is air conducted toward the lungs during inhalation?
By a series of cavities, tubes, and openings.
p.3
Lung Anatomy and Pleurae
What is the significance of the pleurae in the lungs?
They provide a lubricated surface for lung expansion and contraction.
p.10
Role of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
What are paranasal sinuses?
Air-filled spaces that reduce the weight of the skull and act as resonating chambers for the voice.
p.10
Role of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
What are the two portions of the palate?
The hard palate and the soft palate.
p.11
Role of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
What bones form the structure of the nose?
Maxilla and palatine bones.
p.12
Pharynx and Larynx Functions
What is the shape of the pharynx?
Funnel-shaped passageway.
p.12
Pharynx and Larynx Functions
What does the pharynx connect?
The nasal and oral cavities to the larynx.
p.12
Pharynx and Larynx Functions
What are the three parts of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx.
p.12
Pharynx and Larynx Functions
What role do tonsils play in the pharynx?
They contain lymphocytes that protect against inhaled pathogens.
p.12
Pharynx and Larynx Functions
What is the function of the pharynx?
It serves as a passageway for both food and air.
p.13
Pharynx and Larynx Functions
What is the primary function of the larynx?
It serves as a cartilaginous passageway for air between the pharynx and trachea.
p.7
Structure and Function of the Respiratory Tract
What is the primary function of the respiratory tract?
To cleanse, warm, and moisten the air from the nose to the lungs.
p.7
Structure and Function of the Respiratory Tract
What role does lysozyme play in the respiratory tract?
It helps to kill bacteria in the mucus.
p.7
Structure and Function of the Respiratory Tract
What is the mucociliary escalator?
A mechanism where cilia in the trachea and airways beat upward to carry mucus and trapped contaminants into the pharynx.
p.7
Structure and Function of the Respiratory Tract
How is air warmed in the respiratory tract?
By warm blood flowing through blood vessels close to the airway surface.
p.8
Role of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
What separates the two nasal cavities?
A septum made of bone and cartilage.
p.8
Role of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
Where are odor receptors located in the nose?
In the olfactory epithelium.
p.8
Role of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
What is the function of the nasal conchae?
To increase the surface area for moistening and warming inhaled air.
p.9
Role of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
What are paranasal sinuses?
Air-filled spaces surrounding the nasal cavity.
p.9
Role of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
What is the primary function of the nose?
To facilitate breathing and sense of smell.
p.5
Overview of the Respiratory System
Why are respiratory events necessary?
To provide oxygen for and remove carbon dioxide waste from cellular respiration to produce ATP.
p.10
Role of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
How do tears reach the nasal cavities?
Through the nasolacrimal canals.
p.10
Role of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
What happens when a person cries?
It produces a runny nose.
p.5
Gas Transport Mechanisms
What does the transport of gases involve?
Transporting gases to and from the lungs and the tissues.
p.6
Bronchial Tree and Alveoli
What do bronchi divide into?
Smaller bronchioles (細支氣管).
p.2
Gas Exchange Processes
What are the key processes involved in gas exchange?
The transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the bloodstream.
p.6
Pharynx and Larynx Functions
What is the role of the larynx (聲門)?
To produce sound and protect the trachea against food aspiration.
p.4
Mechanism of Breathing
What is the process of breathing in called?
Inspiration or inhalation.
p.4
Mechanism of Breathing
What is the process of breathing out called?
Expiration or exhalation.
p.4
Mechanism of Breathing
How is air conducted away from the lungs during exhalation?
By a series of cavities, tubes, and openings.
p.1
Mechanism of Breathing
What role does the diaphragm play in breathing?
It contracts and relaxes to help draw air into and push air out of the lungs.
p.19
Lung Anatomy and Pleurae
What encloses the lungs?
A double layer of serous membrane called the pleurae.
p.18
Lung Anatomy and Pleurae
What shape are the lungs?
Paired, cone-shaped organs.
p.18
Lung Anatomy and Pleurae
What structures are found in each lobule?
A bronchiole and pulmonary arteries/arterioles/capillaries serving many alveoli.
p.43
Control of Ventilation
How does the respiratory system help regulate blood pH?
By altering the bicarbonate/carbonic acid buffer system through breathing.
p.23
Mechanism of Breathing
What is the primary function of the mechanism of breathing?
To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.
p.24
Mechanism of Breathing
What happens to the lungs when the respiratory muscles expand the thorax?
The lungs passively expand.
p.16
Structure and Function of the Respiratory Tract
What happens to the mucus after it is moved by the cilia?
It is either swallowed or expelled through coughing.
p.24
Control of Ventilation
What is the nature of intrapleural pressure compared to atmospheric pressure?
It is less than atmospheric pressure.
p.33
Control of Ventilation
What do the intercostal nerves stimulate?
The external intercostal muscles to contract.
p.19
Lung Anatomy and Pleurae
What is the role of the lubricating serous fluid?
It creates surface tension between the pleural layers, allowing them to cling together.
p.19
Lung Anatomy and Pleurae
What is the function of the visceral pleura?
It adheres to the surface of the lung.
p.38
Gas Exchange Processes
Where does gas exchange occur during internal respiration?
Between the blood in systemic capillaries and the tissue fluid.
p.43
Control of Ventilation
What happens during hypoventilation?
Increased CO2 leads to decreased pH, resulting in acidosis (pH less than 7.35).
p.23
Mechanism of Breathing
What happens to the thoracic cavity during inhalation?
It expands, decreasing pressure and allowing air to flow in.
p.15
Structure and Function of the Respiratory Tract
What keeps the trachea open?
About twenty C-shaped cartilaginous rings.
p.15
Structure and Function of the Respiratory Tract
What is the function of the mucociliary escalator?
Epithelial cilia sweep mucus produced by goblet cells.
p.41
Gas Transport Mechanisms
What is the primary method of carbon dioxide transport in the blood?
Most combines with water to form carbonic acid (60%).
p.37
Gas Exchange Processes
Where does gas exchange occur during external respiration?
Between the alveolar air and the pulmonary capillary blood.
p.39
Gas Exchange Processes
What is external respiration?
The process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and the blood in the lungs.
p.16
Structure and Function of the Respiratory Tract
What is the mucociliary escalator?
A defense mechanism in the trachea that helps clear mucus and trapped particles.
p.24
Lung Anatomy and Pleurae
Where do the lungs lie?
Within the sealed-off thoracic cavity.
p.33
Control of Ventilation
What is the normal range of ventilations per minute for adults?
12 - 20 ventilations per minute.
p.22
Structure and Function of the Respiratory Tract
What two layers make up the respiratory membrane?
Alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium.
p.36
Bronchial Tree and Alveoli
What role do alveoli play in gas exchange?
Alveoli are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
p.14
Pharynx and Larynx Functions
What determines the loudness of a voice?
The amplitude of the vibrations of the vocal cords.
p.35
Control of Ventilation
What happens to the respiratory rate and depth during exercise?
They increase due to rising levels of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.
p.43
Control of Ventilation
What is the chemical reaction associated with hypoventilation?
↑CO2 + H2O → ↑H2CO3 → ↑H+ + HCO3-.
p.16
Structure and Function of the Respiratory Tract
What role does mucus play in the trachea?
It traps dust, pathogens, and other particles to prevent them from entering the lungs.
p.38
Gas Exchange Processes
What is internal respiration?
The exchange of gases in the tissues.
p.39
Gas Exchange Processes
What is the primary purpose of external respiration?
To supply oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide.
p.42
Gas Transport Mechanisms
How is oxygen primarily transported in the blood?
Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
p.26
Mechanism of Breathing
What occurs to the external intercostal muscles during expiration?
They relax, causing the rib cage to move down and in.
p.41
Gas Transport Mechanisms
How much carbon dioxide combines with the protein portion of hemoglobin?
30% (forming carbaminohemoglobin).
p.24
Lung Anatomy and Pleurae
What role does intrapleural pressure play in the lungs?
It helps to keep the lungs inflated.
p.17
Bronchial Tree and Alveoli
How many secondary bronchi are there for the right lung?
Three, corresponding to its three lobes.
p.24
Gas Exchange Processes
What extends from the pharynx to the alveoli of the lungs?
A continuous column of air.
p.37
Gas Exchange Processes
In which direction does carbon dioxide diffuse during external respiration?
From the blood in the pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli.
p.16
Structure and Function of the Respiratory Tract
How does the mucociliary escalator function?
Cilia on epithelial cells move mucus upwards towards the pharynx.
p.42
Gas Transport Mechanisms
What is gas transport in the context of respiration?
The process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are carried in the blood between the lungs and tissues.
p.19
Lung Anatomy and Pleurae
What does the parietal pleura line?
The inside of the thoracic cavity.
p.26
Mechanism of Breathing
What is expiration/exhalation in the context of ventilation?
Usually the passive phase of ventilation, requiring no muscular effort.
p.32
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
What is tidal volume?
The volume of air exchanged during normal, relaxed breathing, about 500 mL.
p.28
Mechanism of Breathing
What is the maximum inspiratory effort?
The maximum expansion of the lungs.
p.17
Bronchial Tree and Alveoli
What does the trachea divide into?
The right and left primary bronchi.
p.38
Gas Exchange Processes
What happens to oxygen during cellular respiration?
Cells continually consume O2, causing it to diffuse from the blood into the tissue fluid.
p.43
Control of Ventilation
What occurs during hyperventilation?
Decreased CO2 leads to increased pH, resulting in alkalosis (pH greater than 7.45).
p.30
Measurement of Ventilation
What does a spirogram display?
The measurements recorded by a spirometer.
p.18
Lung Anatomy and Pleurae
Why does the left lung have fewer lobes than the right lung?
To allow room for the heart.
p.22
Gas Exchange Processes
What is the primary function of the respiratory membrane?
Facilitates rapid gas exchange.
p.36
Gas Exchange Processes
What is the primary gas exchanged in the lungs?
Oxygen is taken in, and carbon dioxide is expelled.
p.32
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
What is vital capacity?
The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled plus the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled.
p.22
Gas Exchange Processes
What happens to red blood cells in the capillaries of the respiratory membrane?
They are pressed up against the narrow capillary wall with little plasma present.
p.20
Bronchial Tree and Alveoli
What surrounds the alveolar sac?
Extensive pulmonary capillaries.
p.22
Gas Exchange Processes
How does the structure of the respiratory membrane facilitate gas exchange?
By having a large surface area and being extremely thin.
p.33
Control of Ventilation
What happens to respiration when only the medulla is functioning?
Respiration becomes short, irregular, and gasping.
p.25
Mechanism of Breathing
Which muscles contract during inhalation?
External intercostal muscles (外肋間肌).
p.20
Bronchial Tree and Alveoli
What lines each alveolus?
An extremely thin layer of water-based tissue fluid.
p.17
Bronchial Tree and Alveoli
What are bronchioles?
The smallest conducting airways with no cartilage support.
p.29
Mechanism of Breathing
What activities can lead to forced expiration?
Heavy exercise, singing, blowing air into a trumpet, or blowing out birthday candles.
p.29
Mechanism of Breathing
Which muscles contract to force the rib cage downward and inward during forced expiration?
Internal intercostal muscles.
p.39
Gas Exchange Processes
What is internal respiration?
The exchange of gases between the blood and the body's tissues.
p.14
Pharynx and Larynx Functions
What regulates voice pitch?
The tension on the vocal cords and the opening of the glottis.
p.35
Control of Ventilation
What does the respiratory center respond to in terms of chemical input?
Levels of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.
p.13
Pharynx and Larynx Functions
How is sound produced in the larynx?
When air is expelled past the vocal cords through the glottis, causing them to vibrate.
p.35
Control of Ventilation
Where are chemoreceptors located that monitor blood oxygen levels?
In the carotid arteries and aorta.
p.40
Gas Transport Mechanisms
Why is oxygen not very soluble in water?
Oxygen has low solubility in water.
p.34
Control of Ventilation
Which brain areas provide nervous input for ventilation control?
Cerebral cortex, limbic system, hypothalamus, and other brain centers.
p.26
Mechanism of Breathing
What causes the lungs to recoil during expiration?
The elastic tissue in the lung walls and slight alveolar surface tension.
p.38
Gas Exchange Processes
What is the concentration of carbon dioxide in the tissue fluid compared to the blood?
Higher concentration in the tissue fluid.
p.32
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
What is residual volume?
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration, about 1,000 mL.
p.20
Gas Exchange Processes
How does gas exchange occur in the alveoli?
Across moist cellular membranes.
p.41
Gas Transport Mechanisms
What happens to carbonic acid in the blood?
It splits into CO2 and H2O, and CO2 diffuses into the alveoli.
p.31
Overview of the Respiratory System
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation.
p.37
Gas Exchange Processes
What is external respiration?
The exchange of gases in the lungs.
p.37
Gas Exchange Processes
In which direction does oxygen diffuse during external respiration?
From the alveoli into the blood.
p.29
Mechanism of Breathing
How do abdominal wall muscles contribute to forced expiration?
They push on the abdominal organs and compress upward against the diaphragm.
p.36
Gas Exchange Processes
What is gas exchange?
The process of oxygen and carbon dioxide moving between the lungs and the bloodstream.
p.40
Gas Transport Mechanisms
What factors increase the amount of oxygen released by oxyhemoglobin?
Increased blood carbon dioxide, acidity, and temperature.
p.24
Lung Anatomy and Pleurae
What creates intrapleural pressure?
The surface tension between the visceral and parietal pleura.
p.14
Pharynx and Larynx Functions
What physical changes occur in the larynx during puberty?
The growth of the larynx and vocal cords is faster in males, leading to a more prominent Adam's apple and deeper voices.
p.34
Control of Ventilation
What influences the control of ventilation?
Nervous input and chemical input.
p.14
Pharynx and Larynx Functions
What is the function of the epiglottis?
It prevents food from entering the larynx.
p.23
Mechanism of Breathing
What occurs during exhalation?
The diaphragm relaxes, the thoracic cavity decreases in volume, and air is expelled.
p.25
Mechanism of Breathing
What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
It contracts and flattens.
p.43
Control of Ventilation
What is the chemical reaction associated with hyperventilation?
↓CO2 + H2O → ↓H2CO3 → ↓H+ + HCO3-.
p.15
Structure and Function of the Respiratory Tract
What does the trachea allow for in relation to the esophagus?
Expansion of the esophagus.
p.28
Mechanism of Breathing
What is the function of the scalene muscles during inspiration?
They assist in expanding the thoracic cavity during maximum inspiratory effort.
p.30
Measurement of Ventilation
What is a spirometer?
An instrument that records the volume of air exchanged during breathing.
p.23
Mechanism of Breathing
What are the two main phases of breathing?
Inhalation and exhalation.
p.33
Control of Ventilation
Which part of the brain controls ventilation?
The medulla oblongata and pons.
p.15
Structure and Function of the Respiratory Tract
Where is the trachea located in relation to the esophagus?
Anterior to the esophagus.
p.19
Lung Anatomy and Pleurae
What type of fluid do the pleurae produce?
A lubricating serous fluid.
p.26
Mechanism of Breathing
What happens to the volume of the thoracic cavity during expiration?
It decreases, leading to lung recoil.
p.28
Mechanism of Breathing
What is the result of maximum inspiratory effort?
It allows more air to be inspired.
p.32
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
What is expiratory reserve volume?
The volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal expiration, about 1,200 mL.
p.28
Mechanism of Breathing
What role do the erector spinae muscles play in breathing?
They assist in maximum inspiratory effort by helping expand the thoracic cavity.
p.32
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
What is dead air space?
The portion of tidal volume that does not reach the alveoli, about 30% of the tidal volume.
p.14
Pharynx and Larynx Functions
How does tension on the vocal cords affect pitch?
Greater tension and a narrower glottis result in a higher pitch.
p.42
Gas Transport Mechanisms
What are the primary gases involved in gas transport?
Oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2).
p.15
Structure and Function of the Respiratory Tract
What does the trachea connect?
The larynx to the primary bronchi.
p.26
Mechanism of Breathing
What happens to the diaphragm during expiration?
It relaxes and resumes its dome shape.
p.36
Gas Transport Mechanisms
How is oxygen transported in the blood?
Oxygen is primarily transported bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
p.39
Gas Exchange Processes
What is the primary purpose of internal respiration?
To provide oxygen to tissues and remove carbon dioxide from them.
p.21
Gas Exchange Processes
What is the role of the pulmonary artery and arteriole?
To carry oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
p.25
Mechanism of Breathing
What is the active phase of ventilation called?
Inspiration/Inhalation (吸氣).
p.36
Gas Exchange Processes
What factors affect the efficiency of gas exchange?
Surface area, concentration gradients, and the thickness of the alveolar membrane.
p.21
Gas Exchange Processes
What is the role of the pulmonary vein and venule?
To carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.
p.36
Gas Transport Mechanisms
What is the significance of partial pressure in gas transport?
Partial pressure gradients drive the diffusion of gases in and out of the blood.
p.17
Bronchial Tree and Alveoli
How many secondary bronchi are there for the left lung?
Two, allowing room for the heart.
p.20
Gas Exchange Processes
What gases are exchanged in the alveoli?
Oxygen enters and carbon dioxide exits the bloodstream.
p.38
Gas Exchange Processes
What happens to carbon dioxide during internal respiration?
It diffuses from the tissue fluid into the blood.
p.20
Bronchial Tree and Alveoli
What helps lung tissue return to its resting position when exhaling?
The attractive force created by the fluid’s surface tension.
p.25
Mechanism of Breathing
How does air flow during inhalation?
From an area of higher pressure (atmospheric pressure) to an area of lower pressure (within the lungs).
p.38
Gas Exchange Processes
What is the concentration of oxygen in the blood compared to the tissues?
Higher concentration in the blood.
p.20
Bronchial Tree and Alveoli
What happens to air during inhalation?
Air passes through the bronchial tree to the alveoli.
p.31
Overview of the Respiratory System
What are respiratory volumes?
The different amounts of air that can be inhaled or exhaled during breathing.
p.41
Gas Transport Mechanisms
What does carbonic acid dissociate into?
Hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-).
p.25
Mechanism of Breathing
Why do the lungs increase in volume during inhalation?
Because the lung adheres to the wall of the thoracic cavity.
p.42
Gas Transport Mechanisms
What role does the plasma play in gas transport?
It carries dissolved gases, including a small amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
p.28
Mechanism of Breathing
How does maximum inspiratory effort affect the thoracic cavity?
It helps increase the size of the thoracic cavity larger than normal.
p.32
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
What volumes contribute to vital capacity?
Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume.
p.26
Mechanism of Breathing
What happens to intrapulmonary pressure during expiration?
It increases as lung volume decreases.
p.43
Control of Ventilation
Why can both acidosis and alkalosis be fatal?
Because they interfere with cell enzyme functions.
p.17
Bronchial Tree and Alveoli
What supports tertiary bronchi?
Smaller plates of cartilage.
p.41
Gas Transport Mechanisms
What is the chloride shift?
The exchange of bicarbonate ions for chloride ions to maintain electrical balance.
p.34
Control of Ventilation
What do the stretch receptors in the lungs produce when stimulated?
Inhibitory nerve signals that prevent further nerve signals from the respiratory center.
p.19
Lung Anatomy and Pleurae
How do the pleural layers help the lungs?
They hold the lungs open against the chest wall.
p.23
Mechanism of Breathing
How does the body regulate the rate of breathing?
Through the respiratory center in the brain, which responds to carbon dioxide levels.
p.32
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
The volume of air that can be inhaled beyond the tidal volume, about 3,000 mL.
p.28
Mechanism of Breathing
Which muscles are involved in maximum inspiratory effort?
Accessory muscles of respiration, including the erector spinae, pectoralis minor, scalene, and sternocleidomastoid muscles.
p.31
Overview of the Respiratory System
What is tidal volume?
The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.
p.31
Overview of the Respiratory System
What is vital capacity?
The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after a maximum inhalation.
p.28
Mechanism of Breathing
Which neck muscles are involved in maximum inspiratory effort?
Scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles.
p.35
Control of Ventilation
What occurs when oxygen concentration decreases?
Chemoreceptors communicate with the respiratory center, increasing the rate and depth of breathing.
p.34
Control of Ventilation
What stimulates the stretch receptors in the lungs?
Increased inspiratory depth.
p.31
Overview of the Respiratory System
What is total lung capacity?
The total volume of air the lungs can hold, including all respiratory volumes.
p.17
Bronchial Tree and Alveoli
What occurs in the alveoli?
Exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide.
p.15
Structure and Function of the Respiratory Tract
What effect does smoking have on the trachea?
It destroys the cilia of the mucociliary escalator.
p.25
Mechanism of Breathing
What movement occurs in the rib cage during inhalation?
It moves upward (向上) and outward (向外).
p.20
Bronchial Tree and Alveoli
What are dust cells?
White blood cells that defend against debris or pathogens inhaled.
p.34
Control of Ventilation
What happens to respiration when a person is angry or frightened?
It increases, leading to hyperpnea (faster-than-normal respiration).
p.38
Gas Exchange Processes
What is carbon dioxide in relation to cellular respiration?
An end product of cellular respiration.
p.26
Mechanism of Breathing
Why does air flow out of the lungs during expiration?
Because intrapulmonary pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure.
p.34
Control of Ventilation
What is the Hering-Breuer reflex?
A reflex that prevents overexpansion of the lungs.
p.31
Overview of the Respiratory System
What is residual volume?
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation.
p.20
Bronchial Tree and Alveoli
What is the role of surfactant in the alveoli?
It lowers surface tension to prevent the alveoli from completely collapsing.
p.31
Overview of the Respiratory System
What is expiratory reserve volume?
The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation.
p.25
Mechanism of Breathing
What happens to the air pressure within the alveoli during inhalation?
It decreases (intrapulmonary pressure).
