p.1
Definitions of Key Terms
What is a phase?
A material having the same composition, structure, and properties everywhere under equilibrium conditions.
p.1
Equilibrium and Free Energy in Systems
What defines a system at equilibrium?
A system is at equilibrium if its free energy is minimum under some specified combination of temperature, pressure, and concentration.
p.59
Phase Transformations in Metals
What do solid arrows represent in the transformation of Fe-C alloys?
Transformations involving diffusion.
p.18
Microstructure Development During Solidification
What happens to the lead-tin alloy as it cools from the liquid-phase region?
It undergoes microstructure development.
p.24
Eutectic and Eutectoid Reactions in Alloys
What is the composition of the lead-tin alloy mentioned?
Eutectic composition C 3.
p.27
Eutectic and Eutectoid Reactions in Alloys
What occurs at the invariant point E in a phase diagram?
A eutectoid reaction takes place.
p.7
Phase Transformations in Metals
What are the two phases present in the Ni-Cu alloy at point B?
Liquid and solid α phases (solid solution of Ni-Cu).
p.52
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
What is martensite?
An extremely hard and brittle phase in iron-carbon alloys.
p.49
Phase Transformations in Metals
What are the two types of cooling curves shown in the continuous cooling transformation diagram?
Moderately rapid and slow cooling curves.
p.39
Phase Transformations in Metals
What is the shape of Bainite particles?
Elongated and needle-shaped particles of Fe3C in a ferrite matrix.
p.14
Eutectic and Eutectoid Reactions in Alloys
What happens during a eutectic reaction?
An alloy of composition C_E undergoes a reaction when heated or cooled through the eutectic temperature (T_E).
p.26
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What is the significance of the temperature 248°C in the Magnesium-Lead phase diagram?
It indicates a specific phase transition or reaction point in the alloy system.
p.43
Phase Transformations in Metals
What is the significance of the isothermal transformation in Fe-C alloys?
It helps in understanding the transformation of phases during cooling or heating at a fixed temperature.
p.55
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
What mechanical properties are analyzed for Fe-C alloys?
Brinell hardness, tensile strength, and ductility (%RA).
p.15
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What does the Copper-Silver phase diagram illustrate?
The phases and phase relationships of copper and silver alloys at various temperatures and compositions.
p.6
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What does 'W L' signify in the context of the Cu-Ni phase diagram?
It represents a liquid phase in the diagram.
p.22
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What is the significance of T_E in phase diagrams?
It is the temperature at which the phases begin to coexist.
p.27
Eutectic and Eutectoid Reactions in Alloys
Which phase diagram is associated with copper and zinc?
Copper-Zinc phase diagram.
p.58
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
How does carbon content influence the DBTT of plain carbon steels?
Higher carbon content typically lowers the DBTT, making the steel more ductile at lower temperatures.
p.20
Eutectic and Eutectoid Reactions in Alloys
What is the significance of the eutectic temperature in lead-tin alloys?
It defines the temperature at which the alloy has a specific microstructure.
p.40
Phase Transformations in Metals
What are the characteristics of spheroidite?
Spherelike particles of Fe₃C embedded in a ferrite matrix.
p.50
Phase Transformations in Metals
What does the continuous cooling transformation diagram for a eutectoid iron-carbon alloy illustrate?
The dependence of the final microstructure on the transformations that occur during cooling.
p.22
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What does Wα represent in phase diagram calculations?
The weight fraction of phase α.
p.14
Eutectic and Eutectoid Reactions in Alloys
What is the eutectic temperature (T_E)?
The temperature at which a eutectic reaction occurs.
p.51
Phase Transformations in Metals
What does a continuous-cooling transformation diagram illustrate?
The phase changes of an alloy steel as it cools continuously.
p.53
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
How does tempering affect the hardness of martensitic steel?
Tempering generally reduces hardness compared to untempered martensitic steel.
p.1
Equilibrium and Free Energy in Systems
What is free energy?
A thermodynamic quantity that is minimized in a system at equilibrium.
p.21
Microstructure Development During Solidification
What does the term 'microstructure' refer to in the context of alloys?
The arrangement and organization of phases within the alloy at a microscopic level.
p.19
Microstructure Development During Solidification
What does the term 'microstructure' refer to in the context of alloys?
The arrangement and distribution of phases within the alloy.
p.27
Eutectic and Eutectoid Reactions in Alloys
What is a peritectic reaction?
An invariant reaction involving three phases at equilibrium.
p.49
Phase Transformations in Metals
What does a continuous cooling transformation diagram represent for Fe-C alloys?
It shows the phase transformations that occur in iron-carbon alloys during continuous cooling.
p.52
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
What effect does tempering have on martensite?
It increases ductility at the expense of strength and hardness.
p.58
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
What is the significance of understanding DBTT in Fe-C alloys?
It helps predict the performance of steels under varying temperature conditions.
p.32
Microstructure Development During Solidification
What is Eutectoid ferrite?
Ferrite that is presented in the pearlite.
p.56
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
How does ductility (%RA) change with tempering temperature in oil-quenched alloy steel 4340?
Ductility (%RA) increases with higher tempering temperatures.
p.34
Microstructure Development During Solidification
What is Pearlite in the context of the Fe-C system?
A eutectoid microstructure consisting of alternating layers of ferrite and cementite.
p.26
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
How can the Magnesium-Lead phase diagram be used in metallurgy?
To determine the phases present at various temperatures and compositions, aiding in alloy design and processing.
p.58
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
What does DBTT stand for in the context of plain carbon steels?
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition Temperature.
p.53
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
What is the relationship between hardness and carbon concentration in plain carbon steels?
Hardness increases with carbon concentration.
p.37
Phase Transformations in Metals
What is isothermal transformation in Fe-C alloys?
A phase transformation that occurs at a constant temperature.
p.4
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What information can be derived from a phase diagram?
The phases present, their compositions, and the conditions under which they exist.
p.2
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What does a phase diagram represent?
It shows the phases and their boundaries in terms of temperature and overall composition.
p.36
Phase Transformations in Metals
What is phase transformation in metals?
The process where metals change from one phase to another due to temperature or composition changes.
p.6
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What does the notation 'S R' refer to in the Cu-Ni phase diagram?
It typically refers to a solid phase in the diagram.
p.37
Phase Transformations in Metals
What is the significance of the TTT diagram in isothermal transformations?
It illustrates the time-temperature-transformation relationships for phase changes.
p.11
Phase Transformations in Metals
What occurs under the solidus line in a binary isomorphous system?
The system consists of only one phase: the α phase.
p.13
Solid Solutions and Phase Composition
What type of solution exists in the copper-nickel system?
A solid solution exists over all compositions.
p.43
Phase Transformations in Metals
How does temperature affect the phases in the Fe-C alloy?
Different temperatures lead to different phase transformations and microstructures.
p.38
Phase Transformations in Metals
What is the significance of T Eu in Fe-C alloys?
It is the eutectoid temperature where phase transformation occurs.
p.20
Eutectic and Eutectoid Reactions in Alloys
What happens to the microstructure of a lead-tin alloy at the eutectic temperature?
It changes above and below the eutectic temperature.
p.42
Phase Transformations in Metals
What temperature range is typically used to temper martensite?
Approximately 250 - 650 °C.
p.9
Phase Transformations in Metals
What phases are present in the Cu-Ni alloy at equilibrium?
Liquid phase (20% Ni - 80% Cu) and α phase (37% Ni - 63% Cu).
p.40
Phase Transformations in Metals
What is the significance of the temperature in spheroidite formation?
It must be below the eutectoid temperature.
p.57
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
What is the relationship between microstructures and mechanical properties in iron-carbon alloys?
Microstructures influence the mechanical properties such as strength, ductility, and hardness in iron-carbon alloys.
p.36
Heat Treatment of Metal Alloys
How does heat treatment affect metal alloys?
Heat treatment alters the microstructure and mechanical properties of metal alloys.
p.5
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
At what temperature does melting occur for the Cu-Ni alloy system?
Melting temperatures vary depending on the composition of the alloy.
p.37
Phase Transformations in Metals
What phases can form during isothermal transformation in Fe-C alloys?
Pearlite, bainite, and martensite.
p.34
Eutectic and Eutectoid Reactions in Alloys
What does the term 'Eutectoid' refer to?
A composition where a solid phase transforms into two other solid phases at a specific temperature.
p.27
Eutectic and Eutectoid Reactions in Alloys
What is a eutectoid reaction?
A solid transforms into other solid phases.
p.31
Eutectic and Eutectoid Reactions in Alloys
What defines a hypoeutectoid alloy in the iron-carbon system?
An alloy with 0.022 - 0.76 wt % C.
p.39
Phase Transformations in Metals
At what temperature range does Bainite form?
Approximately 215 - 540 °C.
p.5
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What does the Cu-Ni phase diagram represent?
The phase relationships between copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) at various temperatures and compositions.
p.41
Phase Transformations in Metals
What is martensite?
A phase formed when austenite is rapidly cooled (quenched) to a relatively low temperature.
p.7
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
What is the significance of the phases in the Ni-Cu alloy?
They determine the mechanical properties and behavior of the alloy.
p.8
Definitions of Key Terms
What does Lever's rule relate to in a mixture?
It relates the forces or weights of different phases in a mixture.
p.45
Phase Transformations in Metals
What is the initial temperature in the provided data?
T room (room temperature).
p.48
Eutectic and Eutectoid Reactions in Alloys
What does an isothermal transformation diagram illustrate for a eutectoid Fe-C alloy?
It shows the phases and microstructural changes at constant temperature.
p.53
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
What is the hardness characteristic of pearlitic steel compared to martensitic steel?
Pearlitic steel typically has lower hardness than martensitic steel.
p.41
Phase Transformations in Metals
What type of alloy is involved in the formation of martensite?
Iron-carbon (Fe-C) alloy.
p.38
Phase Transformations in Metals
What is coarse pearlite?
A microstructure formed in Fe-C alloys at temperatures just below the eutectoid temperature (T Eu).
p.14
Eutectic and Eutectoid Reactions in Alloys
What does the eutectic isotherm represent?
The lowest temperature at which liquid phase may exist at equilibrium.
p.35
Solid Solutions and Phase Composition
What is the carbon content range for hypereutectoid composition?
Between 0.76 and 2.14 % wt C.
p.49
Phase Transformations in Metals
What type of alloy is specifically mentioned in relation to the continuous cooling transformation diagram?
Eutectoid iron-carbon alloy.
p.13
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
What happens to tensile strength when solid solution strengthening occurs?
Tensile strength increases.
p.47
Phase Transformations in Metals
What is the significance of the isothermal transformation in Fe-C alloys?
It helps in understanding how the microstructure evolves during heat treatment.
p.39
Phase Transformations in Metals
What is the primary phase transformation associated with Bainite?
Phase transformation in Fe-C alloy.
p.32
Microstructure Development During Solidification
What is Proeutectoid cementite?
Cementite that is formed above the eutectoid temperature.
p.59
Phase Transformations in Metals
What do dashed arrows indicate in the transformation of Fe-C alloys?
Diffusionless transformations.
p.4
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What does the composition of phases in a phase diagram indicate?
The percentage or fraction of each phase present.
p.32
Microstructure Development During Solidification
What is Pearlite in the iron-carbon system?
A microstructure consisting of alternating layers or lamellae of α-Fe and Fe3C.
p.52
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
Rank the hardness of the following phases from hardest to softest: martensite, tempered martensite, lower bainite, upper bainite, fine pearlite, coarse pearlite, spheroidite.
Martensite > Tempered martensite > Lower bainite > Upper bainite > Fine pearlite > Coarse pearlite > Spheroidite.
p.56
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
What is the relationship between tempering temperature and yield strength in oil-quenched alloy steel 4340?
Yield strength changes with tempering temperature.
p.2
Solid Solutions and Phase Composition
What is a solid solution?
A solid phase that contains a mixture of more than one element, with a uniform composition throughout.
p.10
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
At what temperature does the first solid phase form in a 50% wt Ni – 50% wt Cu alloy when cooled from 1400 °C to 1200 °C?
The first solid phase forms at the temperature indicated by the phase diagram for the alloy.
p.50
Phase Transformations in Metals
What do superimposed cooling curves on the diagram demonstrate?
The relationship between cooling rates and resulting microstructures.
p.54
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
What is the primary focus of the mechanical behavior of Fe-C alloys?
The study of how iron-carbon alloys respond to applied forces and stresses.
p.3
Metastable Phases and Their Characteristics
What is a metastable phase?
A phase or system existing at an energy level above that of a more stable state, requiring a small amount of energy to transition to the more stable state.
p.59
Microstructure Development During Solidification
What is the structure associated with Fe-C alloys mentioned in the text?
Body centered tetragonal (BCT) structure.
p.14
Eutectic and Eutectoid Reactions in Alloys
What is a binary eutectic system?
A system of binary mixture that has a eutectic change.
p.31
Eutectic and Eutectoid Reactions in Alloys
What defines a hypereutectoid alloy in the iron-carbon system?
An alloy with 0.76 - 2.14 wt % C.
p.12
Microstructure Development During Solidification
What are the two types of phases mentioned in the context of solidification?
Cored vs Equilibrium Phases.
p.43
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What does the isothermal transformation phase diagram of Fe-C alloy illustrate?
The changes in phases of iron-carbon alloys at constant temperature.
p.11
Solid Solutions and Phase Composition
What is a binary isomorphous system?
A system of 2 components that has complete solubility in solid and liquid phases.
p.43
Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram and Microstructures
What are the key phases represented in the Fe-C isothermal transformation diagram?
Austenite, ferrite, cementite, and pearlite.
p.55
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
How does isothermal transformation temperature affect Brinell hardness and tensile strength in eutectoid Fe-C alloys?
Brinell hardness and tensile strength vary as a function of isothermal transformation temperature.
p.16
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What are the three single phases in the Cu-Ag phase diagram?
α (Cu rich), β (Ag rich), and L (liquid).
p.3
Metastable Phases and Their Characteristics
What is required to induce a transition from a metastable state?
The addition of a small amount of energy.
p.40
Phase Transformations in Metals
What is spheroidite?
A microstructure formed by heating pearlite or bainite to a temperature below eutectoid for a sufficiently long period of time.
p.4
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What type of phase diagram is used for H2O?
Pressure-temperature phase diagram.
p.56
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
What is the relationship between tempering temperature and tensile strength in oil-quenched alloy steel 4340?
Tensile strength varies with tempering temperature.
p.5
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What is the melting temperature of pure nickel (Ni)?
The melting temperature of pure Ni is 1455°C.
p.5
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What is the melting temperature of pure copper (Cu)?
The melting temperature of pure Cu is 1085°C.
p.22
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What does Wβ represent in phase diagram calculations?
The weight fraction of phase β.
p.32
Microstructure Development During Solidification
What is Proeutectoid ferrite?
Ferrite that is formed above the eutectoid temperature.
p.51
Microstructure Development During Solidification
What is the significance of the continuous-cooling transformation diagram for alloy steel?
It helps in understanding the microstructure development during cooling.
p.8
Definitions of Key Terms
What is the equation for the force of phase γ in Lever's rule?
F γ = S * F total / (R + S).
p.18
Microstructure Development During Solidification
What is the significance of cooling in the context of lead-tin alloys?
Cooling affects the microstructure and properties of the alloy.
p.16
Solid Solutions and Phase Composition
What is the solid solubility limit for Cu in Ag at 779 °C?
CβE = 8.8 % wt Cu (or 91.2 % wt Ag).
p.47
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What does an isothermal transformation phase diagram of Fe-C alloy represent?
It shows the phases present in the alloy at a constant temperature.
p.6
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What does the Cu-Ni phase diagram represent?
The phase relationships between copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) at various temperatures and compositions.
p.39
Phase Transformations in Metals
How does the temperature of deformation affect Bainite formation?
Bainite can form as needles or plates, depending on the temperature of deformation.
p.49
Phase Transformations in Metals
What is the significance of the cooling rate in the continuous cooling transformation diagram?
The cooling rate affects the microstructure and phase transformations of the alloy.
p.50
Phase Transformations in Metals
What type of alloy is represented in the continuous cooling transformation diagram?
Eutectoid iron-carbon alloy.
p.47
Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram and Microstructures
What are the key phases identified in the Fe-C isothermal transformation diagram?
Austenite, Ferrite, Cementite, and Pearlite.
p.2
Solid Solutions and Phase Composition
What is the significance of uniform composition in a solid solution?
It indicates that the elements combine to give a consistent structure and properties.
p.10
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What is the composition of the first solid phase formed in a 50% wt Ni – 50% wt Cu alloy?
The composition can be determined from the phase diagram at the temperature of the first solid phase.
p.48
Eutectic and Eutectoid Reactions in Alloys
What is the significance of the continuous cooling transformation diagram for a eutectoid Fe-C alloy?
It depicts how the phases change as the temperature decreases continuously.
p.47
Solid Solutions and Phase Composition
What is the role of carbon content in the isothermal transformation of Fe-C alloys?
Carbon content influences the stability and transformation of phases.
p.48
Eutectic and Eutectoid Reactions in Alloys
What is the eutectoid composition in the Fe-C alloy system?
Approximately 0.76% carbon.
p.25
Solid Solutions and Phase Composition
What type of solid solutions are present in the Copper-Zinc phase diagram?
Terminal solid solutions and Intermediate solid solutions.
p.8
Definitions of Key Terms
What does R and S represent in the context of Lever's rule?
R and S represent the amounts of two different phases in a mixture.
p.17
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What are the primary phases present in the lead-tin phase diagram?
Liquid, solid lead (α-phase), and solid tin (β-phase).
p.42
Phase Transformations in Metals
What is tempered martensite?
Martensite formed by heating to a temperature below eutectoid for a long period.
p.40
Phase Transformations in Metals
How long is spheroidite typically formed?
Approximately 18 to 24 hours.
p.26
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What does the Magnesium-Lead phase diagram represent?
The relationship between temperature and composition for magnesium and lead alloys.
p.42
Phase Transformations in Metals
What is the microstructure of tempered martensite?
Very small and uniformly dispersed cementite particles in a ferrite matrix.
p.37
Phase Transformations in Metals
Why is isothermal transformation important in Fe-C alloys?
It helps in understanding the microstructural changes during cooling.
p.42
Phase Transformations in Metals
What is the significance of heating martensite during tempering?
It allows for the formation of a more stable microstructure.
p.26
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What does the number 90 represent in the context of the Magnesium-Lead phase diagram?
It likely refers to a specific composition percentage of magnesium or lead in the alloy.
p.40
Phase Transformations in Metals
What type of alloy is spheroidite associated with?
Fe-C alloy (Iron-Carbon alloy).
p.57
Microstructure Development During Solidification
What are the key microstructures found in iron-carbon alloys?
The key microstructures include pearlite, ferrite, cementite, and martensite.
p.36
Microstructure Development During Solidification
What is microstructure in the context of metals?
The arrangement of phases and grains in a metal, which influences its properties.
p.9
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What is the significance of the Cu-Ni phase diagram in this problem?
It helps determine the temperature (T) at which the specified compositions coexist at equilibrium.
p.8
Definitions of Key Terms
What does W γ represent in Lever's rule?
Weight fraction of phase γ.
p.9
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
How can the temperature (T) of the Cu-Ni alloy be found?
By referring to the Cu-Ni phase diagram for the given compositions.
p.34
Phase Transformations in Metals
What is Proeutectoid α?
Ferrite that forms before the eutectoid transformation in hypoeutectoid compositions.
p.25
Solid Solutions and Phase Composition
What does the β phase represent in the Copper-Zinc phase diagram?
Another terminal solid solution.
p.23
Phase Transformations in Metals
What is the composition of the liquid phase in a 40 wt % Sn - 60 wt % Pb alloy at 150 °C?
The composition of the liquid phase is approximately 45 wt % Sn.
p.28
Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram and Microstructures
What is the stable form of pure iron at room temperature?
Ferrite (α-iron) with a BCC structure.
p.57
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
How does the presence of cementite affect the properties of iron-carbon alloys?
Cementite increases hardness and strength but decreases ductility.
p.6
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What does 'W α' denote in the Cu-Ni phase diagram?
It refers to a specific solid solution phase in the diagram.
p.30
Definitions of Key Terms
What is the typical carbon content in steel?
Usually less than 1 wt%C.
p.1
Definitions of Key Terms
What is a component in the context of a system?
A chemically independent constituent of a system.
p.23
Phase Transformations in Metals
What is the composition of the solid phase (α phase) in a 40 wt % Sn - 60 wt % Pb alloy at 150 °C?
The composition of the solid phase is approximately 38 wt % Sn.
p.17
Phase Transformations in Metals
What happens to the lead-tin alloy as it cools past the eutectic temperature?
It solidifies into a mixture of solid lead and solid tin.
p.56
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
What is the significance of %RA in evaluating alloy steel?
%RA (percent reduction in area) indicates ductility.
p.50
Phase Transformations in Metals
Why is the continuous cooling transformation diagram important for Fe-C alloys?
It helps predict the microstructural changes during cooling processes.
p.22
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What concept is used for Wα (or Wβ) + WL above T_E?
General Lever’s rule concept.
p.55
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
What type of iron-carbon alloy is being discussed?
An iron-carbon alloy of eutectoid composition.
p.54
Eutectic and Eutectoid Reactions in Alloys
What is the significance of the eutectoid transformation in Fe-C alloys?
It leads to the formation of pearlite, which enhances strength and hardness.
p.28
Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram and Microstructures
What is formed at 6.7 wt % C in the Iron-Carbon system?
Cementite (Fe3C), an intermediate compound iron carbide.
p.23
Phase Transformations in Metals
What is the mass fraction of the liquid phase in the alloy?
The mass fraction of the liquid phase is calculated using the lever rule.
p.47
Equilibrium and Free Energy in Systems
How does temperature affect the phases in an Fe-C alloy?
Different temperatures lead to different phase compositions and microstructures.
p.6
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What is the significance of the equation 'S R + W L = W α'?
It indicates the equilibrium between solid and liquid phases in the Cu-Ni system.
p.37
Phase Transformations in Metals
How does the cooling rate affect isothermal transformation in Fe-C alloys?
It influences the final microstructure and mechanical properties.
p.57
Microstructure Development During Solidification
What microstructure is formed during the slow cooling of iron-carbon alloys?
Pearlite is formed during slow cooling.
p.36
Solid Solutions and Phase Composition
What role does composition play in metal alloys?
Composition determines the phases present and their proportions, affecting the alloy's properties.
p.22
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What does the term 'Lever's rule' refer to in phase diagrams?
A method to calculate the proportions of different phases in a mixture.
p.15
Eutectic and Eutectoid Reactions in Alloys
What is the eutectic point in the Copper-Silver phase diagram?
The composition and temperature at which the liquid phase transforms into two solid phases simultaneously.
p.25
Solid Solutions and Phase Composition
What does the γ phase indicate in the Copper-Zinc phase diagram?
It is also an intermediate solid solution.
p.13
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
What are the two properties analyzed in the copper-nickel system at room temperature?
Tensile strength and ductility (%EL).
p.15
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What is the significance of the liquidus line in the Copper-Silver phase diagram?
It indicates the temperatures above which the alloy is completely liquid.
p.13
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
How does composition affect tensile strength in the copper-nickel system?
Tensile strength varies with composition.
p.45
Phase Transformations in Metals
What are the time intervals mentioned in the data?
0.2s, 0.3s, and (0.5 + 10^4)s.
p.25
Solid Solutions and Phase Composition
What is the role of the η phase in the Copper-Zinc phase diagram?
It represents a terminal solid solution.
p.11
Phase Transformations in Metals
What occurs under the upper liquidus line in a binary isomorphous system?
The system consists of only one phase: the liquid phase.
p.1
Definitions of Key Terms
What does solubility refer to?
The ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent.
p.25
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What are the phases represented in the Copper-Zinc phase diagram?
α, β, ε, γ, η, and Liquid.
p.1
Metastable Phases and Their Characteristics
What is meant by metastable?
A state that is stable under certain conditions but can transition to a more stable state.
p.23
Phase Transformations in Metals
What phases are present in a 40 wt % Sn - 60 wt % Pb alloy cooled from 300 °C to 150 °C?
The phases present are the liquid phase and the solid phase (α phase).
p.17
Eutectic and Eutectoid Reactions in Alloys
At what composition does the eutectic point occur in the lead-tin phase diagram?
At approximately 61.9% tin and 38.1% lead.
p.55
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
What is the significance of ductility (%RA) in the context of Fe-C alloys?
Ductility indicates the ability of the alloy to deform plastically at room temperature.
p.54
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
What factors influence the mechanical properties of Fe-C alloys?
Composition, microstructure, and heat treatment.
p.34
Microstructure Development During Solidification
What is the significance of α in the Fe-C system?
It represents the ferrite phase, which is a solid solution of carbon in iron.
p.10
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What is the composition of the last remaining liquid phase in a 50% wt Ni – 50% wt Cu alloy?
The composition can be determined from the phase diagram at the temperature of the last liquid phase.
p.13
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
How does composition affect ductility in the copper-nickel system?
Ductility (%EL) varies with composition.
p.28
Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram and Microstructures
What is a ferrous alloy?
An alloy containing Fe as a major component and some carbon or other components.
p.17
Eutectic and Eutectoid Reactions in Alloys
What is the significance of the eutectic point in the lead-tin phase diagram?
It represents the lowest melting point for the alloy and the composition at which the liquid phase transforms into two solid phases.
p.43
Solid Solutions and Phase Composition
What is the role of carbon content in the Fe-C phase diagram?
It determines the stability and type of phases present at various temperatures.
p.15
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What does the solidus line represent in the Copper-Silver phase diagram?
The temperatures below which the alloy is completely solid.
p.15
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What phase occurs between the liquidus and solidus lines in the Copper-Silver phase diagram?
A mixture of solid and liquid phases.
p.17
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What does the lead-tin phase diagram illustrate?
The phases and phase relationships of lead and tin alloys at various temperatures and compositions.
p.10
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
At what temperature does the last liquid solidify in a 50% wt Ni – 50% wt Cu alloy?
The last liquid solidifies at the temperature indicated by the phase diagram for the alloy.
p.25
Solid Solutions and Phase Composition
What does the α phase represent in the Copper-Zinc phase diagram?
A terminal solid solution.
p.54
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
What is the effect of heat treatment on the mechanical properties of Fe-C alloys?
Heat treatment can alter hardness, strength, and ductility.
p.23
Phase Transformations in Metals
How do you calculate the mass fraction of each microconstituent in the alloy?
Use the lever rule based on the compositions and total mass of the phases.
p.2
Phase Diagrams and Their Interpretations
What are the key components of a phase diagram?
Phases, boundaries, temperature, and overall composition.
p.36
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
What are mechanical properties in metals?
Characteristics such as strength, ductility, and hardness that determine how a metal behaves under stress.
p.54
Mechanical Properties of Iron-Carbon Alloys
How does carbon content affect the hardness of Fe-C alloys?
Increased carbon content generally increases hardness.
p.48
Eutectic and Eutectoid Reactions in Alloys
What phases are typically present in a eutectoid Fe-C alloy at equilibrium?
Austenite, ferrite, and cementite.
p.34
Iron-Carbon Phase Diagram and Microstructures
What characterizes a Hypoeutectoid composition?
It contains less than 0.76% wt C.
p.30
Definitions of Key Terms
What is the typical carbon content in cast iron?
Usually less than 4.5 wt%C.
p.25
Phase Transformations in Metals
What phase is represented by the liquid state in the Copper-Zinc phase diagram?
The liquid phase before solidification occurs.
p.57
Phase Transformations in Metals
What is martensite and how is it formed?
Martensite is a hard microstructure formed by rapid cooling (quenching) of austenite.
p.48
Eutectic and Eutectoid Reactions in Alloys
What transformation occurs in a eutectoid Fe-C alloy upon cooling?
Austenite transforms into pearlite.
p.25
Solid Solutions and Phase Composition
What is the significance of the ε phase in the Copper-Zinc phase diagram?
It represents an intermediate solid solution.
p.23
Phase Transformations in Metals
What is the mass fraction of the solid phase (α phase) in the alloy?
The mass fraction of the solid phase is calculated using the lever rule.
