p.18
Bacterial Structure and Function
What characterizes a Gram-negative cell wall?
A thin layer of peptidoglycan and contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
p.34
Viruses and Their Life Cycle
What are enveloped viruses?
Viruses that have a lipid membrane surrounding their capsid.
p.34
Viruses and Their Life Cycle
What are naked viruses?
Viruses that lack a lipid envelope and consist only of a protein coat.
p.45
Methods for Identification of Microbes
How can microorganisms be observed for identification?
Visible under a microscope with staining.
p.13
Classification of Microorganisms
What is the taxonomic classification of humans?
Domain: Eukarya, Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Chordata, Class: Mammalia, Order: Primates, Family: Hominidae, Genus: Homo, Species: sapiens.
p.39
Viruses and Their Life Cycle
How are enveloped viruses released from host cells?
By budding from the plasma membrane as part of the envelope.
p.22
Bacterial Structure and Function
What types of substances are found in the cytoplasm?
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, ions, etc.
p.3
History of Microbiology
What was the belief about diseases before the discovery of microorganisms?
Diseases were believed to happen spontaneously.
p.46
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What is a simple stain?
A staining technique that uses a single dye to highlight microbes for visibility.
p.45
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What is one method for identifying microorganisms?
By morphological characteristics.
p.36
Classification of Microorganisms
What are the two types of viral envelopes in the Baltimore Classification?
Enveloped or Non-enveloped.
p.46
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What are differential stains?
Stains that use two or more dyes to show differences in bacterial structure, resulting in different colors under a microscope.
p.22
Bacterial Structure and Function
What is the cytoplasm in bacterial cells?
The substance inside the plasma membrane.
p.34
Viruses and Their Life Cycle
What is a bacteriophage?
A type of virus that specifically infects bacteria.
p.39
Viruses and Their Life Cycle
What occurs during the maturation phase of the viral life cycle?
Assembly of protein capsid and nucleic acids, and formation of the envelope from a portion of the plasma membrane if present.
p.18
Bacterial Structure and Function
What characterizes a Gram-positive cell wall?
Thick layers of peptidoglycan.
p.18
Bacterial Structure and Function
How does the bacterial cell wall prevent cell rupture?
It prevents rupturing due to water pressure (osmosis).
p.16
Bacterial Structure and Function
What structures do bacteria use for movement?
Flagella, Pili, Axial filament.
p.31
Types of Microorganisms
What are the characteristics of flukes?
Flat, leaf-shaped with a ventral and oral sucker for holding in place.
p.39
Viruses and Their Life Cycle
What happens to non-enveloped viruses upon release?
They are released by cell rupture, leading to cell death.
p.19
Bacterial Structure and Function
Where are flagella attached in bacteria?
To the cell wall and plasma membrane.
p.20
Bacterial Structure and Function
What is the primary function of fimbriae?
For adhesion to bacteria or surfaces and forming biofilms.
p.36
Classification of Microorganisms
What is the Baltimore Classification System used for?
It is used for classifying viruses.
p.5
History of Microbiology
What significant discovery did Alexander Fleming make during the Second Golden Age of Microbiology?
The discovery of antibiotics, specifically penicillin.
p.18
Bacterial Structure and Function
What happens to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) when bacteria die?
It is released, causing the release of endotoxin.
p.13
Classification of Microorganisms
What is the taxonomic classification of Baker's yeast?
Domain: Eukarya, Kingdom: Fungi, Phylum: Ascomycota, Class: Saccharomycetes, Order: Saccharomycetales, Family: Saccharomycetaceae, Genus: Saccharomyces, Species: cerevisiae.
p.9
Microorganisms in Daily Life
What process do yeasts use to convert sugar into alcohol?
Fermentation in the absence of air.
p.55
Microorganisms in Daily Life
What is the focus of Part 1 in the recap?
The microbial world and its relation to daily life.
p.3
History of Microbiology
Who were the key figures in the discovery of microorganisms?
Robert Hooke and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.
p.3
History of Microbiology
What concept did humans lack before the discovery of microorganisms?
The concept of infectious diseases.
p.39
Viruses and Their Life Cycle
What is the process of biosynthesis in the viral life cycle?
Replication of viral nucleic acids and synthesis of capsid & viral proteins.
p.19
Bacterial Structure and Function
What are flagella?
Long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria for movement.
p.33
Types of Microorganisms
What are helminths?
Parasitic worms, including roundworms.
p.11
Classification of Microorganisms
What are the main characteristics used to classify microorganisms?
Morphology, metabolism, genetic makeup, and ecological role.
p.52
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What is serology?
The study of serum and immune responses, particularly antibodies.
p.52
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What triggers the production of antibodies?
Proteins or other molecules of microbes known as antigens.
p.5
History of Microbiology
Which fields are included in the study of pathogenesis of infectious diseases?
Pathology and immunology.
p.54
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What does Quantitative PCR (qPCR) measure?
Detection and quantitation of specific genes in clinical samples.
p.29
Types of Microorganisms
What type of organisms are protozoa?
Unicellular (single cell) organisms.
p.16
Bacterial Structure and Function
What are the main internal structures of bacteria?
Cytoplasm, Nucleoid, Ribosomes, Inclusions.
p.36
Classification of Microorganisms
What are the two types of strandedness in the Baltimore Classification?
Double stranded or Single stranded.
p.16
Bacterial Structure and Function
What surrounds a bacterial cell?
Capsule, Cell wall, Plasma membrane.
p.46
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What are special stains used for?
To target specific parts of microbes, such as endospores, flagella, and capsules.
p.13
Classification of Microorganisms
What is the taxonomic classification of Staphylococcus aureus?
Domain: Bacteria, Kingdom: (not specified), Phylum: Firmicutes, Class: Bacilli, Order: Bacillales, Family: Staphylococcaceae, Genus: Staphylococcus, Species: aureus.
p.44
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What is one method for identifying microbes based on their physical appearance?
By morphological characteristics.
p.5
History of Microbiology
What areas of study were emphasized during the Second Golden Age of Microbiology?
The biochemistry of pathogens and the pathogenesis of infectious diseases.
p.22
Bacterial Structure and Function
What is the role of the cytoskeleton in bacterial cells?
Cell division, maintaining cell shape, and DNA & protein movement.
p.8
History of Microbiology
What was one societal impact of the Hong Kong Plague?
Increased tension between the local population and the colonial government.
p.19
Bacterial Structure and Function
What are axial filaments?
Structures found in spirochetes that enable movement in a spiral motion.
p.26
Fungi and Their Roles
How many fungal species are considered pathogenic?
Approximately 200 species.
p.29
Types of Microorganisms
What is Trichomonas vaginalis?
A protozoan that is a human parasite found in the vagina and male urinary tract, causing a sexually transmitted disease.
p.41
Prions and Related Diseases
What is an example of a prion disease in cows?
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE; Mad cow disease).
p.5
History of Microbiology
What issue has increased due to the use of antibiotics since their discovery?
The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
p.54
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What is the purpose of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?
Detection of specific bacterial genes present in samples.
p.9
Microorganisms in Daily Life
Name some commercial products that result from fermentation.
Beer, bread, yogurt, vinegar, Kimchi, and more.
p.4
History of Microbiology
What significant theory did Louis Pasteur disprove during the First Golden Age of Microbiology?
The spontaneous generation of diseases.
p.8
History of Microbiology
What ordinance was established due to the impacts of the Hong Kong Plague?
The Public Health and Building Ordinance.
p.26
Fungi and Their Roles
What are some beneficial functions of fungi to humans?
Food production, drugs, and antibiotics.
p.32
Bacterial Structure and Function
What are proglottids?
Segments of the tapeworm body that contain male and female reproductive organs.
p.48
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What is the counter stain used in Gram staining?
Safranin red, which gives Gram-negative bacteria a red/pink color.
p.17
Bacterial Structure and Function
What is the capsule of bacteria made up of?
Glycocalyx (sugar coat) secreted by the bacteria.
p.49
Methods for Identification of Microbes
Which genus is primarily identified using the acid-fast stain?
Mycobacterium, e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
p.17
Bacterial Structure and Function
What are the main components of the bacterial capsule?
Polysaccharides and polypeptides.
p.40
Viruses and Their Life Cycle
Which virus is associated with Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC)?
Epstein - Barr Virus (EBV).
p.2
Microorganisms in Daily Life
What happens if you eat moldy food?
It can expose you to harmful substances like aflatoxin.
p.6
History of Microbiology
How do microorganisms cause diseases?
Understanding their mechanisms helps in developing cures for infectious diseases.
p.21
Bacterial Structure and Function
What is one of the primary functions of the plasma membrane?
To act as a selective barrier.
p.31
Bacterial Structure and Function
How do flukes obtain food?
By absorbing it through their non-living outer covering (cuticle).
p.15
Classification of Microorganisms
What are the three main shapes of bacteria?
Spherical (coccus), rod (bacillus), and spiral (spirillus).
p.42
Prions and Related Diseases
What is a key characteristic of prions regarding denaturation?
Prions cannot be denatured by cooking, boiling, or washing.
p.53
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What is the principle behind the agglutination test?
Antigen + antibodies; no reaction means no match, while agglutination indicates a match.
p.53
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What happens during agglutination in the agglutination test?
Antigen and antibody form a complex, causing agglutination.
p.33
Bacterial Structure and Function
What type of digestive system do roundworms have?
A complete digestive system.
p.26
Fungi and Their Roles
In which individuals do fungal infections usually occur?
In immunocompromised individuals.
p.35
Viruses and Their Life Cycle
What do viruses require to multiply?
Host cells and their machinery.
p.54
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What can DNA sequencing also detect in microbes?
Mutations, such as N501Y and E484K of COVID-19, and antimicrobial resistance genes.
p.2
Microorganisms in Daily Life
Are most microorganisms harmful to humans?
No, most microorganisms are not harmful.
p.10
Microorganisms in Daily Life
What are biologics often composed of?
Proteins encoded by genes.
p.14
Classification of Microorganisms
Are viruses classified in the three domains of life?
No, viruses are not classified in the three domains.
p.23
Bacterial Structure and Function
What role do proteins on the plasma membrane play in relation to DNA?
They are responsible for DNA replication.
p.40
Viruses and Their Life Cycle
What virus causes chickenpox during the first infection?
Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV).
p.30
Microorganisms in Daily Life
How do parasitic worms transfer from host to host?
They do not need to search; they transfer directly.
p.24
Bacterial Structure and Function
What is the purpose of gas vacuoles in bacteria?
To allow bacteria to float in water.
p.50
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What is the purpose of biochemical tests in microbiology?
Identification of bacteria by enzymatic activities.
p.1
Introduction to Microbiology
What is microbiology?
The biology of microorganisms.
p.50
Classification of Microorganisms
How do bacteria of different species or genus differ?
They differ slightly in their metabolisms due to different genes and enzyme compositions.
p.55
Classification of Microorganisms
Which microorganisms are covered in Part 2?
Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Helminths.
p.38
Viruses and Their Life Cycle
What is the first step in the lytic cycle of a virus?
Attachment (adsorption) to a complementary receptor site on the host cell's surface.
p.42
Prions and Related Diseases
What is one route of infection for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vJCD)?
Bovine to human through consumption of infected cattle, especially nervous tissue.
p.2
Microorganisms in Daily Life
How do microorganisms maintain human health?
They produce Vitamin K and Vitamin B, and occupy space and nutrients to prevent harmful microorganisms from growing.
p.38
Viruses and Their Life Cycle
What occurs during the uncoating step of the lytic cycle?
Separation of viral nucleic acid from the capsid (protein coat).
p.4
History of Microbiology
Who demonstrated the effectiveness of infection control measures?
Ignaz Semmelweis, John Snow, and Joseph Lister.
p.38
Viruses and Their Life Cycle
What is used to degrade the protein coat during uncoating?
Enzymes, which can come from either the host cell or the virus.
p.1
Types of Microorganisms
What types of microorganisms include protozoa and microscopic algae?
They are part of the broader category of microorganisms.
p.12
Classification of Microorganisms
What is the taxonomic hierarchy?
Domain → Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species.
p.43
Methods for Identification of Microbes
How can biochemical tests aid in the identification of microbes?
They assess metabolic activities and enzyme production to differentiate species.
p.6
History of Microbiology
What is the significance of DNA sequencing technologies?
They allow understanding of all the DNA and genetic information of a microorganism (genome).
p.14
Bacterial Structure and Function
Where is DNA located in eukaryotic cells?
In a double-membrane bound organelle called the nucleus.
p.24
Bacterial Structure and Function
How can 16S rRNA be used in microbiology?
It can be used for identifying bacteria genus.
p.40
Viruses and Their Life Cycle
What characterizes a latent infection?
Asymptomatic and not reproducing inside the host cell.
p.21
Bacterial Structure and Function
Why can't proteins enter the bacterial cell through the plasma membrane?
Because they are too large.
p.30
Microorganisms in Daily Life
Why do parasitic worms have reduced locomotion?
Because their environment is relatively constant within the host.
p.40
Viruses and Their Life Cycle
What persistent condition can Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) cause?
Persistent liver function decrease.
p.1
Introduction to Microbiology
What does the term 'microorganisms' refer to?
Living things that are usually too small to be seen by the naked eye.
p.20
Bacterial Structure and Function
How do fimbriae contribute to bacterial colonization?
They adhere to epithelial surfaces and colonize mucous membranes.
p.11
Prions and Related Diseases
What is a prion?
An infectious agent composed of protein that can cause neurodegenerative diseases.
p.25
Bacterial Structure and Function
Under what conditions do bacteria form endospores?
Adverse environmental conditions such as nutrient depletion, extreme temperature, or pH.
p.38
Viruses and Their Life Cycle
How do viruses enter host cells during the lytic cycle?
By receptor-mediated endocytosis or fusion with the plasma membrane for enveloped viruses.
p.53
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What indicates a successful reaction in an ELISA test?
A color change detected by a scanner.
p.41
Prions and Related Diseases
What is variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)?
A prion disease in humans infected from cows.
p.32
Microorganisms in Daily Life
How do humans become infected with tapeworms?
By eating undercooked pork.
p.32
Microorganisms in Daily Life
What is the lifecycle of tapeworms involving pigs?
Mature eggs pass out in human feces, are eaten by pigs, and develop into larvae in pig muscle.
p.43
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What is molecular identification in microbiology?
It involves analyzing genetic material to identify and classify microorganisms.
p.47
Bacterial Structure and Function
How does the cell wall structure differ between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
Gram-positive bacteria have a thick cell wall, while Gram-negative bacteria have a thin cell wall.
p.28
Fungi and Their Roles
What do fungi require less of compared to carbohydrates?
They require less nitrogen.
p.21
Bacterial Structure and Function
What does selective permeability in the plasma membrane control?
The materials (e.g., ions) entering and exiting the cell.
p.24
Bacterial Structure and Function
What do polysaccharide granules store?
Polysaccharides, such as starch and glycogen.
p.27
Fungi and Their Roles
How do yeasts reproduce?
By budding (uneven cell division) or fission (even cell division).
p.41
Prions and Related Diseases
What are prions?
Abnormal (misfolded) proteins capable of causing diseases.
p.42
Prions and Related Diseases
How do prions resist digestion?
They are resistant to digestion by gastric acid and digestive enzymes.
p.52
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What are some modifications that antibodies can have?
Some can cause aggregation of microbes after binding, while others carry fluorescence labels.
p.2
Microorganisms in Daily Life
What can happen if food spoils due to microorganisms?
It can lead to the presence of harmful substances like aflatoxin, which is linked to liver cancer.
p.32
Bacterial Structure and Function
What structures do tapeworms have for attachment to the intestinal wall?
Suckers and sometimes hooks.
p.50
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What happens during the urea breath test for H. pylori?
The patient consumes labeled urea, which H. pylori converts into labeled carbon dioxide, detectable in the breath.
p.4
History of Microbiology
What did Louis Pasteur demonstrate about microorganisms?
They can be present in non-living matter, such as air, and can be destroyed by heat.
p.41
Prions and Related Diseases
What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)?
A naturally occurring prion disease in humans.
p.54
Methods for Identification of Microbes
How is a microbe identified using DNA sequencing?
By comparing the sequence with known microbe’s DNA sequences.
p.21
Bacterial Structure and Function
How are phospholipids arranged in the plasma membrane?
In a phospholipid bilayer.
p.47
Classification of Microorganisms
What are the two main types of bacteria identified by Gram staining?
Gram-positive and Gram-negative.
p.24
Bacterial Structure and Function
What is the primary function of ribosomes?
Protein synthesis (mRNA translation).
p.17
Bacterial Structure and Function
How does the capsule protect bacteria?
It protects bacteria from desiccation, toxic substances, and attack by the host immune system.
p.23
Bacterial Structure and Function
How do bacteria often acquire plasmids?
From another bacterium or the external environment.
p.10
Microorganisms in Daily Life
What are vaccines made of?
Dead or attenuated (weakened) pathogens.
p.48
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What color do Gram-negative bacteria appear after staining?
Colorless after Gram stain, but red/pink after counterstaining with safranin.
p.28
Fungi and Their Roles
What pH environment do fungi grow better in?
Low pH environment (~pH 5).
p.28
Fungi and Their Roles
What type of oxygen requirement do molds have?
Molds are aerobic (require oxygen).
p.10
Microorganisms in Daily Life
What are biologics?
Medical products like insulin and drugs for cancer target therapy (monoclonal antibody).
p.29
Types of Microorganisms
What is the significance of the CDC video mentioned?
It shows a microscopic view of brain-eating amoeba.
p.49
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What does carbolfuchsin bind to in acid-fast cells?
Mycolic acid (wax-like) in the cell wall.
p.10
Microorganisms in Daily Life
How are biologics produced?
By inserting genes into bacterial genomes.
p.30
Classification of Microorganisms
What are the two main classes of helminths?
Flatworms and roundworms.
p.12
Classification of Microorganisms
What is the format for writing a Genus name?
It is a noun and always capitalized.
p.40
Viruses and Their Life Cycle
What happens after recovery from chickenpox caused by VZV?
It causes a latent infection in the nerve.
p.24
Bacterial Structure and Function
What are carboxysomes and their function?
They contain enzymes for carbon fixation in photosynthetic bacteria.
p.50
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What is one example of a biochemical test?
Fermentation of lactose forming acid and gas.
p.50
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What is the clinical use of the urea breath test?
Diagnosis of H. pylori infection.
p.9
Microorganisms in Daily Life
What is pasteurization?
Heating beverages just enough to kill most bacteria to reduce or delay spoilage.
p.6
History of Microbiology
What significant discovery marked the Third Golden Age of Microbiology?
The discovery of DNA and RNA structures.
p.43
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What is the primary purpose of identifying microorganisms?
To determine the type and characteristics of the microbes present.
p.55
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What methods are included in Part 3 for identifying microbes?
Morphological characteristics, Staining, Biochemical tests, Serological methods, Molecular methods.
p.11
Classification of Microorganisms
What role do prions play in the classification of microorganisms?
They represent a unique category of infectious agents distinct from bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
p.35
Viruses and Their Life Cycle
What types of nucleic acid can viruses have?
Either DNA or RNA, which can be single or double stranded.
p.47
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What is the effect of the decolorizing agent (alcohol) in Gram staining?
It removes crystal violet from the cell wall, especially in Gram-negative bacteria.
p.35
Viruses and Their Life Cycle
What is the function of the viral envelope?
It covers the capsid and may have spikes on its surface.
p.6
History of Microbiology
What technology allows manipulation of DNA for various applications?
Recombinant DNA technology.
p.6
History of Microbiology
What are some applications of recombinant DNA technology?
Production of insulin and mRNA vaccines.
p.47
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What is the purpose of the counter stain in Gram staining?
To provide contrast and visualize Gram-negative bacteria after decolorization.
p.21
Bacterial Structure and Function
What processes occur on the inner side of the plasma membrane?
Breakdown of nutrients and ATP production by enzymes.
p.30
Bacterial Structure and Function
What is a notable feature of the reproductive system in parasitic worms?
They have a complex reproductive system and produce a large number of eggs.
p.27
Fungi and Their Roles
Why are yeasts important in food production?
They are important for wine-making and baking.
p.52
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What types of companies produce antibodies?
Biotech and pharmaceutical companies.
p.8
History of Microbiology
How did the Hong Kong Plague affect the perception of medicine among the local population?
It increased the popularity of western medicine over Chinese medicine.
p.48
Methods for Identification of Microbes
Why do Gram-negative bacteria not retain the Gram stain?
They have a thin cell wall and an outer lipid membrane.
p.54
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What indicates a positive result in qPCR?
When the signal reaches a threshold (CT value).
p.33
Microorganisms in Daily Life
How is roundworm transmission primarily achieved?
Mainly through fecal-oral transmission.
p.20
Bacterial Structure and Function
What is one function of pili related to motility?
Gliding motility in low water content environments, such as biofilms and soil.
p.49
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What is the purpose of the acid-fast stain?
To detect microbes with waxy material in their cell wall.
p.8
History of Microbiology
What institution was established as a result of the Hong Kong Plague?
The Bacteriological Institute, now known as the Hong Kong Museum of Medical Sciences.
p.10
Microorganisms in Daily Life
What are new vaccines made of?
Protein molecules or DNA/RNA sequences of pathogens.
p.8
History of Microbiology
What types of impacts did the Hong Kong Plague have?
Medical and societal impacts.
p.21
Bacterial Structure and Function
What are the characteristics of the hydrophilic heads in the plasma membrane?
They are located on the two surfaces of the bilayer.
p.21
Bacterial Structure and Function
What do the hydrophobic tails in the plasma membrane do?
They are situated inside the bilayer.
p.21
Bacterial Structure and Function
What roles do protein molecules play in the plasma membrane?
As enzymes, protein channels, and for cell-to-cell interaction.
p.28
Fungi and Their Roles
What moisture conditions can fungi grow under?
They can grow under very low moisture content (can grow in dry matter).
p.43
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What is the significance of serological tests in identifying microbes?
They detect specific antibodies or antigens related to particular microorganisms.
p.30
Microorganisms in Daily Life
How do parasitic worms obtain nutrients?
They absorb nutrients from their host.
p.40
Viruses and Their Life Cycle
What is a characteristic of chronic infection?
The virus gradually increases in the host cell.
p.48
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What is the result of Gram staining for Gram-positive bacteria?
They appear purple due to a thick cell wall that retains crystal violet.
p.2
Microorganisms in Daily Life
What role do microorganisms play in food production?
They are involved in fermentation processes for products like cheese, yogurt, beer, and bread.
p.55
Prions and Related Diseases
What is a prion?
An infectious agent discussed in Part 2.
p.53
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What is the purpose of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)?
To detect the presence of an unknown microbe by using known antibodies.
p.54
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What is the main function of DNA sequencing?
To read the sequence of DNA present in a sample.
p.6
History of Microbiology
What fields developed alongside the discovery of DNA structures?
Molecular biology and molecular genetics.
p.12
Classification of Microorganisms
What is taxonomy?
The scientific study of classifying different organisms.
p.48
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What does the presence of a thick cell wall indicate in Gram staining?
It indicates that the bacteria are Gram-positive.
p.2
Microorganisms in Daily Life
What are pathogens?
Disease-causing microorganisms.
p.35
Viruses and Their Life Cycle
What are the main structural components of a virus?
Nucleic acid, protein coat (capsid), and possibly an envelope.
p.12
Classification of Microorganisms
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.
p.23
Bacterial Structure and Function
What type of DNA is found in the nucleoid of bacteria?
Long, continuous, circular, double-stranded DNA.
p.14
Classification of Microorganisms
Which domain includes Eukarya?
Eukaryotic organisms such as fungi and helminths.
p.43
Methods for Identification of Microbes
Why is staining important in microbial identification?
Staining enhances visibility and helps differentiate between different types of microorganisms.
p.23
Bacterial Structure and Function
What is a plasmid?
Extrachromosomal genetic material separated from the bacterial chromosome.
p.41
Prions and Related Diseases
What type of diseases do prions cause?
Fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases.
p.31
Microorganisms in Daily Life
What is a common association with flukes?
Eating raw fresh-water fish.
p.11
Prions and Related Diseases
How do prions differ from other infectious agents?
Prions do not contain nucleic acids (DNA or RNA).
p.11
Prions and Related Diseases
What diseases are associated with prions?
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and mad cow disease.
p.20
Bacterial Structure and Function
What role do conjugation pili play in bacteria?
They connect to a receptor on another bacterium for DNA transfer.
p.43
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What role does culturing play in microbial identification?
It allows for the growth of microorganisms in controlled conditions for further study.
p.14
Bacterial Structure and Function
Where is DNA concentrated in prokaryotic cells?
In a non-membrane bound area called the nucleoid.
p.27
Fungi and Their Roles
What are the long filaments that make up the body of fungi called?
Hyphae (singular: hypha).
p.28
Fungi and Their Roles
How do fungi respond to osmotic pressure?
They are more resistant to osmotic pressure.
p.35
Viruses and Their Life Cycle
How does a virus infect a host cell?
By chemically interacting with specific receptors on the cell surface.
p.47
Bacterial Structure and Function
What does alcohol disrupt in Gram-negative bacteria during staining?
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) layer.
p.28
Fungi and Their Roles
What type of carbohydrates can fungi metabolize?
They can metabolize complex carbohydrates as their nutrients.
p.30
Bacterial Structure and Function
What is a characteristic of the nervous system in parasitic worms?
They often have a reduced nervous system.
p.40
Viruses and Their Life Cycle
What can trigger the reactivation of Varicella Zoster Virus?
A weakened immune system, causing shingles.
p.53
Methods for Identification of Microbes
How is the ELISA test performed?
Known antibodies are coated onto a microplate well, and an unknown microbe is added; a color change indicates a match.
p.42
Prions and Related Diseases
What is a recommended method for decontaminating surgical instruments contaminated with prions?
Decontaminate with 1N NaOH followed by autoclaving at 121 °C for 30 minutes.
p.14
Classification of Microorganisms
What type of organelles are absent in prokaryotic cells?
Membrane-bound organelles.
p.25
Bacterial Structure and Function
What extreme conditions can endospores survive?
Extreme heat, lack of water, exposure to chemicals, and radiation.
p.20
Bacterial Structure and Function
How can DNA transfer via pili affect bacteria?
It can confer antibiotic resistance to other bacteria.
p.6
History of Microbiology
What does metagenomics study?
The interaction between different bacterial species in one single site.
p.40
Viruses and Their Life Cycle
What virus is linked to Cervical cancer?
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).
p.17
Bacterial Structure and Function
What is one function of the bacterial capsule?
Helps bacteria to adhere to other cells or surfaces, important for infection of pathogens.
p.27
Fungi and Their Roles
What is the role of aerial hyphae?
For reproduction, bearing reproductive spores.
p.12
Classification of Microorganisms
What is the format for writing a species name?
It is an adjective and written in lowercase.
p.23
Bacterial Structure and Function
What type of genes do plasmids contain?
Genes not crucial for survival.
p.23
Bacterial Structure and Function
What advantage do plasmids provide to bacterial cells?
They give extra functions and help bacteria survive under stressful environments.
p.42
Prions and Related Diseases
What types of human-to-human transmission of prions exist?
Through transplanted nerve tissue and contaminated surgical instruments.
p.14
Classification of Microorganisms
What is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus.
p.2
Microorganisms in Daily Life
What are microbiota?
Normal flora that help maintain health by producing vitamins and preventing the growth of harmful microorganisms.
p.41
Prions and Related Diseases
What is a clinical presentation of prion diseases?
Spongiform encephalopathies, characterized by large vacuoles in the brain.
p.28
Fungi and Their Roles
What type of oxygen requirement do yeasts have?
Yeasts are facultative anaerobic (can grow with or without oxygen).
p.47
Methods for Identification of Microbes
What role does iodine play in the Gram staining process?
It acts as a mordant, strengthening the coloring of crystal violet.
p.30
Types of Microorganisms
What are helminths?
Parasitic worms that live in a host, such as humans.
p.23
Bacterial Structure and Function
What is the bacterial chromosome responsible for?
Carrying genes essential for functioning and reproduction.
p.12
Classification of Microorganisms
How is each organism named in nomenclature?
By a Genus name and a species name.
p.30
Bacterial Structure and Function
What systems do helminths usually possess?
Digestive, circulatory, nervous, excretory, and reproductive systems.
p.24
Bacterial Structure and Function
What are inclusions in bacteria?
Reserve deposits or accumulation of nutrients.
p.27
Fungi and Their Roles
What type of fungi are yeasts?
Non-filamentous, unicellular fungi.
p.27
Fungi and Their Roles
What are dimorphic fungi?
Fungi that can exist in both mold and yeast forms.
