All black fur.
B and b.
XX.
Male sex hormones.
Female sex hormones.
A, B, AB, or O.
The F2 generation consists of both tall and short plants in a ratio of 3:1.
It states that the separation of alleles of one gene is independent of the separation of alleles of other genes during gamete formation.
Gene locus (plural: loci).
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins.
X-ray diffraction.
The inheritance of one pair of contrasting characters of pea plants at a time.
Involves crossing an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive organism.
The simultaneous inheritance of two characteristics controlled by two different genes.
Hydrogen bonds between the bases.
The inheritance of seed shape and seed color.
If an X-bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum, the resulting zygote will develop into a female, while if a Y-bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum, the resulting zygote will develop into a male.
Heterozygote.
Long wings and vestigial wings.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the chemical that stores the genetic information in a cell.
Genes are passed from one generation to the next through the transmission of genetic material from parent to offspring during reproduction.
Inside the nucleus.
How characteristics are passed from one generation to the next.
Capital letter for dominant allele (N) and small letter for recessive allele (n).
Phenotype: long wings, Genotype: Nn.
N and n.
DNA and proteins.
Two polynucleotide chains that run in opposite directions and are twisted together to form a double helix.
Offspring with the same character.
A gene is a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.
A short length of DNA in a chromosome that provides the genetic code for a polypeptide.
Cell wall, cell membrane, and nuclear membrane.
The length of wings, which is controlled by a pair of alleles.
The allele for dark-colored grains is dominant to the allele for light-colored grains.
The production of antigen A.
The simultaneous inheritance of two characteristics controlled by two different genes.
They tend to stay together during meiosis and enter the same gamete, inheriting as a unit, known as linkage.
The study of heredity and variations in organisms.
Round and yellow characteristics.
The presence of two X chromosomes (XX) results in a female, while the presence of an X and a Y chromosome (XY) results in a male.
Characteristics passed from parents to offspring through genes.
Sex-linked traits.
Two polynucleotide chains (i.e. two DNA strands).
Heterozygous (Bb).
Long wings.
R represents the allele for round seeds and r represents the allele for wrinkled seeds.
The offspring will have a ratio of different genotypes and phenotypes related to color vision.
XY.
Anti-A and anti-B.
In the sequence of the nucleotide bases.
Gregor Mendel (1822–1884).
Impurities such as proteins.
They separate from each other.
The law of segregation, or Mendel’s first law of inheritance.
To form a layer on top of the filtrate and extract DNA.
There is an equal chance of having a boy or a girl at each birth.
Recessive allele.
On the X chromosome.
A short length of DNA in a chromosome that determines the body characteristics of an organism by controlling what proteins are made.
The individual is said to be homozygous for the gene.
Cross it with another pea plant with yellow pods. All the F1 offspring have green pods.
Complementary base pairing.
A cross between two parents differing in two characteristics.
Both chromosomes carry the same allele of the gene at this locus.
Each chromosome carries a different allele of the gene at this locus.
Differences in a particular characteristic among individuals of a species.
During gamete formation, alleles of one gene separate independently of the others, meaning the inheritance of one characteristic is independent of the inheritance of another.
Tall.
The dominant allele for normal color vision.
How alleles separate during gamete formation and the possible combinations of alleles in the offspring.
RRYY, RRYy, RrYY, RrYy, RRYy, RRyy, RrYy, Rryy, RrYY, RrYy, rrYY, rrYy, RrYy, Rryy, rrYy, rryy.
The chromatin condenses to form a chromosome.
By enclosing the flower in a bag to prevent pollen from another plant from pollinating it.
75.
TT, Tt, and tt.
The body characteristics (or traits) of an organism by controlling what proteins are made.
Colourless.
The passing on of characteristics from one generation of organisms to the next generation.
Four different phenotypes: Round and yellow, Round and green, Wrinkled and yellow, Wrinkled and green.
Sex-linked genes.
James Watson and Francis Crick.
In the heterozygous condition, only the dominant allele will be expressed.
The recessive allele for red-green color blindness.
3:1.
Expected results.
Y represents the allele for yellow seeds and y represents the allele for green seeds.
TT and tt respectively.
I B I B, I B i.
Mother: I A i, Father: I B i.
Apart from genes, environmental factors and lifestyle choices can also affect our body characteristics.
Covalent bonds.
If the tall plant is homozygous dominant, all of the F1 offspring will be tall. If the tall plant is heterozygous, half the number of the F1 offspring will be tall and half will be short with a phenotypic ratio of 1:1.
All ova receive an X chromosome, while half of the sperms receive an X chromosome and the other half receive a Y chromosome.
Wear safety goggles and heat-resistant gloves.
Albinism is caused by a recessive allele, resulting in a lack of pigments that give color to the skin, hair, and eyes.
Dominant allele.
By adding lines for all possible combinations of gametes.
By hydrogen bonds between the bases. A always pairs with T, and G with C.
Blood group O.
Because some of the offspring have brown fur.
Adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).
1:1 black fur to brown fur.
Proteins.
Alleles of a gene separate from each other during meiosis.
Monohybrid ratio.
Homozygous dominant (TT) or heterozygous (Tt).
Two or more alternative forms of a gene that lie at the same gene locus on a pair of homologous chromosomes.
DNA replication.
It is controlled by a pair of alleles, with the allele for six-fingered hands being dominant.
Watson and Crick proposed the double helix model for DNA by combining the results of X-ray diffraction analysis with the data obtained by Chargaff. Wilkins also contributed to the study of the DNA structure.
Observe and record the appearance of the DNA as the stick is drawn out of the tube.
The X chromosome is much larger and carries more genes than the Y chromosome.
In the nucleus of a cell.
DNA molecule that wraps around special proteins and coils up to form chromatin.
Sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups of nucleotides.
X chromosome and Y chromosome.
A always pairs with T, and G with C.
The character that had disappeared in the F1 generation showed up again, and there was an approximately 3:1 ratio of the two characters in the offspring.
A test cross is a cross between an organism showing a dominant character and a homozygous recessive individual to determine the genotype of the dominant organism.
Because they had easily observable characteristics, grew fast, and were easy to handle.
The inheritance of one pair of contrasting characters (two different expressions of a characteristic) controlled by a single gene.
Pure-breeding tall plants with pure-breeding short plants.
The first filial generation (F1 generation).
Black fur.
9:3:3:1, known as the dihybrid ratio.
The second filial generation resulting from the self-pollination of F1 plants.
75% will have long wings, and 25% will have vestigial wings.
tt.
Difficulty in distinguishing red colour and green colour.
The inheritance patterns of specific characteristics such as stem length, flower color, pod shape, and seed color.
Both alleles can be expressed in a heterozygote.
The DNA of different species of organisms differed in the proportions of bases. The percentage of adenine (A) was very similar to the percentage of thymine (T), and the same applied to guanine (G) and cytosine (C).
Law of segregation and law of independent assortment.
The X chromosome.
The first filial generation resulting from the cross of two parental plants.
RRYY, RRYy, RrYY, RrYy, RRYy, RRyy, RrYy, Rryy, RrYY, RrYy, rrYY, rrYy, RrYy, Rryy, rrYy, rryy.
TT.
A recessive allele on the X chromosome.
Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.
Only one of the two contrasting characters of the parent plants was observed.
It does not lead to the production of any antigen.
Their creativity, collaboration, and ability to combine different scientific findings.
1:2:1.
3:1.
X-linked.
23 pairs.
The individual is said to be heterozygous for the gene.
SRY (sex-determining region Y).
To predict the possible combinations of gametes and the phenotypes of the offspring.
The production of antigen B.
Blood group AB.
A double helix.
The carpel develops into a pod with seeds inside.
Males have only one X chromosome, and if their X chromosome carries the recessive allele, they will be red-green color-blind.
Through hydrogen bonds, with A always pairing with T, and G pairing with C.
30%.
A, B, AB, and O.
I A I B.
Remove stamens from immature flower, transfer pollen grains from the stamens of a flower of another variety onto the stigma, collect the seeds and sow them.
Carrier.
A genetic cross between two parent plants that differ in only one single characteristic.
The results actually observed.
A ladder, with alternating sugar and phosphate groups forming the sides and pairs of bases representing the rungs.
Alleles of the same gene.
I A I A, I A i.
The antibodies present in the recipient’s plasma will combine with the antigens on the donor’s red blood cells, causing the red blood cells to clump together.
It can only be expressed in a homozygote.
He proposed that inherited characteristics were controlled by pairs of 'heredity factors' passed on from parents to offspring.
By the presence or absence of antigens A and B on the surface of red blood cells.
ii.
Three alleles (multiple alleles).
